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        微灌石英砂過(guò)濾器反沖洗數(shù)值模擬驗(yàn)證與流場(chǎng)分析

        2016-12-19 08:54:08李景海翟國(guó)亮黃修橋馮俊杰

        李景海,翟國(guó)亮,黃修橋※,馮俊杰,劉 楊

        (1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所/河南省節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,新鄉(xiāng) 453002;2. 安陽(yáng)市水資源管理委員會(huì)辦公室,安陽(yáng) 455000)

        微灌石英砂過(guò)濾器反沖洗數(shù)值模擬驗(yàn)證與流場(chǎng)分析

        李景海1,2,翟國(guó)亮1,黃修橋1※,馮俊杰1,劉 楊1

        (1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所/河南省節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,新鄉(xiāng) 453002;2. 安陽(yáng)市水資源管理委員會(huì)辦公室,安陽(yáng) 455000)

        微灌石英砂濾層的反沖洗,是實(shí)現(xiàn)濾料再生的有效途徑,為了對(duì)反沖洗過(guò)程流場(chǎng)進(jìn)行分析,并確定合理的反沖洗速度。該文建立了石英砂過(guò)濾器幾何模型并進(jìn)行了網(wǎng)格劃分,采用Eulerian模型作為石英砂濾層反沖洗數(shù)值模擬模型,分別對(duì)石英砂當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06、1.2和1.5 mm的3種濾層的反沖洗過(guò)程進(jìn)行了瞬態(tài)模擬,并將濾層整體壓降和整體密度的模擬結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比,結(jié)果顯示,整體壓降的最大模擬誤差為7.03%,整體密度的最大模擬誤差為1.93%,說(shuō)明數(shù)值模擬準(zhǔn)確可信。在此基礎(chǔ)上,分析了石英砂濾層反沖洗過(guò)程壓降的波動(dòng)規(guī)律、壓降均值和壓降標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差隨反沖洗速度的變化趨勢(shì);并分析了濾層密度的分布規(guī)律、密度均值和密度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差隨反沖洗速度的變化趨勢(shì)。根據(jù)壓降波動(dòng)的穩(wěn)定性,結(jié)合濾層密度分布的穩(wěn)定性,確定了石英砂濾層反沖洗強(qiáng)度的合理范圍,3種濾層分別為0.0149~0.0212、0.0146~0.0218和0.0191~0.0261 m/s。該研究為石英砂濾層反沖洗過(guò)程的機(jī)理研究提供了參考,為砂過(guò)濾器反沖洗性能參數(shù)的確定提供了依據(jù)。

        灌溉;模型;計(jì)算機(jī)仿真;石英砂濾層;反沖洗;多相流

        0 引言

        砂過(guò)濾器的反沖洗,是實(shí)現(xiàn)砂濾料再生的一個(gè)有效途徑。不少學(xué)者對(duì)砂過(guò)濾器的反沖洗進(jìn)行了研究,董文楚[1-2]對(duì)碎石英砂特性、反沖洗強(qiáng)度與膨脹率進(jìn)行了研究,翟國(guó)亮等[3-4]對(duì)均質(zhì)石英砂反沖洗參數(shù)進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)研究,馮俊杰等[5]設(shè)計(jì)出了水壓驅(qū)動(dòng)反沖洗閥,鄧忠等[6]對(duì)石英砂過(guò)濾器在反沖洗條件下,泥沙出水濁度、出水粒徑級(jí)配隨時(shí)間的變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行了測(cè)定分析。趙紅書(shū)[7]對(duì)堵塞的過(guò)濾模型進(jìn)行了正交反沖洗試驗(yàn)。

        試驗(yàn)研究的結(jié)果具有直觀、可信的特點(diǎn),但試驗(yàn)研究往往會(huì)受到流場(chǎng)擾動(dòng)、測(cè)量精度等因素的限制。隨著多相流體動(dòng)力學(xué)理論的不斷完善和高性能計(jì)算技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展[8],對(duì)微灌過(guò)濾器進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬成為現(xiàn)實(shí),不少學(xué)者進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究[9-13],但目前對(duì)砂過(guò)濾器反沖洗的多相流模擬尚不多見(jiàn)[14]。

