刊首語(yǔ)

我們?yōu)槭裁匆芯繄@林史，歷史學(xué)家恩里克·霍布斯鮑姆（Eric Hobsbawm）曾說(shuō)，“歷史學(xué)家記住了別人忘記的東西”（Historians remember what others forget）。園林史研究的一個(gè)重要目的當(dāng)然是記錄過(guò)去。人類世世代代建造的各種園林，反映了當(dāng)時(shí)人們的哲學(xué)、思想、理想和生活方式，記載著那個(gè)時(shí)代人類的科學(xué)技術(shù)、藝術(shù)成就和建造工藝，而這些正在或已經(jīng)離我們遠(yuǎn)去。園林史研究的目的就是把過(guò)去的史實(shí)如實(shí)地記錄下來(lái)，并真實(shí)地傳遞下去。

園林史研究的另一個(gè)目的也是面向未來(lái)。任何一個(gè)學(xué)科的發(fā)展都不能脫離它的歷史。任何人，如果不能清晰地看到自己的歷史，也就很難把握自己的未來(lái)。春秋時(shí)期的哲學(xué)家管子曾說(shuō)，“疑今者，察之古，不知來(lái)者，視往之。”在園林歷史研究的基礎(chǔ)上，可以總結(jié)出人類以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和理論，針對(duì)今天的現(xiàn)實(shí)，面對(duì)可能的未來(lái)，尋求有效的對(duì)策和解決問(wèn)題的途徑。歷史有借鑒的價(jià)值，一部園林史也就是一部傳承史，研史能讓我們看得更遠(yuǎn)，研史有助于我們創(chuàng)造新的歷史。

歷史研究是由人來(lái)完成的，一部園林史也是研究者根據(jù)自己所掌握的資料，在自己對(duì)過(guò)去事情了解和理解的基礎(chǔ)上歸納出來(lái)的歷史，所以針對(duì)特定時(shí)期園林史的研究，不同的人會(huì)有不同的觀點(diǎn)。在我心中，一部好的園林史研究不是為了迎合現(xiàn)實(shí)或是預(yù)判未來(lái)去編寫(xiě)歷史，也不是為了佐證自己的學(xué)術(shù)思想去闡釋歷史，而是如實(shí)地記錄和說(shuō)明過(guò)去。所以，研究園林歷史，首先要正確地認(rèn)識(shí)歷史本身，弄清歷史事實(shí)發(fā)生的真相，按照歷史的本來(lái)面目寫(xiě)歷史。

一個(gè)學(xué)科的歷史學(xué)習(xí)最怕誤讀和片面，按照歷史的本來(lái)面目寫(xiě)歷史應(yīng)該是歷史研究的普遍原則。這里的本來(lái)面目涉及兩個(gè)重要的方面，其一是一個(gè)學(xué)科歷史發(fā)展的本源，其二是這個(gè)學(xué)科所涵蓋的完整范圍。風(fēng)景園林的歷史是什么呢？無(wú)可否認(rèn)，它的主要脈絡(luò)來(lái)自于古代造園的歷史，然而造園卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能涵蓋風(fēng)景園林的范圍。風(fēng)景園林作為一個(gè)學(xué)科，其研究和實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域早在幾百年前就跨出了花園的圍墻，現(xiàn)在更是覆蓋了整個(gè)大地。作為廣義上的風(fēng)景園林，在歷史上早已有之，這些工作是由我們的前輩所從事的，他們的勞作和創(chuàng)造在大地之上的遺存構(gòu)筑了人類的景觀，這些景觀和它們背后隱含的思想就是風(fēng)景園林歷史涉及的范圍。

這樣看來(lái)，我們現(xiàn)在普遍學(xué)習(xí)的造園史遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能包含風(fēng)景園林歷史的完整內(nèi)容。花園并不是風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科的全部，在大地之上花園僅僅分布在極其有限的范圍之內(nèi)。涉及風(fēng)景園林全部?jī)?nèi)容的完整歷史應(yīng)該是一部大地景觀史（The History of Landscape）。這是一部人類適應(yīng)自然，改造自然，在文化上留下思想、在大地上留下印記的歷史，這部歷史反映了人類與自然長(zhǎng)期依存的關(guān)系，如果不去研究，我們以及我們的后代對(duì)這些優(yōu)秀的思想和遺存也勢(shì)必茫然無(wú)知。一部大地景觀史是風(fēng)景園林學(xué)科最基本的理論基礎(chǔ)，也是今天的景觀保護(hù)、管理、規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)思想的重要源泉。只有研究了這部歷史，我們才能更好地了解自己過(guò)去，才能在尋求傳承的命題之下更多地發(fā)現(xiàn)祖先的智慧。

弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)曾說(shuō)“讀史使人聰明”（Histories make men wise），然而聰明取決于一個(gè)人如何閱讀歷史。作為園林史的研究者當(dāng)然應(yīng)該專注于歷史之中，尋求歷史的本來(lái)面目。作為風(fēng)景園林的實(shí)踐者，也必須要研習(xí)歷史，但不應(yīng)過(guò)于沉湎于歷史之中而失去對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的敏感，也不可由于歷史的遠(yuǎn)去和今夕之別而充滿對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)和未來(lái)恐懼，當(dāng)然更不能陶醉于自己過(guò)去的歷史成就之中而對(duì)未來(lái)充滿盲目的自信。

PREFACE

The historian Eric Hobsbawm noted that “Historians remember what others forget”, which also helps to answer why the landscape architects should study on the landscape history. The main objective for such a research is to review what happened in the past. Through the long time developing from generation to generation, the landscape works created from different periods record the human artistic achievement of science and technology, art design and building techniques, which would reflect the philosophy, idea and local life style in different ages as well. Landscape history is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past.

With more challenges in the future, landscape history research emerged as an academic discipline, to consider about our future have to lean upon a clear understanding and identification on our past. A wellknown Chinese philosopher Guanzi once said, "look back to the history could answer your questions today; see the things he have done in the past let you understand the man in front of you". It is significant that summarize past experiences and theories according to the development history, to explore the effective measures and the approach to solving current problems. A landscape history is a history of spreading, within departments of archaeology, landscape developing, local history or continuing education for the possible future.

The history book is always recorded and written by a group of people. Based on the information they collected, the researchers summed up the history in his understanding of past things. In this way, different writers will have different views towards a specific period history. In my heart, to accommodate the reality context or anticipation to identify history book, or to support someone’s academic thoughts to interpret history cannot create a valuable landscape history record. Only truthfully recording the things in the past is authentic. When we refer to the history of landscape architecture, should understand correctly the history itself, to find out the truth of the fact.

To learn the history of a discipline studying must avoid misunderstanding and being single-faceted. Indeed, seeking for the reality and the truth is the common principle of historical research. In term of the historical truth, should consider two key aspects, one is the source of historical development, the second is the range. For landscape architecture history, it originated from the ancient garden making, and then developed fast and not been restricted to the garden craft. The scope of landscape history ranges from specific individual features to areas covering hundreds of square miles till the whole land planning. Generally speaking, topics studied by landscape from the morphology of settlements like natural landscape, then develop to the status of settlements, field boundaries and field systems and gradually generate the new concept cultural landscape. The all hidden behind such landscape developing and their thoughts finally establish the scope of landscape architecture history.

At present, the gardening history we widely learn in universities actually cannot realize the entire contents on the landscape architecture history. Over the earth, the garden making is only within very limited scope if compared with the landscape. If identify the full history on the landscape discipline developing, it must be a result based on the History of Landscape. The history expresses we how to adapt to the natural environment, how to accomplish the nature remaking, and leave the mark on the earth with gaining the cultural thoughts, which reveals the longterm interaction between human and nature. Through learning the history, we would understand the historical heritage more accurately and get the intelligences and good thoughts from them. Apparently, the history of Landscape is served as the fundamental for landscape architecture discipline, also provides references for today's landscape protection, landscape management, planning and design thoughts. All landscape designers should study the history of Landscape. The more we know about the past, the more brilliant works we could carry out for the future.

Francis Bacon once said, ‘Histories make men wise’. To be more exact, the approach you examine and understand the history will determine how much knowledge and wisdom you obtain from the history. As the history researchers, they focus on the history itself, of course, to strive for the real nature of things actually happened in the history. Meanwhile, if you are a landscape practitioner to study history, they have to keep an eye on the reality and the demands without devoting all their energy to history study. Despite we read the history and recognize what happened in the past, we still cannot fear of the reality and the future. At the same time, landscape architects should pay more attention to the unquestioning confidence towards the future although we earned considerable past achievements.

June 18, 2016 WANG Xiang-rong