謝冬梅, 范鑫鵬, 倪 兵, 顧???/p>
(華東師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,上海 200241)
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游仆蟲(原生動物,纖毛門)皮層銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生模式?
謝冬梅, 范鑫鵬??, 倪 兵, 顧福康
(華東師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,上海 200241)
有關(guān)研究證實(shí),游仆類的銀線系在超微結(jié)構(gòu)水平上對應(yīng)了由微管束構(gòu)成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)骨架結(jié)構(gòu),關(guān)于其在纖毛蟲細(xì)胞分裂過程中的發(fā)生模式鮮有報(bào)道。本工作應(yīng)用銀浸染色法和掃描電鏡術(shù),以扇形游仆蟲(Euplotesvannus)、鐮游仆蟲(Euplotesharpa)和包囊游仆蟲(Euplotesencysticus)為代表,研究了游仆類纖毛蟲3種類型皮層銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生過程。研究表明,游仆蟲3種類型銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生過程呈現(xiàn)基本相同的模式:該3種纖毛蟲新銀線網(wǎng)在棘毛原基基體周圍發(fā)生,據(jù)此推測口圍帶小膜、棘毛基體復(fù)合單元和背觸毛基體單元不僅對相應(yīng)纖毛器結(jié)構(gòu)行使微管組織中心作用,也可能對相應(yīng)皮層區(qū)銀線網(wǎng)的發(fā)生具有定位和組織中心的作用;圍繞在基體左側(cè)的銀線網(wǎng)先于右側(cè)開始發(fā)育,據(jù)此推測銀線系的分化可能也具有方向性;腹面銀線系發(fā)生中離新結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生區(qū)近的老結(jié)構(gòu)先瓦解,由此使新結(jié)構(gòu)不斷延伸發(fā)展,據(jù)此推測老銀線網(wǎng)對新結(jié)構(gòu)的形成可能起到誘導(dǎo)及定向作用;背面銀線系發(fā)生中在每一背觸毛列的中部范圍相鄰2列新背觸毛間的老銀線網(wǎng)消失,背觸毛左、右兩側(cè)的新銀線網(wǎng)會合形成新銀線網(wǎng),并且前仔蟲前半部分和后仔蟲后半部分的老銀線網(wǎng)保留下來共同組成新細(xì)胞的背面銀線網(wǎng),由此表明,其老銀線網(wǎng)參與了新結(jié)構(gòu)的組成并對新結(jié)構(gòu)的形成具有物質(zhì)貢獻(xiàn)。
游仆蟲;銀線系;形態(tài)發(fā)生;銀浸染色法;掃描電鏡術(shù)
應(yīng)用銀浸染色法(Silver impregnation technique),能使膜口類、前口類、腎形類和游仆類纖毛蟲的細(xì)胞皮層顯示一種網(wǎng)狀或條紋狀結(jié)構(gòu),這種結(jié)構(gòu)被稱為銀線系(Silver-line system)[1]。其中,游仆蟲屬于纖毛蟲中最高等的類群,研究其皮層銀線系的形態(tài)特征及其分化對揭示纖毛蟲皮層結(jié)構(gòu)模式具有重要意義。自60多年前Tuffrau發(fā)現(xiàn)游仆蟲細(xì)胞表面具有銀線系以來,對游仆蟲銀線系在細(xì)胞非分裂時(shí)期形態(tài)的觀察中已經(jīng)積累了較豐富的資料[2-8]。Curds[9]根據(jù)游仆蟲屬不同種類細(xì)胞背皮層銀線系網(wǎng)格的組成特征,將游仆蟲屬的背銀線系分為5種基本類型,即:相鄰2列背觸毛間含有1列銀線網(wǎng)的單扇形型銀線系(Single-vannussilver-line system);相鄰2列背觸毛間含有2列大小近似相等的銀線網(wǎng)的雙闊口型銀線系(Double-eurystomussilver-line system);相鄰2列背觸毛間含有2列大小不等的銀線網(wǎng)的雙盤狀型銀線系(Double-patellatype);相鄰2列背觸毛間含有多列排列規(guī)則的銀線網(wǎng)的多線型銀線系(Multiple silver-line system);相鄰2列背觸毛間含有多列排列不規(guī)則的銀線網(wǎng)的復(fù)雜型銀線系(Complex silver-line system)。根據(jù)相鄰2列背觸毛之間銀線網(wǎng)的列數(shù),這5種銀線系可概括為3種主要類型:單線型、雙線型和多線型[10]。近年來,所在實(shí)驗(yàn)室通過用生化抽提結(jié)合掃描電鏡術(shù),以及應(yīng)用熒光紫杉醇標(biāo)記法顯示,游仆蟲背、腹面網(wǎng)狀纖維骨架與銀浸法獲得的銀線系是同一種結(jié)構(gòu),并且也是一類重要的皮層微管骨架[11-13]。