        在前期研究的基礎(chǔ)上[15],本文首先開(kāi)展了石英砂濾層反沖洗試驗(yàn),然后建立了石英砂過(guò)濾器幾何模型并進(jìn)行了網(wǎng)格劃分,采用Eulerian模型對(duì)3種粒徑的石英砂濾層的反沖洗進(jìn)行了瞬態(tài)數(shù)值模擬,并將模擬結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)比,對(duì)比結(jié)果說(shuō)明了數(shù)值模擬的可行性。在此基礎(chǔ)上,分析了石英砂濾層反沖洗過(guò)程壓降的波動(dòng)規(guī)律和濾層密度的分布規(guī)律,根據(jù)壓降波動(dòng)的穩(wěn)定性,結(jié)合濾層密度分布的穩(wěn)定性,確定了石英砂濾層反沖洗強(qiáng)度的合理范圍,以期為石英砂濾層反沖洗過(guò)程的機(jī)理研究提供參考,為砂過(guò)濾器的運(yùn)行提供技術(shù)支撐。

        1 微灌石英砂濾層反沖洗試驗(yàn)

        試驗(yàn)在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)用濾料為石英砂,采用粒徑范圍為1.0~1.18、>1.18~1.4 和>1.4~1.7 mm的3種濾層。經(jīng)測(cè)算,3種濾層當(dāng)量粒徑分別為1.06、1.2和1.5 mm。結(jié)合砂過(guò)濾器實(shí)物,設(shè)計(jì)并建立了試驗(yàn)用模型裝置,如圖1所示,主過(guò)濾室使用透明有機(jī)玻璃管制作,有機(jī)玻管內(nèi)徑200 mm、高1 600 mm,在其上每隔100 mm高度打孔,設(shè)為測(cè)壓取料孔,有機(jī)玻管上下兩端使用特制的封頭密封,下端封頭安裝3個(gè)濾帽。石英砂濾料放置于主過(guò)濾室內(nèi),濾層孔隙率0.44,厚400 mm。試驗(yàn)時(shí),使用水池供水,采用渦輪流量計(jì)(LWGY-25)測(cè)流量,濾層內(nèi)部壓差采用U型壓差計(jì)測(cè)量。

        反沖洗時(shí),利用水泵將清水從反沖洗進(jìn)水口注入過(guò)濾器模型,通過(guò)砂過(guò)濾器底部濾帽將水流分散并均勻作用于濾料,試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中,記錄下每一個(gè)反沖洗速度對(duì)應(yīng)的濾層膨脹高度、濾層壓降。

        圖1 試驗(yàn)裝置示意圖Fig.1 Schematic diagram of test device

        2 石英砂濾層數(shù)值模擬

        2.1 模擬模型

        在微灌石英砂反沖洗過(guò)程中,石英砂濾層僅在一定范圍內(nèi)上下波動(dòng)而不被水流帶到過(guò)濾器外部,即石英砂只集中在區(qū)域的一部分且所占體積分?jǐn)?shù)較大,同時(shí),石英砂與水的兩相流是不可壓縮的且是有黏性的,基于以上特點(diǎn),采用Eulerian模型模擬石英砂濾層的反沖洗是比較合適的[16]。

        均質(zhì)石英砂濾層的反沖洗,可以認(rèn)為是由水與石英砂組成的固液兩相流,Eulerian模型[17]中固液兩相流連續(xù)性方程如下

        動(dòng)量方程可表示為

        式中αi為相體積分?jǐn)?shù);ρi為相密度,m3/s;t為時(shí)間,s;為相速度,m/s;P為壓力項(xiàng),Pa;

