,美香
(南華大學醫(yī)學院組織胚胎學教研室,湖南 衡陽 421001)
·文獻綜述·
periostin在腫瘤發(fā)生進展中的作用研究
李通,李美香*
(南華大學醫(yī)學院組織胚胎學教研室,湖南 衡陽 421001)
Periostin是一種分泌性的間質(zhì)蛋白,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Periostin蛋白在人類多種腫瘤組織中高表達,其表達水平與腫瘤的發(fā)生、轉移及患者預后密切相關,periostin的表達水平與臨床診斷及預后密切相關,有望成為腫瘤標志蛋白或腫瘤治療靶標。
periostin; 腫瘤; 轉移
Periostin最初在鼠成骨細胞中發(fā)現(xiàn),被命名為成骨細胞特異因子-2(osteoblast-specific factor-2,OSF-2),后發(fā)現(xiàn)該蛋白多表達于骨膜和牙周組織,又改稱為periostin。早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin具有調(diào)節(jié)成骨細胞黏附和分化的功能[1]。目前,對periostin的關注主要集中在兩個不同的領域:一個是periostin在心臟瓣膜發(fā)育中的作用以及參與多種缺血性心臟病的病理生理過程[2];另一個是periostin在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用研究[3-4]。近年來,“種子-土壤”腫瘤發(fā)生理論受到高度關注,periostin在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用引起了學者們的廣泛關注[5-8]。本文就periostin與腫瘤的研究新進展作一綜述。
人類periostin位于13q13.3,與βig-h3和fasciclin I高度同源[9],由氨基端(N-末端)、一個富含半胱氨酸區(qū)(EMI), 四個同源性重復區(qū)(fasciclin-1,FAS-Ⅰ)及易變的C-末端構成[10](圖1)。N端序列高度保守,含有一個信號肽序列,提示其可能為一個分泌蛋白,同時N-末端還可以通過FAS-Ⅰ區(qū)結合細胞膜表面的膜聯(lián)蛋白從而激活下游的信號通路而發(fā)揮生理功能。富含半胱氨酸的EMI區(qū)則促進了periostin蛋白多聚體的形成,可能與蛋白-蛋白相互作用相關。4個同源性重復區(qū)與昆蟲蛋白fasc ic linⅠ ( FAS-Ⅰ )具有同源性,可能與細胞粘附相關。C-末端是periostin中最富于變化的區(qū)域,它包含蛋白水解酶的剪切位點,其mRNA 在轉錄水平可進行選擇性剪切,產(chǎn)生多種亞型。Hoersch等[11]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)外顯子的剪切具有物種特性,目前,報道的人類組織中periostin共有8種同源異構體,periostin 同源異構體的表達方式也是其生物功能的基礎,被認為與某些腫瘤的發(fā)生有關[12]。
圖1 Periostin的結構域
近年來大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin在正常組織與腫瘤組織中的表達有顯著差異,多方面研究顯示periostin能促進腫瘤的生長、侵襲和轉移,大量的臨床病理資料也提示periostin的表達水平與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預后密切相關,是一種惡性腫瘤侵襲和轉移相關基因[13-15]。
Sasaki H等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin在非小細胞肺癌的間質(zhì)高表達,且表達水平與患者的預后密切相關。研究者在檢測92例非小細胞肺癌病人血清中periostin含量后,發(fā)現(xiàn)高表達periostin的患者存活率明顯低于低表達患者[17],提示血清中的periostin水平可以作為非小細胞肺癌的預后指標。同樣,運用免疫組化檢測非小細胞肺癌腫瘤組織中periostin的表達時發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin的表達水平與腫瘤體積、腫瘤分期及患者預后成正相關,與組織中微血管、微淋巴管的形成也密切相關[18-19]。Hong等[20]將periostin轉染至A549細胞,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)POSTN過表達可促進A549細胞增殖與遷移,N-鈣連蛋白的mRNA表達增加而E-鈣連蛋白的mRNA 表達減少,提示periostin可能是通過促進腫瘤上皮間充質(zhì)轉化(EMT)來促進腫瘤的侵襲和轉移的[21]。
Shao等[22]用基因芯片和蛋白印跡等方法對乳腺癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌細胞和乳腺癌間質(zhì)細胞均能分泌periostin,動物實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)過表達periostin的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細胞形成的移植瘤體積更大,瘤組織內(nèi)的血管密度也更高。Zhang等[23]在研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin在乳腺癌組織中的表達較正常乳腺組織高,其增高程度與腫瘤TNM分期成正相關。Puglisi等[24]運用免疫組化方法檢測乳腺癌組織切片中periostin的表達,發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin主要定位于腫瘤間質(zhì)和腫瘤細胞胞質(zhì),并且periostin的表達水平與腫瘤體積、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體(VEGFR)及孕酮受體密切相關。以上研究結果提示periostin能促進乳腺癌組織的生長和血管生成。