但是,目前對游仆蟲這類細(xì)胞表面骨架僅限于基本形態(tài)的描述,尚未深入到其形態(tài)發(fā)生及其結(jié)構(gòu)形成機(jī)理的研究。因此,作者應(yīng)用銀浸染色法及掃描電鏡技術(shù),以代表單線型銀線系的扇形游仆蟲(Euplotesvannus)、代表雙線型銀線系的鐮游仆蟲(E.harpa)和代表多線型銀線系的包囊游仆蟲(E.encysticus)3種游仆蟲為材料,對游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài)及形態(tài)發(fā)生進(jìn)行了比較觀察,以期為揭示該類纖毛蟲生命活動中細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的分化及其調(diào)控機(jī)理提供新的資料。
1.1 材料
鐮游仆蟲采自上海市崇明島北湖,扇形游仆蟲和包囊游仆蟲來自中國海洋大學(xué)原生動物學(xué)研究室。將3種游仆蟲在室溫下用表面皿建立純系培養(yǎng),扇形游仆蟲以煮沸后鹽度為30的海水為培養(yǎng)液,其余2種以煮沸過濾后的湖水(鹽度0)為培養(yǎng)液,每日喂食3次淡水草履唇滴蟲(Chilomonasparamecium),不同鹽度的游仆蟲均能夠以淡水草履唇滴蟲為食。一般在每次喂食后數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)能獲得大量的分裂細(xì)胞。
1.2 方法
顯示細(xì)胞表面銀線系及纖毛器采用Chatton-Lwoff銀浸染色技術(shù)[14]并稍作變更:固定液用3%重鉻酸鉀、1%三氧化鉻、2%鋨酸按7∶7∶5(體積比)相混合,現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用。固定10 min后轉(zhuǎn)入Da Fano液中再固定。
掃描電鏡樣品制備主要步驟如下:將收集的蟲體在6份飽和升汞溶液和1份1%的鋨酸相混合的固定液中固定10 min;用超純水清洗,除去固定液;梯度酒精脫水;CO2臨界點(diǎn)干燥;將干燥后的樣品轉(zhuǎn)移至樣品銅臺上;噴金;用掃描電子顯微鏡(Hitachi S-4800)觀察和拍照[15]。
2.1 細(xì)胞分裂間期3種游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài)
2.1.1 細(xì)胞分裂間期扇形游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài) 扇形游仆蟲的細(xì)胞腹皮層纖毛器包括位于左前側(cè)的口圍帶、波動膜,以及按10-5-2-2或10-5-3-2模式分布的額腹棘毛(FC)、橫棘毛(TC)、尾棘毛(CC)和左緣棘毛(LMC)。在腹皮層表面布滿四邊形的或近似四邊形的銀線網(wǎng)。其中,在額腹棘毛與橫棘毛之間的區(qū)域含7~8列銀線網(wǎng),其網(wǎng)格排列較整齊,從前到后每列銀線網(wǎng)約由9格緊密排列的四邊形網(wǎng)格構(gòu)成;在口圍帶基部與波動膜基部交叉處的銀線網(wǎng)以及位于最右側(cè)橫棘毛右后方的伸縮泡孔周圍的銀線網(wǎng)較小,且網(wǎng)格呈緊密排列(見圖1A)。在細(xì)胞背面,背皮層纖毛器包括9~10列背觸毛(DK),整個(gè)背皮層表面布滿四邊形銀線網(wǎng)。在相鄰2列背觸毛間的銀線網(wǎng)均由1列組成,其中在中部范圍于每2列背觸毛間的銀線網(wǎng)約為14格,在其兩側(cè)每2列背觸毛間的銀線網(wǎng)漸少(見圖1B)。
2.1.2 細(xì)胞分裂間期鐮游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài) 鐮游仆蟲的細(xì)胞腹皮層纖毛器包括位于左前側(cè)的口圍帶、波動膜,以及按10-5-2-2模式分布的額腹棘毛、橫棘毛、尾棘毛和左緣棘毛。在腹皮層表面布滿多邊形銀線網(wǎng)。其中,位于口腔前方,口圍帶與波動膜之間的皮層表面布滿多邊形至六邊形的銀線網(wǎng);在口圍帶基部與波動膜基部交叉處的銀線網(wǎng)以及位于最右側(cè)橫棘毛右后方的伸縮泡孔周圍的銀線網(wǎng)較小,且網(wǎng)格呈緊密排列(見圖1C)。在細(xì)胞背面,背皮層纖毛器包括13列背觸毛,整個(gè)背皮層表面布滿四邊形銀線網(wǎng)。在相鄰兩列背觸毛間的銀線網(wǎng)均由2列組成,其中在中部范圍于每2列背觸毛間的銀線網(wǎng)約為48格,在其兩側(cè)每2列背觸毛間的銀線網(wǎng)漸少(見圖1D)。
2.1.3 細(xì)胞分裂間期包囊游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài) 包囊游仆蟲的細(xì)胞腹皮層纖毛器包括位于左前側(cè)的口圍帶、波動膜,以及按9-5-2-2模式分布的額腹棘毛、橫棘毛、尾棘毛和左緣棘毛。在腹皮層表面布滿多邊形銀線網(wǎng)。其中,位于口腔前方,口圍帶與波動膜之間的皮層表面布滿多邊形至六邊形的銀線網(wǎng);在口圍帶基部與波動膜基部交叉處的銀線網(wǎng)以及位于最右側(cè)橫棘毛右后方的伸縮泡孔周圍的銀線網(wǎng)較小,且網(wǎng)格呈緊密排列(見圖1E、G)。在細(xì)胞背面,背皮層纖毛器包括7列背觸毛,整個(gè)背皮層表面布滿多邊形銀線網(wǎng)。在相鄰2列背觸毛間的銀線網(wǎng)排列不規(guī)則,其中在中部范圍于每2列背觸毛間的銀線網(wǎng)約為71格,在其兩側(cè)每2列背觸毛間的銀線網(wǎng)漸少(見圖1F、H)。