        守恒方程需要由固液曳力系數(shù)、固相應(yīng)力相這兩種本構(gòu)方程來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)封閉。曳力系數(shù)項(xiàng)可增加到動(dòng)量守恒方程相間作用系數(shù)Kij來(lái)計(jì)算,固相應(yīng)力項(xiàng)可增加到源項(xiàng)si中計(jì)算。

        液固交換系數(shù)Ksl僅是液相體積分?jǐn)?shù)或固相體積分?jǐn)?shù)的函數(shù),而石英砂與水的混合物中,水的體積分?jǐn)?shù)一般要小于0.8。因而,對(duì)于Gidaspow提出的曳力模型[18],當(dāng)αl≤0.8,適用于石英砂濾層的反沖洗模擬,即石英砂濾層反沖洗模擬的曳力模型為式中μl為流體黏度,Pa·s;ds為顆粒直徑,m;其余同上。

        水與石英砂兩相流固相應(yīng)力模型為[19]

        式中τs為固相應(yīng)力,Pa;αl為液相體積分?jǐn)?shù)。

        2.2 模型邊界條件及算法設(shè)置

        采用Gambit軟件建立幾何模型,過(guò)濾器幾何模型與細(xì)部結(jié)構(gòu)見(jiàn)圖2和圖3。

        圖2 石英砂過(guò)濾器數(shù)值模擬三維模型Fig.2 3D model of numerical simulation for quartz sand filter

        圖3 濾帽幾何模型Fig.3 Geometry model of filter cap

        控制方程采用二階隱式時(shí)間方案,采用瞬態(tài)求解器計(jì)算。多相流模型采用Eulerian模型,壓力速度耦合方程用PC-SIMPLE算法,空間離散化采用基于Green-Gauss的梯度方程,動(dòng)量、湍動(dòng)能、湍流耗散率和體積分?jǐn)?shù)方程均采用一階迎風(fēng)格式,進(jìn)口邊界條件為velocity-inlet,出口邊界條件為pressure-outlet,采用速度進(jìn)口對(duì)流場(chǎng)進(jìn)行初始化,單位時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)為0.01 s,單位時(shí)間步長(zhǎng)最大迭代次數(shù)為7。

        3 計(jì)算結(jié)果分析

        3.1 濾層壓降計(jì)算結(jié)果分析

        3.1.1 濾層壓降的試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證

        根據(jù)入口的反沖洗流速,由CFD軟件計(jì)算出濾層的整體壓降,繪出濾層整體壓降隨反沖洗速度的變化關(guān)系圖并與試驗(yàn)值進(jìn)行對(duì)比(圖4)。

        由圖4可知,當(dāng)濾層當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm時(shí),濾層壓降最大誤差為6.25%;當(dāng)濾層當(dāng)量粒徑為1.2 mm時(shí),濾層壓降最大誤差為5.64%;當(dāng)濾層當(dāng)量粒徑為1.5 mm時(shí),濾層壓降最大誤差為7.03%。對(duì)比結(jié)果說(shuō)明,濾層壓降試驗(yàn)值與模擬值能夠較好地吻合,模擬結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確可信。

        根據(jù)圖4中曲線的變化趨勢(shì)可知,在反沖洗速度較小時(shí),濾層壓降隨反沖洗速度的增大呈線性變化關(guān)系。當(dāng)反沖洗速度達(dá)到濾層的最小流化速度后,濾層壓降達(dá)到最高值,此后,隨著反沖洗速度的繼續(xù)增加,濾層壓降基本保持穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06、1.2和1.5 mm的濾層對(duì)應(yīng)的最小流化速度分別為0.0121、0.0146和0.0160 m/s。

        圖4 濾層壓降隨反沖洗速度變化關(guān)系圖Fig.4 Relation curve of filter layer pressure drop with change of back washing velocity

