陳佑寧,趙 維,曹 蕾
(咸陽師范學院化學與化工學院,陜西咸陽712000)
新型吸附劑處理水體中重金屬離子的研究進展*
陳佑寧,趙維,曹蕾
(咸陽師范學院化學與化工學院,陜西咸陽712000)
簡述了水體中重金屬污染現狀及處理方法,綜述了各類新型吸附劑在含重金屬廢水處理中的最新研究進展和技術應用,指出了目前吸附法在含重金屬廢水處理中存在的問題,同時對未來新型吸附劑的研究方向進行了展望。
新型吸附劑;重金屬離子;研究進展
金屬污染工業(yè)廢水的大量排放,造成了重金屬離子(如Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,As,Pb和Zn)對水、土壤和食物的嚴重污染。由于其在水體中的高溶解性,重金屬離子被生物體吸附后進入生態(tài)系統(tǒng),經食物鏈的生物放大作用,逐級在較高級的生物體內富集,引起生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中各級生物的不良反應,甚至危害包括人體在內的各種生命體的健康與生存。如果攝入的重金屬離子超過允許濃度,將會引起嚴重的疾病。表1為部分重金屬的危害及其最大污染水平(MaximumContaminant Level,MCL)標準[1]。
從污染源來看,環(huán)境中的重金屬主要來自以下幾個方面:礦山的開采、機械加工、燃燒化石燃料,焚燒廢物,汽車廢氣,冶煉過程及利用污水污泥作為填埋材料和肥料等等,將大量具有潛在毒性的重金屬離子引入到大氣、水生和陸生環(huán)境中,排出的有毒金屬通常包括鎘,銅,鎳,鉻,鈷,鋅和鉛。
表1 部分有害重金屬離子的MCL標準Tab.1MCL standard of harmful heavy metal
進入環(huán)境中的重金屬只能從一種形態(tài)轉化為另一種形態(tài),從一個地方遷移到另一個地方,而無法從環(huán)境中消失。即使對污染源進行有效的控制,已經污染的環(huán)境危害性仍會長期存在。
表2為部分金屬的工業(yè)來源和潛在污染。
從表2可以看出,水污染是產生重金屬污染的一個主要途徑。因此,近年來,工業(yè)廢水的處理問題日益引起國內外科研工作者的關注。
表2 環(huán)境中重金屬的來源Tab.2Resource of heavy metal in environment
去除廢水中重金屬離子的方法很多,包括化學沉淀/混凝法、膜技術法、電解還原法、離子交換法和吸附法[2,3](表3)。這些方法原理不同,各有優(yōu)缺點。
表3 廢水中重金屬離子的去除方法及其優(yōu)缺點Tab.3Removal method and merits and demerits
在所有這些處理方法中,吸附法具有成本低、效果好、可操作性強的優(yōu)點成為重金屬離子工業(yè)廢水處理應用中一種重要的物理化學方法[4]。物質在固體表面上或孔隙容積內積聚的現象被稱為吸附,分為物理吸附和化學吸附兩種。在物理吸附過程中,被吸附分子的化學性質保持不變,而化學吸附過程可以看成為相界面上發(fā)生的化學反應,相互作用的成分間發(fā)生電子重新分配,并形成化學鍵[5]。通常,一個吸附過程分為4步:(1)吸附質從溶液中向吸附劑表面擴散;(2)吸附質同吸附劑外表面活性點的相互作用;(3)內部擴散過程,通常由吸附劑的孔徑決定;(4)吸附質同吸附劑內表面活性點的吸附作用。其中吸附質同吸附劑表面活性點之間可能發(fā)生化學吸附(強吸附質-吸附劑作用,相當于共價鍵的形成)或者弱的吸附(弱吸附質-吸附劑作用,與范德華力非常類似),影響吸附選擇性和吸附容量,進而影響吸附效率。因此,在重金屬子工業(yè)廢水處理過程中,采用高性能吸附劑是提高水處理效果的關鍵。
一般來說,一切固體物質的表面都具有吸附作用,實際上只有具有較大比表面積且具有相應活性的多孔材料才有明顯的吸附作用,可用作吸附劑。目前,已開發(fā)以下幾類吸附劑:(1)非離子型;(2)生物親和型;(3)金屬陽離子配位型;(4)離子交換型吸附劑。其中,非離子型和生物親和型吸附劑主要用于吸附有機污染物,通常采用金屬陽離子配位型和離子交換型吸附劑去除溶液中的重金屬離子。離子交換型吸附劑鑒于離子交換作用原理,能有效分離各種離子,但缺乏選擇性。與離子交換吸附劑相比,螯合劑與金屬離子的結合能力更強、選擇性更高。因而,開發(fā)具有螯合吸附功能的吸附劑是吸附劑研究的一個重要內容。
螯合劑由兩部分組成:基質和表面功能基團。所選擇的基質必須滿足一定要求:(1)具有一定孔隙度;(2)比表面積大;(3)機械強度好;(4)化學穩(wěn)定好;(5)價廉易得。在重金屬廢水處理過程中,應用的基質有活性炭、黏土等無機吸附材料,木質素、殼聚糖等天然高分子吸附材料,硅膠基樹脂、聚苯乙烯樹脂等合成高分子吸附材料[6]。含不同基質的各種吸附材料性能比較見表4。
其中,合成高分子材料具有多孔性、具有較大的比表面積、較好的機械強度以及物理化學穩(wěn)定性,被廣泛用作重金屬離子吸附材料的基體,包括酚醛樹脂基吸附材料、聚丙烯腈吸附材料、聚丙烯酸酯吸附材料以及聚苯乙烯基吸附材料等。由于酚醛樹脂中含有大量酚羥基,使得在酚環(huán)上進行化學改性受到了很大的限制;對聚丙烯腈纖維進行功能化,腈基轉化率和功能基含量不高,限制了吸附容量的提高;聚丙烯酸酯基體生產成本高,從而限制了它的應用。
表4 含不同基質的各種吸附材料性能比較Tab.4Comparison of different materials property
