馬微,牛瑩瑩,駱強偉,孫峰,伍國紅,廖康
(1. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學特色果樹研究中心,烏魯木齊 830052,2. 新疆葡萄瓜果研究所,新疆鄯善 838201)
?
吐魯番地區(qū)溫室與露地栽培葡萄枝葉生長及果實品質(zhì)差異分析
馬微1,?,摤?,駱強偉2,孫峰2,伍國紅2,廖康1
(1. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學特色果樹研究中心,烏魯木齊 830052,2. 新疆葡萄瓜果研究所,新疆鄯善 838201)
【目的】研究吐魯番地區(qū)溫室與露地栽培葡萄枝葉生長及果實品質(zhì)的差異,為干旱區(qū)葡萄豐產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培奠定理論基礎?!痉椒ā恳酝卖敺貐^(qū)溫室與露地栽培葡萄的2個早熟鮮食品種為試材,測定其葉片、葉面積指數(shù)、新梢長及果實品質(zhì),分析兩種栽培條件下葡萄枝葉生長與果實品質(zhì)的差異。【結(jié)果】2個葡萄品種溫室栽培的葉面積、新梢長、葉面積指數(shù)都高于露地栽培,露地栽培葡萄葉片的葉綠素高于溫室栽培。溫室栽培葡萄單穗重均高于露地栽培,溫室紅旗特早單穗重顯著高于露地紅旗特早,露地紅旗特早單粒重與溫室紅旗特早無顯著性差異,溫室火焰無核單粒重極顯著高于露地火焰無核。溫室紅旗特早與露地紅旗特早的總糖含量有極顯著差異,露地紅旗特早高于溫室紅旗特早3%左右,溫室火焰無核與露地火焰無核總糖含量無差異。露地栽培果實可溶性固形物含量明顯高于溫室栽培,相差在7%左右;溫室栽培與露地栽培VC含量無顯著差異?!窘Y(jié)論】溫室內(nèi)葡萄植株營養(yǎng)生長較為旺盛;露地栽培葡萄的果實總糖及可溶性固形物含量明顯高于溫室栽培;溫室栽培葡萄的單穗重和單粒重高于露地栽培;露地栽培葡萄的果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)比較好。
葡萄;溫室栽培;露地栽培;果實品質(zhì)
【研究意義】近年來我國設施葡萄栽培發(fā)展迅速,栽培范圍不斷擴大,已成為我國鮮食葡萄生產(chǎn)的一種主要方式。設施栽培不僅能夠調(diào)控葡萄生長發(fā)育所需的適宜環(huán)境條件,控制果實成熟期,而且還可以利用葡萄多次結(jié)果的習性,進行一年兩熟生產(chǎn),豐富消費者的選擇,取得更好的經(jīng)濟效益[1]。設施栽培為果樹創(chuàng)造了特殊的生存環(huán)境,其中環(huán)境因子對果樹產(chǎn)生較大的影響,改變了果樹在自然條件下的生長發(fā)育規(guī)律。溫室栽培與露地栽培相比,溫室栽培的果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)相對較差[2-4]。改善設施內(nèi)栽培環(huán)境條件,提高果實品質(zhì)是生產(chǎn)上重要的技術問題。對溫室及露地栽培葡萄生長發(fā)育動態(tài)進行對比分析,可為溫室栽培葡萄的優(yōu)質(zhì)豐產(chǎn)栽培提供依據(jù)?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】關于適于設施栽培的葡萄品種篩選及各種設施栽培技術前人開展了相關研究。夏明魁[5]等主要對在適宜吐魯番地區(qū)溫室栽培的葡萄品種進行了研究,篩選出了在溫室栽培中豐產(chǎn)和商品性好的品種;李光聚[6]研究表明,溫室中的光照和濕度條件可能是枝條旺盛生長的主要原因,溫室中的溫度也不利于果實可溶性固形物的提高,影響油桃的產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)。但在露地與溫室栽培葡萄的差異方面的文獻未見報道?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】本試驗主要對2個早熟鮮食葡萄品種分別在溫室與露地栽培條件下的新梢長及葉片生長、葉面積指數(shù)及果實品質(zhì)進行測定,分析溫室與露地栽培枝葉生長動態(tài)及果實品質(zhì)的差異。【擬解決的關鍵問題】研究溫室與露地栽培葡萄果實品質(zhì)差異形成的原因,為干旱區(qū)葡萄的豐產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培奠定理論基礎。