        顯然,只有當(dāng)濾層完全流化后,才能達(dá)到較好的反沖洗效果。本文選取濾層完全流化后的5個(gè)反沖洗速度,并選取濾層高度H為15、25和35 cm的3個(gè)橫截面對(duì)濾層壓降和密度進(jìn)行分析。對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm的濾層,選取的反沖洗速度v分別為:0.0121、0.0149、0.0180、0.0212和0.0240 m/s。對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.2 mm的濾層,選取的反沖洗速度v分別為:0.0146、0.0196、0.0218、0.0246和0.0291 m/s。對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.5 mm的濾層,選取反沖洗速度v分別為:0.0160、0.0191、0.0222、0.0261 和0.0310 m/s。

        3.1.2 濾層壓降的波動(dòng)規(guī)律

        濾層壓降波動(dòng)是否穩(wěn)定,是衡量濾層流化質(zhì)量的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)反沖洗效果有直接影響。對(duì)于3種濾層,分別繪制3個(gè)橫截面上,5個(gè)反沖洗速度對(duì)應(yīng)的壓降隨時(shí)間的變化關(guān)系曲線,如圖5~圖7。

        分析圖5、圖6和圖7可知,當(dāng)反沖洗水流進(jìn)入濾層時(shí),濾層開(kāi)始流化,在流化的初始階段,濾層各個(gè)截面的壓降值有一個(gè)急劇的大幅波動(dòng),并在極短時(shí)間內(nèi)恢復(fù)至某一固定值,此后,濾層截面壓降不再發(fā)生突變,而是隨時(shí)間在這一固定值附近上下波動(dòng),呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)比較穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。同時(shí)可以看出,濾層壓降隨濾層截面高度的增加而增加。造成這種波動(dòng)現(xiàn)象的原因是,在反沖洗的初期,石英砂濾層處于完全的自然堆積狀態(tài),顆粒間孔隙率低,孔隙非常小,水流從濾層底部進(jìn)入濾層的時(shí)候,需要克服較大的濾層阻力才能上升。當(dāng)水流開(kāi)始進(jìn)入濾層時(shí),濾層在短時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)歷了由自然堆積到迅速膨脹的過(guò)程,此時(shí),濾層壓降達(dá)到最大值。石英砂顆粒在強(qiáng)勁水流的沖擊下迅速上升,孔隙率迅速增大,反沖洗水流速度則隨之減小,被水流攜帶的顆粒在重力作用下迅速下降,此時(shí)濾層壓降又達(dá)到最小值。經(jīng)過(guò)這個(gè)短暫的突變過(guò)程后,濾層孔隙率與水流速度逐漸相適應(yīng),壓降基本保持穩(wěn)定,并隨時(shí)間以某一固定值為基準(zhǔn)上下波動(dòng)。

        為了分析濾層壓降波動(dòng)的穩(wěn)定性,對(duì)3種濾層,計(jì)算3個(gè)截面壓降的平均值,繪出壓降均值隨反沖洗速度的變化關(guān)系圖(圖8)。計(jì)算3個(gè)截面壓降的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差,繪出壓降標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差隨反沖洗速度的變化關(guān)系圖(圖9)。

        圖5 壓降隨時(shí)間變化關(guān)系曲線(當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm)Fig.5 Relation curve of pressure-drop and time (Filter equivalent particle size is 1.06 mm)

        圖6 壓降隨時(shí)間變化關(guān)系曲線(當(dāng)量粒徑為1.2 mm)Fig.6 Relation curve of pressure-drop and time (Filter equivalent particle size 1.2 mm)

        圖7 壓降隨時(shí)間變化關(guān)系曲線(當(dāng)量粒徑為1.5 mm)Fig.7 Relation curve of pressure-drop and time (Filter equivalent particle size is 1.5 mm)

        圖8 壓降均值隨反沖洗速度的變化關(guān)系曲線Fig.8 Relation curve of average pressure drop and backwashing velocity

        圖9 壓降標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差隨反沖洗速度的變化關(guān)系曲線Fig.9 Relation curve of pressure drop standard deviation and backwashing velocity