Li等[25]在對結腸癌研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin在腫瘤組織中的表達水平顯著高于正常組織,臨床資料分析顯示periostin的表達與腫瘤體積、臨床分期、轉移及預后密切相關。kikuchi等[26]對結腸癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin主要在腫瘤周圍基質(zhì)細胞和腺周細胞表達,提示periostin是由間質(zhì)細胞分泌的,它的高表達可以促進結腸癌的轉移。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin促進結腸癌細胞轉移的機制一方面可以通過αⅤβ3膜聯(lián)蛋白介導的Akt/PKB(蛋白激酶B,protein kinase B,PKB)通路抑制腫瘤細胞的凋亡、促進血管內(nèi)皮細胞的存活、血管的生成來促進腫瘤的生長和轉移[27],另一方面可以通過PI3K/Akt/Survivin通路促進腫瘤細胞抵抗化療活性來促進腫瘤的生長[4]。
Kanno等[28]對periostin在胰腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin主要由胰腺星形細胞(PSCs)分泌。Periostin對胰腺癌細胞的作用具有雙向性,低濃度的periostin可以抑制胰腺癌細胞的侵襲、轉移,間質(zhì)表皮轉化(MET);而高濃度的periostin則促進胰腺癌細胞的遷移。Ben等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin主要是通過與膜聯(lián)蛋白α6β4結合促進FAK的磷酸化,活化PI3K/Akt通路促進腫瘤細胞的生長來促進胰腺癌細胞的轉移。因此,periostin可通過調(diào)節(jié)胰腺癌的腫瘤微環(huán)境來促進胰腺癌細胞的增殖、生存和侵襲;periostin的表達與胰腺癌侵襲、轉移和預后密切相關。
Karlan等[30]對152例卵巢癌患者血清、20例正常人血清進行了基因分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢癌患者血清中periostin/TGFβ1表達明顯高于正常人,且高表達periostin/TGFβ1的患者生存率顯著低于正常人。Tian等[31]用蛋白質(zhì)組學方法檢測不同類型的卵巢癌組織的蛋白表達,發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin在大多數(shù)類型的卵巢癌組織中高表達。Zhu等[32]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin可以抑制腫瘤細胞的凋亡,增加腫瘤血管形成,促進腫瘤的轉移;periostin的高表達還與低的生存率、較晚的臨床分期和腫瘤復發(fā)有關。
課題組成員通過蛋白質(zhì)組學技術首次發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin在鼻咽癌間質(zhì)高表達,且periostin的高表達與鼻咽癌的臨床分期、淋巴結轉移、患者的預后密切相關,進一步的體外實驗表明periostin可以促進鼻咽癌細胞的侵襲和遷移[14]。Luo等[33- 34]在對鼻咽癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤干細胞的標志物乙醛脫氫酶1(ALDH1)的表達與periostin的表達密切相關,ALDH1的高表達與淋巴侵襲、T分型、M分型、臨床分期、患者的低生存率高度相關,提示periostin可能通過參與調(diào)節(jié)ALDH1參與鼻咽癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。
Periostin與其他腫瘤的相關性也有不少報道。膽管癌中periostin主要由相關的成纖維細胞分泌,periostin的表達和淋巴結轉移及預后密切相關[35]。在肝細胞癌中,periostin高表達與腫瘤的轉移潛能、血管再生、預后相關,血清periostin水平可以作為一個獨立的預后因素[36]。通過體外重組的periostin的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),periostin可以通過與癌細胞表面的αⅤβ3膜聯(lián)蛋白結合,激活AKt/PKB信號通路來促進細胞的增殖和侵襲,但ERK(細胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白,extracellular regulated protein)信號途徑并未參與其中[37]。近年來periostin與口腔癌關系的研究報道增多[38-39], periostin在癌組織中的表達與口腔癌的侵襲、轉移和血管密度密切相關[40]。
大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)periostin作為一種間質(zhì)蛋白,主要從以下幾方面促進腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及轉移:(1)通過與膜聯(lián)蛋白受體結合,激活Akt通路,抑制腫瘤細胞的凋亡來促進腫瘤的生長。(2)通過促進腫瘤血管的生成來促進腫瘤的生長。(3)通過調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤微環(huán)境來促進腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。(4)通過EMT來促進腫瘤的發(fā)展。 (5)通過維持腫瘤干細胞的活性來促進腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
近年來,對periostin在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用的研究越來越多,已取得了較大進展,為腫瘤的診斷和治療提供了一個新的靶點。研究結果已顯現(xiàn)periostin具有促進腫瘤生長、侵襲和轉移的作用,但其具體的分子機制仍未能闡明,其如何促進癌細胞生長和轉移以及與間質(zhì)細胞的相互作用仍需進一步探討。因此,有關periostin 在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用的研究還有很長的路要走。
[1] Kudo Y,Siriwardena BS,Hatano H,et al.Periostin:novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for cancer[J].Histol Histopathol,2007,22(10):1167-1174.