1.1 材 料
試驗地位于新疆吐魯番鄯善縣新疆葡萄瓜果研究所。鄯善縣地處亞洲腹部,年降水量為17.6~25.3 mm,但蒸發(fā)量極大,為2 751~3 216.6 mm,≥10℃積溫為4 522.6~5 548.9℃,日照時數(shù)2 900~3 100 h,晝夜溫差大,平均日較差14.3~15.9℃,最大可達17~26.6℃,無霜期長,約為192~224 d。材料選取火焰無核及紅旗特早2個早熟葡萄品種,溫室栽培的火焰無核與紅旗特早均為6年生,露地栽培均為4年生。試驗溫室為100 m東西走向的塑料日光溫室,溫室前屋面鋪設棉被,冬季太陽落山1 h左右時放下棉被保溫。溫室內(nèi)栽培采取水平棚架,架高1.2~2.0 m,株行距2 m×1.2 m,其中,第一行距離溫室前屋面底部2.5 m,第二行距離后屋面5 m。露地栽培水平棚架,株行距1.2 m×5 m,架面高度1.5~2.0 m,樹體健康,樹勢中庸。
1.2 方 法
1.2.1 測定葉面積、葉綠素、新梢長及葉面積指數(shù)
每個品種各選取3株,每株隨機選定5個新梢,每9 d用鋼卷尺測定一次新梢的生長量,測量時間從新梢發(fā)出1 m后至秋梢停長為止。
每個品種選取3株,選取枝條中部長勢均勻、健康的葉片20片,用CI-203葉面積儀測定葉面積。在測定葉面積的同時,采用SPAD-502葉綠素儀隨機測定30片葉子的葉綠素值,觀測時間從坐果期到果實成熟期,每9 d測定一次。同一天,在清晨07:00~08:00太陽未出時用LAI-2200在試驗位置進行葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)的測定,并進行3次重復。最終統(tǒng)計得到葉面積、葉綠素及葉面積指數(shù)參數(shù)的動態(tài)變化。
1.2.2 品質(zhì)測定
在各品種不同結(jié)果部位隨機取3穗稱穗重,重復3次。在果穗不同部位共選取50粒測定單果重。單果重:采用MP2001型電子天平(0.01 g)稱重,計算平均值。果形指數(shù):采用電子數(shù)顯卡尺(0.01 mm)分別測量果實的縱、橫徑,取平均值。果實硬度:采用GY-4型果實硬度計進行測量??扇苄怨绦挝锖?TSS,%):用手持折光儀測量。總糖含量(%):采用蒽酮法測定??傻味ㄋ岷?TA,%):采用酸堿中和滴定法測定。VC(VC,mg/100 g):采用2,6—二氯靛酚滴定法測定。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計
試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用 Excel2007及SPSS17.0軟件統(tǒng)計和分析。
2.1 溫室與露地栽培葡萄的物候期差異
研究表明,溫室栽培是2014年2月開始萌芽,與露地栽培開始萌芽相差2個月左右;3月20日左右溫室栽培進入開花期,5月11日以后露地栽培進入開花期,但溫室栽培的花期持續(xù)時間比較短,在7 d左右,露地栽培的花期比較長,大概是10 d;之后進入坐果期。溫室栽培生長期持續(xù)天數(shù)多于露地栽培7~11 d。溫室栽培火焰無核從萌芽到果實成熟天數(shù)為123 d,露地栽培火焰無核比它短10 d左右,溫室栽培紅旗特早生長期天數(shù)為99 d,露地栽培比它短約一周時間,紅旗特早的生長期天數(shù)比火焰無核短20 d左右。表1
2.2 溫室與露地栽培葡萄葉片、新梢及葉面積指數(shù)差異