2.2 分裂期3種游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生
2.2.1 分裂期扇形游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生 在扇形游仆蟲中,首先于口圍帶基部后端左側(cè)皮層產(chǎn)生成斜向“一”字形排列小群毛基體(見圖2A),毛基體快速增殖,形成后仔蟲口圍帶原基區(qū)。此時(shí),在口原基區(qū)右前方的龕腔壁上出現(xiàn)緊密排列的新銀線網(wǎng)(見圖2B)。當(dāng)口原基區(qū)自前端開始逐步組裝成半弧形排列的小膜時(shí),新銀線網(wǎng)在其右側(cè)不斷擴(kuò)展。伴隨著龕腔變大,口圍帶小膜充分發(fā)育變寬,其一側(cè)的新銀線網(wǎng)也充分?jǐn)U展,成為處于后仔蟲口腔前方,在口圍帶和波動膜之間皮層表面的新銀線網(wǎng)(見圖2C)。
新口原基形成時(shí),在額腹橫棘毛皮層區(qū)形成2組各含5列原基的前、后額腹橫棘毛原基區(qū)(見圖2D),其每列原基不斷變粗,并按由后至前、由左至右順序分化成3、3、3、3、2段棘毛原基(見圖2E、F)。與此同時(shí),在每段棘毛原基的左側(cè)和右側(cè)按自后至前的順序發(fā)生細(xì)小的銀線網(wǎng),其銀線網(wǎng)不斷發(fā)育伸展,于每列原基的左右兩側(cè)各形成1列新銀線網(wǎng)(見圖2G、H),最終在新的額腹橫棘毛原基區(qū)形成7~8列四邊形或近似四邊形的銀線網(wǎng)。此外,伴同老口側(cè)膜前方唇和新口圍帶原基右側(cè)皮層區(qū)的前、后2個(gè)新棘毛原基的分化,其周圍也發(fā)生細(xì)小的銀線網(wǎng)并不斷發(fā)育伸展,形成四邊形或近似四邊形的銀線網(wǎng)(見圖2E)。隨著額腹橫棘毛原基進(jìn)一步發(fā)育形成新棘毛、蟲體演化成前、后仔蟲時(shí),腹面殘留的老棘毛及老銀線網(wǎng)消失,新棘毛及新銀線網(wǎng)相繼定位,成為前、后仔蟲的額腹橫棘毛和腹面銀線網(wǎng)。
(A~F:銀浸染色照片;G,H:掃描電鏡照片;標(biāo)尺:20 μm。A.扇形游仆蟲腹面含有排列較整齊的四邊形或近四邊形銀線網(wǎng);無尾箭頭示伸縮泡孔;B.扇形游仆蟲背面單扇形型銀線系;C.鐮游仆蟲腹面含有排列不規(guī)則的多邊形至六邊形銀線網(wǎng);無尾箭頭示伸縮泡孔;D.鐮游仆蟲背面雙闊口型銀線系;E、G.包囊游仆蟲腹面含有大小不一且排列不規(guī)則的多邊形至六邊形銀線網(wǎng);有尾箭頭示波動膜;無尾箭頭示伸縮泡孔;F、H.包囊游仆蟲背面復(fù)雜型銀線系。CC:尾棘毛;DK:背觸毛;FC:額腹棘毛;LMC:左緣棘毛;MC:口棘毛;TC:橫棘毛。A~F: Silver nitrate impregnation micrographs; G,H: Scanning electron micrographs; Scale bars: 20 μm. A. The ventral side ofE.vannuscontains neatly arranged quadrilateral silver-line system;arrowhead depicts the contractile vacuole pore; B. Dorsal view ofE.vannus, showing the single-vannussilver-line system; C. The ventral silver-line system ofE.harpacontains irregular polygons to hexagons;arrowhead refers to the contractile vacuole pore; D. Dorsal view ofE.harpa, showing the double-eurystomussilver-line system; E, G. The ventral silver-line system ofE.encysticuscontains irregular meshwork of different sized polygons to hexagons;arrow depicts the paroral membrane; arrowhead marks the contractile vacuole pore; F, H. Dorsal view ofE.encysticus, showing the complex silver-line system. CC: Caudal cirri; DK: Dorsal kinety; FC: Frontoventral cirri; LMC: Left marginal cirri; MC: Migratory cirrus; TC: Transverse cirri.)