        分析圖8和圖9可知,對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm的濾層,當(dāng)反沖洗速度≤0.0212 m/s時(shí),3個(gè)截面的壓降均值隨反沖洗速度的增加基本保持穩(wěn)定,壓降標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差值較小,也基本保持穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)反沖洗速度≥0.0240 m/s時(shí),壓降均值仍然保持穩(wěn)定,但壓降標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差卻明顯增加,這說(shuō)明濾層波動(dòng)幅度增大,穩(wěn)定性開(kāi)始變差。所以,對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm的濾層,反沖洗速度不宜超過(guò)0.0212 m/s。

        同理可知,對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.2 mm的濾層,反沖洗速度不宜超過(guò)0.0218 m/s。對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.5 mm的濾層,反沖洗速度不宜超過(guò)0.0261 m/s。

        3.2 濾層密度的分布規(guī)律分析

        3.2.1 濾層密度的試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證

        將濾層混合體密度的試驗(yàn)值與模擬值(圖10)對(duì)比可知,當(dāng)濾層當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm時(shí),濾層水砂混合體密度的最大誤差為0.81%;當(dāng)濾層當(dāng)量粒徑為1.2 mm時(shí),濾層水砂混合體密度的最大誤差為0.87%;當(dāng)濾層當(dāng)量粒徑為1.5 mm時(shí),濾層水砂混合體密度的最大誤差為1.93%。對(duì)比結(jié)果說(shuō)明,濾層水砂混合體密度的試驗(yàn)值與模擬值能夠較好地吻合,模擬結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確可信。

        圖10 濾層密度隨反沖洗速度變化關(guān)系圖Fig.10 Relation curve of filter layer density with change of backwashing velocity

        圖11 密度隨時(shí)間變化關(guān)系曲線(當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm)Fig.11 Relation curve of density and time (Filter equivalent particle size is 1.06 mm)

        3.2.2 濾層橫截面的密度分布

        濾層密度分布是否均勻,關(guān)系到濾層在反沖洗過(guò)程中是否存在局部堆積。對(duì)于密度的分析,反沖洗速度和濾層截面選取與壓降相同。

        對(duì)于3種濾層,分別繪制3個(gè)橫截面上,5個(gè)反沖洗速度對(duì)應(yīng)的密度隨時(shí)間的變化關(guān)系曲線,如圖11~圖13。

        分析圖11~圖13可知,在反沖洗的初始階段,濾層密度先由自然堆積狀態(tài)迅速降至最低點(diǎn),然后又在極短時(shí)間內(nèi)回升,而后經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)周期的波動(dòng)逐漸穩(wěn)定至某一固定值,并圍繞這一固定值上下波動(dòng)。密度呈現(xiàn)的波動(dòng)規(guī)律與壓降隨時(shí)間的波動(dòng)規(guī)律基本一致,主要原因在于,密度的上下波動(dòng)是由于壓降的上下波動(dòng)引起的。

        圖12 密度隨時(shí)間變化關(guān)系曲線(當(dāng)量粒徑為1.2 mm)Fig.12 Relationship of density and time (Filter equivalent particle size is 1.2 mm)

        圖13 密度隨時(shí)間變化關(guān)系曲線(當(dāng)量粒徑為1.5 mm)Fig.13 Relationship of density and time (Filter equivalent particle size is 1.5 mm)

        為了分析濾層密度分布的均勻性,對(duì)3種濾層,計(jì)算3個(gè)截面密度的平均值,繪出密度均值隨反沖洗速度的變化關(guān)系圖(圖14)。計(jì)算3個(gè)截面密度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差,繪出密度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差隨反沖洗速度的變化關(guān)系圖(圖15)。

        圖14 密度均值隨反沖洗速度的變化關(guān)系曲線Fig.14 Relation curve of average density and back washing velocity

        圖15 密度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差隨反沖洗速度的變化關(guān)系曲線Fig.15 Relation curve of density standard deviation and back washing velocity

