王玉峰

定語從句中的關系副詞與“介詞+關系代詞“關系密切，在有些情況下，兩者甚至可以相互轉換。本文將結合典型例題，從關系副詞的特點、關系副詞與關系代詞的區(qū)別、介詞+關系代詞結構等方面進行解讀。

一、關系副詞

引導定語從句的關系副詞有三個：when，where和why，分別指時間、地點和原因。關系副詞在所引導的定語從句中作時間狀語、地點狀語和原因狀語，其先行詞是指時間、地點和原因的名詞或代詞。

（一）when

關系副詞when可以引導限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，先行詞是指時間的名詞或代詞，如time，hour，year，month，week，century，night，morning，evening等。例如：

July and August are the months when the weather is hot.七八月是天氣很熱的月份。

I can imagine that the right time might be the beginning of this century，when our people are living a fairly comfortable life.

我能設想，本世紀初應該是對的時機，那時人民的生活達到小康水平。

【例】As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.

【答案與解析】when。定語從句的先行詞是time，從句中缺少時間狀語，用關系副詞when。句意：作為家里最小的孩子，艾歷克斯總是渴望他能夠有獨立的時間。

（二）where

關系副詞where可以引導限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，先行詞是指地點的名詞或代詞，如place，town，building，school，city，country等。另外，有些抽象的地點，如case，job，work，situation，state，point等，也可以用where引導定語從句。例如：

Many people move to the country，where they can enjoy peace and fresh air.

許多人遷居到鄉(xiāng)村，在那兒他們能呼吸新鮮空氣，過上寧靜的生活。

New York？蒺s Bronx Zoo has a building where day is turned into night.

紐約的布朗克斯動物園內有一個建筑，在那里白天會變?yōu)橥砩稀?/p>

I have heard of a case where a young guy riding a bus did not offer his seat to a woman with a baby even when it began to cry.

我聽說有這樣的情況，有個年輕人坐車，不給一位抱著娃娃的婦女讓座，即使娃娃哭了他也不理。

【例】Opposite is St.Paul？蒺s Church，______ you can hear some lovely music.

【答案與解析】where/in which。這是一個定語從句，先行詞是St.Paul？蒺s Church，從句主謂賓成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推斷出引導詞在從句中作地點狀語。用where，也可以轉換成 in which。句意：對面是圣保羅教堂，在那里你能聽到一些優(yōu)美的音樂。

（三）why

關系副詞why引導限制性定語從句，一般不引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞是reason。例如：

The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

I fail to see any reason why we should worry ourselves about those people.

我真不懂我們?yōu)槭裁匆婺切┤藫鷳n。

二、關系副詞與關系代詞的區(qū)別

引導定語從句是用關系副詞還是用關系代詞不是取決于先行詞，而是取決于關系詞本身在所引導的定語從句中所作的成分，如果關系詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語，則用關系代詞；如果關系詞在從句中作狀語，則用關系副詞。例如：

There was a time when talking about the weather was a safe topic of conversation.

曾幾何時，天氣是一個安全的聊天話題。

The reason（that/which） he gave us for being late for school sounded reasonable.

他給我們講的遲到的原因聽起來有道理。（that，which用作定語從句中 gave的賓語，所以也可省略）

Don？蒺t forget the time （that/which） I？蒺ve told you the day before yesterday.

不要忘記我前天告訴你的時間。（that，which在定語從句中作told的賓語，所以也可省略）

【例】China Today attracts a worldwide readership， shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

【答案與解析】which。根據(jù)句式結構來看，出現(xiàn)了逗號，說明這是一個非限制性定語從句。關系詞代指前面的《今日中國》，在定語從句中作主語，that不引導非限制性定語從句，所以用which。句意：《今日中國》有著全球的讀者群，這說明全球越來越多的人想要了解中國。

【例】The books on the desk， covers are shiny，are prizes for us.

【答案與解析】whose。先行詞為the books，和covers之間存在所有關系，用whose表示 “……的”。不能根據(jù)desk而用where，定語從句所缺的成分是定語，用關系代詞。如果在covers之前加上定冠詞the，則需要用of+which結構。句意：桌上的書是給我們的獎勵，那些書的封面閃閃發(fā)光。

【例】Maybe you are facing an impossible situation.Maybe you have a habit is driving your family crazy.