圖1 3種游仆蟲細(xì)胞分裂間期皮層銀線系形態(tài)
Fig.1 The silver-line system of threeEuplotesspecies in non-dividing stage
在細(xì)胞背面,新背觸毛及其周圍銀線系的發(fā)生與腹皮層纖毛器和銀線系的分化相伴進(jìn)行。首先在每個(gè)老背觸毛列的中部范圍各形成1列新背觸毛原基,于每列原基中基體間分開成一定距離時(shí),在各個(gè)毛基體的周圍產(chǎn)生細(xì)小的銀線網(wǎng),其中在基體左側(cè)的新銀線網(wǎng)先于右側(cè)開始發(fā)育,接著在每個(gè)背觸毛基體兩側(cè)各形成1列新銀線網(wǎng)(見圖2I)。細(xì)胞形成分裂溝時(shí),每列新背觸毛在其中部分開成前、后兩部分,相鄰兩列新背觸毛間的老銀線網(wǎng)消失,背觸毛左、右兩側(cè)的新銀線網(wǎng)會合成1列。隨著細(xì)胞的演化,新形成的背觸毛和新銀線網(wǎng)與同一列中的其他老背觸毛及老銀線網(wǎng),最終成為新仔蟲的背觸毛列及其背皮層銀線網(wǎng)(見圖2J)。
2.2.2 分裂期鐮游仆蟲銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生 鐮游仆蟲腹面纖毛器和銀線系的發(fā)生與扇形游仆蟲相似,但額腹橫棘毛原基及其周圍銀線系的發(fā)生卻略有不同。在新口原基形成時(shí)(見圖3A),于額腹橫棘毛皮層區(qū)形成2組各含5列原基的前、后額腹橫棘毛原基區(qū),其每列原基不斷變粗,并按由后至前、由左至右順序分化成3、3、3、3、2段棘毛原基(見圖3B、C)。與此同時(shí),在每段棘毛原基的左側(cè)和右側(cè)按自后至前的順序發(fā)生細(xì)小的新銀線網(wǎng),其銀線網(wǎng)不斷發(fā)育伸展,于每列原基的周圍各形成許多排列不規(guī)則的新銀線網(wǎng),最終在新的額腹橫棘毛原基區(qū)形成多邊形銀線網(wǎng)(見圖3D~F、H)。此外,伴同老口側(cè)膜前方唇和新口圍帶原基右側(cè)皮層區(qū)的前、后2個(gè)新棘毛原基的分化,其周圍也發(fā)生細(xì)小的銀線網(wǎng)并不斷發(fā)育伸展,形成多邊形銀線網(wǎng)(見圖3B、D)。隨著額腹橫棘毛原基進(jìn)一步發(fā)育形成新棘毛、蟲體演化成前、后仔蟲時(shí),腹面殘留的老棘毛及老銀線網(wǎng)消失,新棘毛及新銀線網(wǎng)相繼定位,成為前、后仔蟲的額腹橫棘毛和腹面銀線網(wǎng)(見圖3G)。
(A~F和H~J:銀浸染色照片;G:掃描電鏡照片。A.口原基分化出小群毛基體(箭頭所示);B.口原基周圍銀線網(wǎng)(箭頭所示);C.后仔蟲口腔前方銀線網(wǎng)(箭頭所示);D.額腹橫棘毛原基出現(xiàn)(箭頭所示);E.示分成段的額腹橫棘毛原基和其周圍銀線網(wǎng)(有尾箭頭),以及前、后仔蟲口棘毛原基(無尾箭頭);F、G.分成段的額腹橫原基及其周圍銀線網(wǎng)的細(xì)節(jié)圖;H.腹面新銀線網(wǎng)(有尾箭頭)和老銀線網(wǎng)(無尾箭頭);I、J.背觸毛原基發(fā)生及其周圍新銀線網(wǎng)。有尾箭頭示背面新銀線網(wǎng);無尾箭頭示老銀線網(wǎng)。A~F&H~J: Silver nitrate impregnation micrographs; G:Scanning electron micrograph. A.Asmall number of basal bodies are differentiating from the oral primordium (arrow);B. Silver-line system around the oral primordium (arrow);C. Silver-line system in front of the buccal cavity of proter (arrows);D. The appearance of frontoventral-transverse anlagen (arrows);E.Fragmented frontoventral-transverse anlagen and the silver-line system around them (arrow); arrowheads mark themigratory cirrus anlagen of proter and opisthe;F, G. Detail of the fragmented frontoventral-transverse anlagen and the silver-line system around them; H.Ventral view of the new (arrows) and the old (arrowheads)silver-line system; I, J. Dorsal bristle basal bodies appear and the new silver-line system around them. Showing the dorsal view of the new (arrows) and the old (arrowheads) silver-line system.)