[2] Zhao S,Wu H,Xia W,et al.Periostin expression is upregulated and associated with myocardial fibrosis in human failing hearts[J].J Cardiol,2014,63(5):373-378.
[3] Tai IT,Dai M,Chen LB.Periostin induction in tumor cell line explants and inhibition of in vitro cell growth by anti-periostin antibodies[J].Carcinogenesis,2005,26(5):908-915.
[4] Xiao ZM,Wang XY,Wang AM.Periostin induces chemoresistance in colon cancer cells through activation of the PI3K/Akt/survivin pathway[J].Biotechnol Appl Biochem,2015,62(3):401-406.
[5] Lambert AW,Wong CK,Ozturk S,et al.Tumor cell-derived periostin regulates cytokines that maintain breast cancer stem cells[J].Mol Cancer Res,2016,14(1):103-113.
[6] Underwood TJ,Hayden AL,Derouet M,et al.Cancer-associated fibroblasts predict poor outcome and promote periostin-dependent invasion in oesophageal adenocarcinoma[J].J Pathol,2015,235(3):466-477.
[7] Tian Y,Choi CH,Li QK,et al.Overexpression of periostin in stroma positively associated with aggressive prostate cancer[J].PLoS One,2015,10(3):e0121502.
[8] Heidari P,Esfahani SA,Turker NS,et al.Imaging of secreted extracellular periostin,an important marker of Invasion in the tumor microenvironment in esophageal cancer[J].J Nucl Med,2015,56(8):1246-1251.
[9] Takeshita S,Kikuno R,Tezuka K,et al.Osteoblast-specific factor 2:cloning of a putative bone adhesion protein with homology with the insect protein fasciclin I[J].Biochem J,1993,294 ( Pt 1):271-278.
[10] Morra L,Moch H:Periostin expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer:a review and an update[J].Virchows Arch,2011,459(5):465-475.
[11] Hoersch S,Andrade-Navarro MA:Periostin shows increased evolutionary plasticity in its alternatively spliced region[J].BMC Evolutionary Biology,2010,10(3):1-19.
[12] Kim CJ,Isono T,Tambe Y,et al.Role of alternative splicing of periostin in human bladder carcinogenesis[J].Int J Oncol,2008,32(1):161-169.
[13] Kudo Y,Ogawa I,Kitajima S,et al.Periostin promotes invasion and anchorage-independent growth in the metastatic process of head and neck cancer[J].Cancer Res,2006,66(14):6928-6935.
[14] Li M,Li C,Li D,et al.Periostin,a stroma-associated protein,correlates with tumor invasiveness and progression in nasopharyngeal carcinom[J].Clin Exp Metastasis 2012,29(8):865-877.
[15] Liu Y,Du L.Role of pancreatic stellate cells and periostin in pancreatic cancer progression[J].Tumour Biol,2015,36(5):3171-3177.
[16] Sasaki H,Lo KM,Chen LB,et al.Expression of Periostin,homologous with an insect cell adhesion molecule,as a prognostic marker in non-small cell lung cancers[J].Jpn J Cancer Res,2001,92(8):869-873.
[17] Sasaki H,Dai M,Auclair D,et al.Serum level of the periostin,a homologue of an insect cell adhesion molecule,as a prognostic marker in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas[J].Cancer,2001,92(4):843-848.
[18] Morra L,Rechsteiner M,Casagrande S,et al.Characterization of periostin isoform pattern in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Lung cancer,2012,76(2):183-190.
[19] Takanami I,Abiko T,Koizumi S.Expression of periostin in patients with non-small cell lung cancer:correlation with angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis[J].Int J Biol Markers,2008,23(3):182-186.