由于聚苯乙烯樹脂生產成本低、孔隙率高、比表面積大以及耐酸堿和有機溶劑,以聚苯乙烯樹脂為基體的螯合樹脂是一類研究最廣泛、使用最多的金屬離子吸附材料。聚苯乙烯采用懸浮聚合工藝合成,以水為反應介質,在引發(fā)劑和分散劑的作用下聚合得到多孔珠狀顆粒。聚苯乙烯的分子鏈上交替連接著側苯基(圖1),側苯基的存在加大了聚苯乙烯的化學活性,可以進行硝化、磺化、氯化等反應。一般以聚苯乙烯為骨架,利用傅克反應,在芳環(huán)上引入-CH2Cl、-SO3H等基團制備氯甲基化和磺化聚苯乙烯。氯甲基化聚苯乙烯(圖2)中的-CH2Cl具有高度的反應活性,易與多電子的原子結合,可進一步發(fā)生多種反應,從而在高分子鏈中引入多種功能基團。通過對氯甲基化聚苯乙烯微球(簡稱氯球)進行表面修飾,可以制備離子交換樹脂和螯合樹脂,可以合成用于有機合成與組合化學體系的催化劑載體,可制備用于分離和純化生物大分子的功能高分子微球以及色譜固定相[8-11]。
圖1 聚苯乙烯Fig.1Polystyrene
圖2 氯甲基化聚苯乙烯Fig.2Chloromethylated polystyrene
吸附劑表面的功能基不僅影響吸附選擇性,也影響吸附機理。具有羧基、磺酸基和磷酸基的吸附劑通過離子交換作用進行吸附[11-15],而那些包含氮原子的吸附劑,如胺、肼、硫代酰胺、咪唑等[16-19],不僅可以通過螯合作用吸附陽離子,還可以通過靜電相互作用吸附陰離子。從環(huán)境保護角度看,開發(fā)一些對某些重金屬離子有選擇性吸附的新型功能基團具有較大研究價值,大量研究致力于通過將某些材料(如活性炭[20,21]、螯合樹脂[22,23]、硅膠[24,25]等)進行功能化開發(fā)一些新型吸附劑(表5)。
通過在基體表面引入各種功能基團,提高了材料的吸附性能。由于聚合物分子中存在立體效應、靜電作用、協同作用以及功能基的稀釋和濃縮等高分子效應,螯合樹脂對重金屬離子的吸附容量高于小分子的有機螯合試劑。螯合樹脂能夠與金屬離子形成配位絡合物,對重金屬離子具有較好的吸附性能,在重金屬廢水的處理領域具有潛在應用前景[44-46]。螯合樹脂的骨架均為體形結構,耐酸、堿、水和其他有機溶劑,分離十分方便,因此,被廣泛應用于富集、分離、分析、回收金屬離子、脫除工業(yè)污水中的金屬離子等方面。特別是近幾年來重金屬離子對水質的污染、化學工業(yè)污水的凈化處理等問題日益嚴重,地球化學、環(huán)境保護學等領域對螯合樹脂的要求越來越高,利用螯合樹脂處理含重金屬離子的工業(yè)廢水不僅改善了人類的生活環(huán)境,同時又可以從工業(yè)廢物中分離回收有用的物質,充分利用資源,提高經濟效益。
重金屬離子吸附過程中,樹脂表面所含功能基團的種類、功能基團在樹脂表面的密度以及功能基團與金屬離子之間的相互作用,都會對吸附容量和吸附選擇性產生影響。開發(fā)與特定重金屬離子能產生特異性結合的螯合功能團是實現選擇性吸附的關鍵;選擇合適的表面改性方法,增大樹脂表面功能基團的密度是提高吸附容量的重要途徑。今后,對于高性能螯合樹脂的研究,應該主要集中在以下兩個方面:(1)由于螯合樹脂對金屬離子的吸附主要依靠樹脂表面的功能基團與金屬離子的相互作用,因此,設計采用新型功能基團對基質進行改性,該方面研究一直是、相信未來也是螯合樹脂研究的重點之一;(2)由于樹脂對金屬離子的吸附容量和吸附選擇性不僅與功能基團種類有關,還與樹脂表面功能基鍵合密度有關,因此,使用能夠控制材料表面功能基鍵合密度的表面修飾新方法。
表5 各種功能化吸附材料對重金屬離子的吸附Tab.5Absorbent of sorbing material on heavy metal
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Development of research on adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater by a new type of adsorbents*
CHEN You-ning,ZHAO Wei,CAO Lei
(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Xianyang Normal College,Xianyang 712000,China)
The present situation of heavy metal pollution in wastewater and its processing method are briefly described.The latest research development and technical of various new types of adsorbents to the removal of heavy metals from wasterwater are summarized.The problems existing in removing heavy metals from wasterwater by adsorption are pointed out and its future research direction is forecast.
new adsorbents;heavy metals;research progress
X703
A
10.16247/j.cnki.23-1171/tq.20161144
2016-05-03
陜西省教育廳專項科研計劃項目(15JK1782)資助項目;咸陽師范學院專項科研基金項目(15XYYK037)資助項目
陳佑寧(1978-),咸陽師范學院化學與化工學院副教授,主要從事分離材料方面的研究。