圖2 扇形游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生
Fig.2 Morphogenesis ofE.vannus
在細(xì)胞背面,新背觸毛及其周圍銀線系的發(fā)生與扇形游仆蟲的基本相似,只是在細(xì)胞形成分裂溝時(shí),每列新背觸毛在其中部分開成前、后兩部分,相鄰2列新背觸毛間的老銀線網(wǎng)消失,背觸毛左、右兩側(cè)的新銀線網(wǎng)匯合成2列(見圖3I~L)。隨著細(xì)胞的演化,新形成的背觸毛和新銀線網(wǎng)與同一列中的其他老背觸毛及老銀線網(wǎng),最終成為新仔蟲的背觸毛列及其背皮層新銀線網(wǎng)。
(A~G、I、J、L:銀浸染色照片;H,K:掃描電鏡照片。A.口原基分化出小群毛基體(箭頭所示);B.示開始分段的額腹橫棘毛原基(有尾箭頭)和前仔蟲口棘毛原基(無尾箭頭);C.開始分段的額腹橫棘毛原基及其左側(cè)新銀線網(wǎng)的細(xì)節(jié)圖;D.示分成段的額腹橫棘毛原基和其周圍新銀線網(wǎng)(箭頭),以及前仔蟲口棘毛原基(無尾箭頭);E.示分成段的額腹橫棘毛原基及其周圍銀線網(wǎng)的細(xì)節(jié)圖(箭頭);F、H.示腹面新銀線網(wǎng)(有尾箭頭)和老銀線網(wǎng)(無尾箭頭);G.后仔蟲口腔前方銀線網(wǎng)(箭頭所示);I. 背觸毛原基發(fā)生及其周圍新銀線網(wǎng);J、K. 示背觸毛原基周圍新銀線網(wǎng)發(fā)展擴(kuò)大(有尾箭頭),及老銀線網(wǎng)(無尾箭頭);L.背面新銀線網(wǎng)(箭頭所示)。A~G, I, J, L:Silver nitrate impregnation micrographs; H, K: Scanning electron micrographs. A. A small number of basal bodies are differentiating from the oral primordium (arrow);B. The frontoventral-transverse anlagen (arrow)start to fragment;migratory cirrus anlagen of proter (arrowhead); C. Detail of the frontoventral-transverse anlagen start to fragment and the new silver-line system on the left; D. Fragmented frontoventral-transverse anlagen and the new silver-line system around them(arrow); migratory cirrus anlagen of proter (arrowhead); E. Detail of the fragmented frontoventral-transverse anlagen and the silver-line system around them (arrows); F, H.Ventral view of the new (arrows)and the old (arrowhead)silver-line system; G. Silver-line system in front of the buccal cavity of proter (arrow); I. Dorsal bristle basal bodies appear and the new silver-line system around them;J, K. New silver-line system around the dorsal bristle basal bodiesis extending further (arrows);arrowheads depict the old silver-line system;L.Dorsal view of the new (arrow) silver-line system.)