[20] Hong LZ,Wei XW,Chen JF,et al.Overexpression of periostin predicts poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Oncol Lett,2013,6(6):1595-1603.
[21] Hong L,Sun H,Lv X,et al.Expression of periostin in the serum of NSCLC and its function on proliferation and migration of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) in vitro[J].Mol Biol Rep,2010,37(5):2285-2293.
[22] Shao R,Bao S,Bai X,et al.Acquired expression of periostin by human breast cancers promotes tumor angiogenesis through up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression[J].Mol Cell Biol,2004,24(9):3992-4003.
[23] Zhang Y,Zhang G,Li J,et al.The expression analysis of periostin in human breast cancer[J].J Surg Res,2010,160(1):102-106.
[24] Puglisi F,Puppin C,Pegolo E,et al.Expression of periostin in human breast cancer[J].J Clin Pathol,2008,61(4):494-498.
[25] Li Z,Zhang X,Yang Y,et al.Periostin expression and its prognostic value for colorectal cancer[J].Int J Mol Sci,2015,16(6):12108-12118.
[26] Kikuchi Y,Kashima TG,Nishiyama T,et al.Periostin is expressed in pericryptal fibroblasts and cancer-associated fibroblasts in the colon[J].J Histochem Cytochem,2008,56(8):753-764.
[27] Bao,S,Ouyang G,Bai X,et al.Periostin potently promotes metastatic growth of colon cancer by augmenting cell survival via the Akt/PKB pathway[J].Cancer Cell,2004,5(4):329-339.
[28] Kanno A,Satoh K,Masamune A,et al.Periostin,secreted from stromal cells,has biphasic effect on cell migration and correlates with the epithelial to mesenchymal transition of human pancreatic cancer cells[J].Int J Cancer,2008,122(12):2707-2718.
[29] Ben QW,Jin XL,Liu J,et al.Periostin,a matrix specific protein,is associated with proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer[J].Oncol Rep,2011,25(3):709-716.
[30] Karlan BY,Dering J,Walsh C,et al.POSTN/TGFBI-associated stromal signature predicts poor prognosis in serous epithelial ovarian cancer[J].Gynecol Oncol,2014,132(2):334-342.
[31] Tian Y,Yao Z,Roden RB,et al.Identification of glycoproteins associated with different histological subtypes of ovarian tumors using quantitative glycoproteomics[J].Proteomics,2011,11(24):4677-4687.
[32] Zhu M,Fejzo MS,Anderson L,et al.Periostin promotes ovarian cancer angiogenesis and metastasis[J].Gynecol Oncol,2010,119(2):337-344.
[33] Luo W,Yao K.Molecular characterization and clinical implications of spindle cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma:a novel molecule-morphology model of tumor progression proposed[J].PLoS One,2013,8(12):1-12.
[34] Luo WR,Yao KT.Cancer stem cell characteristics,ALDH1 expression in the invasive front of nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J].Virchows Arch,2014,464(1):35-43.
[35] Utispan K,Thuwajit P,Abiko Y,et al.Gene expression profiling of cholangiocarcinoma-derived fibroblast reveals alterations related to tumor progression and indicates periostin as a poor prognostic marker[J].Mol Cancer,2010,9(13):1-20.
[36] Lv Y,Wang W,Jia WD,et al.High preoparative levels of serum periostin are associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2013,39(10):1129-1135.
[37] Lv Y,Wang W,Jia WD,et al.High-level expression of periostin is closely related to metastatic potential and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Med Oncol,2013,30(1):385.
[38] Trackman PC,Kantarci A.Molecular and clinical aspects of drug-induced gingival overgrowth[J].J Dent Res,2015,94(4):540-546.
[39] Chau E,Daley T,Darling MR,et al.The expression and immunohistochemical localization of periostin in odontogenic tumors of mixed epithelial/mesenchymal origin[J].Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol,2013,116(2):214-220.
[40] Siriwardena BS,Kudo Y,Ogawa I,et al.Periostin is frequently overexpressed and enhances invasion and angiogenesis in oral cancer[J].Br J Cancer,2006,95(10):1396-1403.
*通訊作者,E-mail:meixiangle@163.com.
10.15972/j.cnki.43-1509/r.2016.02.028
2015-10-30;
2016-01-28
國家自然科學基金項目(81072199) (Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China,81072199).研究生創(chuàng)新課題(2015XCX35),湖南省高層次衛(wèi)生人才“225”工程項目基金.
R73.3
A
蔣湘蓮)