        分析圖14和圖15,對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm的濾層,由密度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差變化趨勢(shì)可以看出,當(dāng)反沖洗速度為0.0121、0.0149、0.0180和0.0212 m/s時(shí),密度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差的變化趨勢(shì)比較平緩,而當(dāng)反沖洗速度為0.0240 m/s時(shí),標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差明顯增大,說(shuō)明密度波動(dòng)的穩(wěn)定性變差,不利于反沖洗效果的增強(qiáng)。同時(shí),由密度均值的變化趨勢(shì)可以看出,密度均值隨反沖洗速度的增加而呈減小趨勢(shì),密度變小,說(shuō)明水的體積分?jǐn)?shù)增大,對(duì)反沖洗有利。但反沖洗速度0.0121 m/s對(duì)應(yīng)的濾層密度高于1 920 kg/m3,幾乎接近于濾層的靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),因而不適于進(jìn)行反沖洗。因此,對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm的濾層,適宜的反沖洗速度范圍為0.0149~0.0212 m/s。

        同理可知,對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.2 mm的濾層,適宜的反沖洗速度范圍為0.0146~0.0218 m/s。對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.5 mm的濾層,適宜的反沖洗速度范圍為0.0191~0.0261 m/s。

        3.3 合理反沖洗速度的確定

        綜合濾層壓降與密度的波動(dòng)規(guī)律可知,對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.06 mm的濾層,適宜的反沖洗速度范圍為0.0149~0.0212 m/s;對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.2 mm的濾層,適宜的反沖洗速度范圍為0.0146~0.0218 m/s;對(duì)于當(dāng)量粒徑為1.5 mm的濾層,適宜的反沖洗速度范圍為0.0191~0.0261 m/s。

        4 結(jié)論與討論

        4.1 結(jié) 論

        1)采用Eulerian模型作為反沖洗模擬模型,對(duì)石英砂濾層反沖洗過(guò)程進(jìn)行了瞬態(tài)模擬,并且通過(guò)室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)對(duì)模擬結(jié)果進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果顯示該模擬方法是可行的。

        2)分析了壓降的波動(dòng)規(guī)律,確定了使壓降波動(dòng)保持穩(wěn)定的反沖洗速度。對(duì)濾層密度進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬,分析了密度的分布規(guī)律,確定了使密度均勻性保持穩(wěn)定的反沖洗速度。

        3)結(jié)合濾層密度和壓降的波動(dòng)規(guī)律,確定了3種濾層反沖洗速度的合理范圍,分別為0.0149~0.0212、0.0146~0.0218和0.0191~0.0261 m/s。

        4.2 討 論

        在反沖洗模擬方面,由于濾層中雜質(zhì)顆粒粒徑小、體積分?jǐn)?shù)小,在反沖洗穩(wěn)定后,可以近似認(rèn)為對(duì)流場(chǎng)不產(chǎn)生影響,因而沒(méi)有考慮對(duì)濾層中雜質(zhì)的模擬。對(duì)于雜質(zhì)的模擬,主要難點(diǎn)在于,雜質(zhì)顆粒種類(lèi)多、粒徑分布廣,對(duì)于雜質(zhì)顆粒的描述存在困難,而且在多相流的模擬過(guò)程中,每增加一相,模擬量會(huì)增加十幾倍,對(duì)于計(jì)算機(jī)的要求較高。

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        Numerical simulation and flow field analysis of backwashing of quartz sand filter in micro-irrigation

        Li Jinghai1,2, Zhai Guoliang1, Huang Xiuqiao1※, Feng Junjie1, Liu Yang1
        (1. Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture in Henan Province, Xinxiang 453002, China; 2.Water Resources Management Committee Office of Anyang City, Anyang 455000, China)