圖3 鐮游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生
Fig.3 Morphogenesis ofE.harpa
2.2.3 分裂期包囊游仆蟲銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生 包囊游仆蟲腹面纖毛器和銀線系的發(fā)生與扇形游仆蟲相似, 但額腹橫棘毛原基及其周圍銀線系的發(fā)生卻略有不同。在新口原基形成時(shí)(見圖4A),于額腹橫棘毛皮層區(qū)形成2組各含5列原基的前、后額腹橫棘毛原基區(qū),其每列原基不斷變粗,并按由后至前、由左至右順序分化成3、3、3、2、2段棘毛原基(見圖4B、C)。與此同時(shí),在每段棘毛原基的左側(cè)和右側(cè)按自后至前的順序發(fā)生細(xì)小的新銀線網(wǎng),其銀線網(wǎng)不斷發(fā)育伸展,于每列原基的周圍各形成許多排列不規(guī)則的新銀線網(wǎng),最終在新的額腹橫棘毛原基區(qū)形成多邊形銀線網(wǎng)(見圖4E、F)。隨著額腹橫棘毛原基進(jìn)一步發(fā)育形成新棘毛、蟲體演化成前、后仔蟲時(shí),腹面殘留的老棘毛及老銀線網(wǎng)消失,新棘毛及新銀線網(wǎng)相繼定位,成為前、后仔蟲的額腹橫棘毛和腹面銀線網(wǎng)。
(A、B、D~J:銀浸染色照片;C:掃描電鏡照片。A.口原基分化出小群毛基體(箭頭所示);B.額腹橫棘毛原基(箭頭所示);C、E.分段的額腹橫棘毛原基及其周圍銀線網(wǎng)(箭頭所示);D.后仔蟲口圍帶原基小膜(箭頭所示);F.腹面新銀線網(wǎng)(箭頭所示);G.新背觸毛基體發(fā)生(箭頭所示);H. 背觸毛原基及其周圍新銀線網(wǎng)(有尾箭頭);老銀線網(wǎng)(無尾箭頭);I.背觸毛原基周圍新銀線網(wǎng)(有尾箭頭)發(fā)展擴(kuò)大;老銀線網(wǎng)(無尾箭頭);J.背面新銀線網(wǎng)(有尾箭頭)和老銀線網(wǎng)(無尾箭頭)。A, B, D~J: Silver nitrate impregnation micrographs; C:Scanning electron micrographs.A. A small number of basal bodies are differentiating from the oral primordium;B. Frontoventral-transverse anlagen (arrow);C, E.Fragmented frontoventral-transverse anlagen and the silver-line system around them (arrows); D. The new formed membranelles of opisthe (arrow);F. Ventral view of the new silver-line system (arrow); G.New dorsal bristle basal bodies appear (arrow); H.Dorsal bristle basal bodies and the new silver-line system around them (arrow); the old silver-line system (arrowhead);I.New silver-line system around the dorsal bristle basal bodies is extending further (arrow);the old silver-line system (arrowhead); J. Dorsal view of the new (arrow)and the old (arrowhead) silver-line system.)
圖4 包囊游仆蟲皮層銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生
Fig.4 Morphogenesis ofE.encysticus
在細(xì)胞背面,新背觸毛及其周圍銀線系的發(fā)生與腹皮層纖毛器和銀線系的分化相伴進(jìn)行。首先在每個(gè)老背觸毛列的中部范圍各形成1列新背觸毛原基(見圖4G),于每列原基中基體間分開成一定距離時(shí),在各個(gè)毛基體的周圍產(chǎn)生細(xì)小的銀線網(wǎng),其中在基體左側(cè)的新銀線網(wǎng)先于右側(cè)開始發(fā)育,接著在每個(gè)背觸毛基體兩側(cè)各形成多列新銀線網(wǎng)。細(xì)胞形成分裂溝時(shí),每列新背觸毛在其中部分開成前、后兩部分,相鄰2列新背觸毛間的老銀線網(wǎng)消失,背觸毛左、右兩側(cè)的新銀線網(wǎng)會合成多列。隨著細(xì)胞的演化,新形成的背觸毛和新銀線網(wǎng)與同一列中的其他老背觸毛及老銀線網(wǎng),最終成為新仔蟲的背觸毛列及其背皮層銀線網(wǎng)(見圖4H~J)。
3.1 游仆蟲腹面銀線系形態(tài)
游仆蟲背面銀線系因具有種類的特異性,一直以來被應(yīng)用于游仆蟲類的物種鑒定與分類,而關(guān)于腹面銀線系的特點(diǎn)未見進(jìn)一步探討[2,9]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示扇形游仆蟲腹面銀線網(wǎng)排列整齊且稀疏,而鐮游仆蟲和包囊游仆蟲腹面銀線網(wǎng)形狀不規(guī)則且排列緊密。這種不同的排列特征分別與其背面銀線網(wǎng)的排列規(guī)律相類似,尤其體現(xiàn)在銀線網(wǎng)的緊密程度上;而背腹面銀線網(wǎng)的緊密程度又與背觸毛列中的基體數(shù)目密切相關(guān)。這種對應(yīng)關(guān)系亦出現(xiàn)在其他已有銀線系報(bào)道的游仆蟲種類中[16-23],即在所有銀線系類型中,背觸毛基體數(shù)目越多,背面銀線網(wǎng)越密集,腹面網(wǎng)格也相應(yīng)密集。據(jù)此推測,游仆蟲腹面銀線系雖不能如背面銀線系以具體類型劃分,但其形態(tài)特征與背面銀線系具有一定程度的一致性,這顯示細(xì)胞在背腹面銀線系結(jié)構(gòu)形成過程中的整體性調(diào)控。
3.2 游仆蟲銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生