【答案與解析】that/which。定語從句缺少主語，用關系代詞。先行詞指物，所以用that或which。句意：也許你面臨一種無法應對的處境，也許你有一個讓家人抓狂的習慣。

三、介詞+關系代詞

“介詞+關系代詞”結構在所引導的定語從句中作狀語。其中，介詞的使用要考慮其與從句的動詞、名詞、形容詞等的搭配關系，還要考慮與先行詞之間的搭配關系。其中的關系代詞用which或whom，如果關系代詞作定語則會有“介詞+whose+名詞”結構出現(xiàn)，不會出現(xiàn)that/who或者關系副詞。表示“所屬”關系的關系代詞whose可以與of which或者of whom轉換。

This is the man to whom I referred.= This is the man （whom） I referred to.

我指的就是這個人。

I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music.我想找到一個可以談論書籍和音樂的人。（搭配discuss sth. with sb.）

He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.他要我去參考一些我不熟悉的參考書。（搭配be familiar with）

This is our classroom，in the front of which there is a teacher？蒺s desk.這是我們的教室，前面有老師的講臺。（搭配in the front of our classroom）

The treasure，some of which has been recovered，has been sent to the British Museum.

這些寶藏已送往英國博物館，其中有一些是失而復得的。（搭配some of them）

One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests.前人栽樹，后人乘涼。

On the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence，the meaning of which/whose meaning I

don？蒺t understand.

老師在黑板上寫了一個句子，句子的意思我不明白。（搭配the meaning of the sentence）

【例】He wrote many children？蒺 s books，nearly half of were published in the 1990s.

【答案與解析】which。先行詞books指物，定語從句中of缺少賓語，是“介詞+關系代詞”結構。

【例】Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends.

【答案與解析】which。根據(jù)句子結構看出是“介詞+關系代詞”，先行詞skill指物，用關系代詞which。句意：一些專家認為閱讀是學校教育所依賴的基本技能。

四、關系副詞與“介詞+關系代詞”轉換

由于關系副詞與“介詞+關系代詞”都在所引導的定語從句中作狀語，因此兩者大部分情況下可以相互轉換，即：why=for which，where=in/at/on/...which，when=during/on/in/...which。例如：

I？蒺ll never forget the day when/on which she said goodbye to me.

我永遠不會忘記她與我們告別的那一天。（when=on which）

That？蒺s the house where/in which he lived 10 years ago.

那就是他10年前住過的房子。（where =in which）

Please tell me the reason why you were absent.

請告訴我你為什么缺席。（why =for which）

【例】Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.

【答案與解析】where/in which。in the atmosphere是一個短語，根據(jù)句子意思“創(chuàng)造出一種讓員工感覺自己是其中一員的氛圍是一個巨大的挑戰(zhàn)”看出是定語從句，因此用in which，也可以用where，此時 where指的是一種抽象的地點。

五、where引導的定語從句與其他從句區(qū)別

where引導定語從句時典型的特點是有先行詞，可以與“介詞+關系代詞”轉換，同時where也可以引導狀語從句、賓語從句、表語從句等。例如：

I wonder who he is，where he came from and why he came.

我很想知道他是誰，從哪里來，來干什么。（where引導賓語從句，不用in which）

This is where the waters of the Amazon flow out into the sea.

這里是亞馬遜河水流入大海的地方。（where引導表語從句，不用in which）

Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Hanjing River meet.

武漢位于長江與漢江的交匯口。（where引導地點狀語從句，不用in which，沒有先行詞）

Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者事竟成。（where引導地點狀語從句）

六、先行詞是way時定語從句的引導詞

當先行詞是way時，引導定語從句的in which可以用that代替，而且that也可以省掉。例如：

Talk to us，and you？蒺ll get to know something about what we do and the way （that/in which） we do it.

雙方交談能使你們了解我們的工作及工作的方式。

The way （that/in which） the New Year is celebrated in the west today is not actually that old.

現(xiàn)代西方慶祝新年的方式其實并沒有那么久遠的歷史。

【鞏固練習】在橫線上填上適當?shù)脑~。每空一詞。

1.Students should involve themselves in community activities （ ） they can gain experience for growth.

2.Is this the reason （ ） he refused our offer？？搖

3.He is unlikely to find the place （ ） he lived forty years ago.

4.One change gives me particular encouragement is the way （

） Sine-British relation have developed.

5.The truth was that the people I looked for help were by no means my favourite.

6.We？蒺ll never forget the day we spent in the village.

7.He will always remember the day （ ） his father returned from America.

8.That is why our policy will not lead to a situation （ ） the rich get richer while the poor get poorer.

Suggested Answers：

1.where/in which 2.why/for which 3.where/in which 4.that/which；that/in which 5.from whom 6.that/which 7.when/on which？搖8.where/in which