        Backwashing of quartz sand filter in micro-irrigation is an effective way to realize the regeneration of quartz sand filter media. Analysis of flow field in the backwashing process of quartz sand filter and determination of reasonable backwashing velocity play an important role in the design and operation of the quartz sand filter. The method of numerical simulation has obvious advantage in the analysis and investigation of the flow field in the filter layer. In order to realize the numerical simulation of the backwashing process of quartz sand filter, the geometric model of quartz sand filter was established through Gambit software, and the mesh division of the geometric model was carried out. Because the backwashing process of quartz sand filter layer is a solid-liquid multiphase flow system interacted by both water and quartz sand, in which quartz sand particles are distributed only in a part of the region during the process of backwashing, not being carried away to outside of the filter by the stream, and in which quartz sand accounted for a larger proportion of the whole volume, the Eulerian model was adopted as a model for numerical simulation of backwashing. At the same time, because the backwashing process of quartz sand filter layer is a dynamically stable process, the transient simulation solver was adopted. The simulation objects were three kinds of quartz sand filter layer with the same thickness of 400 mm, but the equivalent particle size were 1.06, 1.2 and 1.5 mm respectively. In order to verify the reliability of simulation results, backwashing experiments were conducted in Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, in 2014. The parameters such as backwashing velocity, pressure drop and expansion height of filter layer were measured. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results. Comparison showed that the maximum simulation error of the whole pressure drop of filter layer was 7.03%, and the maximum simulation error of filter layer density was 1.93%. It was proved that the numerical simulation results were reliable. On this basis, the fluctuation trend of pressure drop with time and the variation trend of the mean value and the standard deviation of the pressure drop with backwashing velocity in backwashing process of quartz sand filter layer were analyzed. If the standard deviation of pressure drop is large, it shows that the fluctuation of pressure drop is unstable, and the unstable fluctuation of pressure drop will affect the effect of backwashing. This result can determine the reasonable range of the backwashing velocity. Then, the distribution rule of the filter layer density with time, the variation trend of the mean value and the standard deviation of the density with the change of the backwashing velocity were analyzed. When the density is close to the static density of the mixture composed of water and quartz sand, the effect of backwashing is poor. When the standard deviation of density is too large, partial concentration phenomenon will appear in the filter layer, which will cause negative influence on the effect of backwashing. Thus, the reasonable range of the backwashing velocity was determined. After combined the rules of pressure drop fluctuation and density distribution, the reasonable ranges of the backwashing velocity of three kinds of filter layer are obtained as 0.0149-0.0212, 0.0146-0.0218 and 0.0191-0.0261 m/s respectively. The research results provided a theoretical basis for the mechanism of quartz sand filter in the process of backwashing. It also provided a technical support for the operation of the sand filter.

        irrigation; models; computer simulation; quartz sand filter layer; backwashing; multiphase flow

        10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.09.011

        S275.6

        A

        1002-6819(2016)-09-0074-09

        李景海,翟國(guó)亮,黃修橋,馮俊杰,劉 楊. 微灌石英砂過(guò)濾器反沖洗數(shù)值模擬驗(yàn)證與流場(chǎng)分析[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2016,32(9):74-82.

        10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.09.011 http://www.tcsae.org

        Li Jinghai, Zhai Guoliang, Huang Xiuqiao, Feng Junjie, Liu Yang. Numerical simulation and flow field analysis of backwashing of quartz sand filter in micro irrigation[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2016, 32(9): 74-82. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.09.011 http://www.tcsae.org

        2016-02-19

        2016-03-16

        “十二五”農(nóng)村領(lǐng)域國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃課題(2014BAD12B05);公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(201203003)

        李景海,男,河南安陽(yáng)人,博士生,高級(jí)工程師,主要從事微灌過(guò)濾器及水資源配置研究。新鄉(xiāng) 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所,453002,Email:649923670@qq.com

        ※通信作者:黃修橋,男,湖北漢川人,博士,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事節(jié)水灌溉理論與技術(shù)研究。新鄉(xiāng) 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所,453002,Email:huangxq626@126.com

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