游仆蟲皮層纖毛器、纖毛器附屬微管及皮層銀線網(wǎng)等是一類重要的的皮層細(xì)胞骨架[12],目前對該類纖毛蟲皮層纖毛器及其纖毛器附屬微管的形態(tài)發(fā)生及其細(xì)胞調(diào)控的研究已經(jīng)取得較豐富的資料[13,24-35],但對其銀線系的形態(tài)發(fā)生尚未見報(bào)道。本文應(yīng)用銀浸染色法及掃描電鏡術(shù)顯示,扇形游仆蟲、鐮游仆蟲和包囊游仆蟲3種纖毛蟲皮層銀線網(wǎng)的形態(tài)發(fā)生與細(xì)胞皮層纖毛器的發(fā)生是相伴進(jìn)行的,其腹皮層銀線網(wǎng)在口圍帶原基區(qū)分化形成的小膜原基和額腹橫棘毛原基區(qū)原基列分段形成的棘毛原基周圍發(fā)生,背皮層銀線網(wǎng)在每列背觸毛原基的各個(gè)背觸毛基體周圍發(fā)生,由于此時(shí)的口圍帶小膜原基、棘毛原基和背觸毛基體已經(jīng)形成纖毛基體復(fù)合單元和基體單元[24,36-40],也即其銀線網(wǎng)的形態(tài)發(fā)生是在纖毛器原基形成口圍帶小膜原基、棘毛原基基體復(fù)合單元和背纖毛基體單元后啟動的。根據(jù)Shao et al.劃分的游仆蟲屬額腹橫棘毛原基的分段模式,扇形游仆蟲和鐮游仆蟲屬于charon-type,II至V額腹橫棘毛原基分段為3∶3∶3∶3∶2,包囊游仆蟲則屬于affinis-type,分段為3∶3∶3∶2∶2[41],即前2種游仆蟲與包囊游仆蟲相比,其第5列額腹橫棘毛原基多斷裂生成一個(gè)棘毛3/V的基體。本文觀察到在扇形游仆蟲和鐮游仆蟲中,新銀線網(wǎng)于棘毛3/V基體周圍產(chǎn)生并隨該基體的遷移而持續(xù)分化;而對于該部位無此棘毛基體的包囊游仆蟲,新銀線網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生僅限于2/V和1/V 2個(gè)棘毛原基附近。這進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了在非纖毛區(qū)無新銀線網(wǎng)獨(dú)立發(fā)生,新銀線網(wǎng)的發(fā)生與分化與纖毛基體密切相關(guān)。據(jù)以上資料推測,所述的口圍帶小膜、棘毛基體復(fù)合單元和背觸毛基體單元不僅對相應(yīng)纖毛器結(jié)構(gòu)行使微管組織中心作用,也可能對相應(yīng)皮層區(qū)銀線網(wǎng)的發(fā)生具有定位作用和組織中心的作用。結(jié)果還顯示,3種游仆蟲圍繞在基體左側(cè)的銀線網(wǎng)先于右側(cè)開始發(fā)育,與游仆蟲新棘毛原基發(fā)生和分化過程相一致[25],據(jù)此推測銀線系的分化可能也具有一致的方向性。因此,以上所得結(jié)果可為揭示纖毛蟲生命活動中細(xì)胞皮層結(jié)構(gòu)的分化及其調(diào)控機(jī)理提供新的資料。
3.3 老結(jié)構(gòu)在游仆蟲新銀線系形成過程中的作用
關(guān)于游仆蟲皮層纖毛器形態(tài)發(fā)生過程中新、老結(jié)構(gòu)的演化及其作用關(guān)系已有較多研究[25,42],但對銀線系發(fā)生中新、老結(jié)構(gòu)的更替及其作用機(jī)理等方面尚未取得相關(guān)資料。本文觀察到,3種游仆蟲腹面銀線系發(fā)生中老纖毛結(jié)構(gòu)及其周圍銀線網(wǎng)按序先后瓦解,其中離新結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生區(qū)近的老結(jié)構(gòu)先瓦解,由此使新結(jié)構(gòu)不斷延伸發(fā)展,據(jù)此推測老銀線網(wǎng)對新結(jié)構(gòu)的形成可能起到了誘導(dǎo)定向作用;細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)分裂溝時(shí),在每一背觸毛列的中部范圍相鄰2列新背觸毛間的老銀線網(wǎng)消失,背觸毛左、右兩側(cè)的新銀線網(wǎng)會合形成新銀線網(wǎng),并且前仔蟲前半部分和后仔蟲后半部分的老銀線網(wǎng)保留下來共同組成新細(xì)胞的背銀線網(wǎng),結(jié)果表明,游仆蟲的老銀線網(wǎng)不僅參與了新結(jié)構(gòu)的組成,并對新結(jié)構(gòu)的形成具有物質(zhì)貢獻(xiàn)。
本文揭示了游仆蟲銀線系形態(tài)發(fā)生過程中的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,為研究這類微管類細(xì)胞骨架提供了新的資料。但本研究并未揭示新銀線網(wǎng)在發(fā)生時(shí),皮層纖毛器及其附屬微管和銀線系在皮層下的變化情況,因此,在本研究的基礎(chǔ)上,可以通過透射電鏡等方法進(jìn)一步研究探討銀線系、皮層纖毛器及其附屬微管之間的關(guān)系,構(gòu)建其在形態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)的三維模型,為游仆蟲皮層模式形成提供更多資料。
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責(zé)任編輯 朱寶象
更正聲明
《中國海洋大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)》第11期中“DNA條形碼技術(shù)在鯔科魚類鑒定中的應(yīng)用”論文刊登的作者信息、單位信息的中英文有誤,在此進(jìn)行更正。正確的作者信息、單位信息的中英文如下:
劉 璐1, 孫典榮2, 李純厚2, 韓志強(qiáng)3, 高天翔3, 宋 娜1??
(1.中國海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)學(xué)院,山東 青島 266003;2.中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院南海水產(chǎn)研究所,廣東 廣州 510300;3.浙江海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)學(xué)院,浙江 舟山 316022)
LIU Lu1, SUN Dian-Rong2, LI Chun-Hou2, HAN Zhi-Qiang3, GAO Tian-Xiang3, SONG Na1
(1.College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;2.South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China;3.Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China)
特此聲明!
中國海洋大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)編輯部
Morphogenesis of the Cortical Silver-Line Systems in the Ciliate Genus Euplotes (Protozoa, Ciliophora)
XIE Dong-Mei, FAN Xin-Peng, NI Bing, GU Fu-Kang
(School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China)
The silver-line system ofEuplotescorresponds to the cytoskeleton network, which is composed of microtubules at the ultrastructure level, and its morphogenesis pattern during cell division is rarely reported. Based on the application of silver nitrate impregnation and scanning electron microscopy, and usingE.vannus,E.harpaandE.encysticusas the representatives, the morphogenesis of three types of cortical silver-line systems in genusEuploteswas examined in this study.The result showed that the morphogenesis of three types of cortical silver-line systems in the genusEuplotesshared the following features: the ventral silver-line system occurred around the new membranelles and the fragmented frontoventral-transverse anlagen; and the dorsal silver-line system occurred around the basal bodies of the dorsal bristle primordia. Thus, it was speculated that the composite element of basal bodies was not only microtubule organizing center, but also the center of the silver-line system. The new meshwork on the left of the basal bodies developed ahead of the meshwork on the right, thus, it was speculated that the silver-line system oriented similarly with ciliary organelles during their morphogenesis. In addition, the old meshwork near new silver-line first disintegrated, which led to the new silver-line system to develop constantly. It was assumed that the old silver-line system played a role of induction and orientation in the formation of new structure. The old silver-line system locating in the first half of the proter and in the latter part of the opisthe was reserved to form the dorsal silver-line system in new cells. It was supposed that the old silver-line system participated in the formation of new structure and also had a material contribution to it.
Euplotes; silver-line system; morphogenesis; silver nitrate impregnation; scanning electron microscopy
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31172042;31572223)資助 Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31172042;31572223)
2015-11-06;
2016-03-16
謝冬梅(1989-),女,碩士生。E-mail: zynx9194@sina.com
?? 通訊作者:E-mail: xpfan@bio.ecnu.edu.cn
Q952;Q954
A
1672-5174(2016)12-041-10
10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20150385
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