研究表明,溫室與露地栽培葡萄葉面積、葉綠素、新梢長、葉面積指數(shù)均呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢。溫室栽培的葉面積、新梢長、葉面積指數(shù)都高于露地栽培;溫室紅旗特早的葉面積最大為202.89 cm2,而露地火焰無核的葉面積最大186.98 cm2;溫室紅旗特早新梢最長達到了343.2 cm,露地火焰無核最長達到了264.8 cm;溫室紅旗特早葉幕最大LAI值達到4.03,露地火焰無核LAI值最大為僅為3.81。露地栽培的葉綠素值高于溫室栽培;露地紅旗特早最高為45.9。圖1~4
表1 2015年溫室與露地栽培火焰無核與紅旗特早物候期
圖1 溫室栽培葡萄葉面積與葉綠素值變化
圖3 露地栽培葡萄葉面積與葉綠素值變化
圖2 溫室栽培葡萄新梢長和葉面積指數(shù)變化
圖4 露地栽培葡萄新梢長和葉面積指數(shù)變化
2.3 溫室與露地栽培果實品質(zhì)的差異
2.3.1 果實重量及果形差異
溫室栽培葡萄單穗重均高于露地栽培,露地火焰無核與溫室火焰無核葡萄單穗重無差異,溫室紅旗特早果粒重較大為478.13 g,與露地紅旗特早有顯著性差異;露地紅旗特早單粒重高于溫室紅旗特早,但其之間不存在差異,溫室火焰無核果粒重極顯著高于露地火焰無核,為3.68 g,露地火焰無核果粒重最小,僅為2.06 g。表2
表2 溫室與露地栽培葡萄果實重量及果形指數(shù)參數(shù)
注:鄧肯氏新復極差法比較,同一列中標記相同字母者表示無顯著差異,不同小寫字母表示差異顯著(P<0.05),不同大寫字母表示差異極顯著(P<0.01),下同
Note: statistical multiple comparisons according to the SSR test, the same letter indicates to no significance in the same column, the small letterindicates to significance at 0.05 level separately, the big letter indicates to significance at 0.01 level separately
2.3.2 果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)的差異
研究表明,溫室紅旗特早極顯著高于露地紅旗特早,酸含量高達3.26 g/kg,露地火焰無核極顯著高于溫室火焰無核;除溫室紅旗特早與露地紅旗特早的總糖含量有極顯著差異外,溫室火焰無核與露地火焰無核無差異;可溶性固形物上,露地栽培與溫室栽培差異為極顯著,露地栽培可溶性固形物含量明顯高于溫室栽培;從硬度上可以看出露地紅旗特早極顯著高于溫室紅旗特早,溫室火焰無核極顯著高于露地火焰無核;溫室栽培與露地栽培VC含量不存在顯著差異。表3
表3 溫室與露地栽培葡萄果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)
鮮果外觀品質(zhì)是包括單果重、果形、著色等,內(nèi)在品質(zhì)主要受果實質(zhì)地以及糖度、酸度、糖酸比、揮發(fā)性芳香物質(zhì)等風味物質(zhì)影響[7]。溫室栽培創(chuàng)造的小環(huán)境改變了果樹的生長發(fā)育狀態(tài),最明顯的結(jié)果是導致了果實品質(zhì)下降、風味變淡[8-11]。王琴[1]的研究結(jié)果表明,露地栽培相較,有效地提高了產(chǎn)量,由于溫室栽培環(huán)境條件的改變,光照減弱,溫室的葡萄比露地甜度略低,酸度較高。李光聚[6]在‘早紅珠’兩種栽培方式中指出溫室‘早紅珠’甜油桃果實的平均單果重、總糖、糖酸比比露天栽培下都略有下降,風味變淡,著色率低,盡管總酸、含量略有上升,但從總體上說,溫室甜油桃的果實品質(zhì)不如露天甜油桃。試驗中溫室栽培2個葡萄品種的單穗重顯著高于露地栽培,可滴定酸含量溫室紅旗特早顯著高于其他品種,總糖含量與可溶性固形物含量卻比露地栽培低。新梢和葉片生長上,溫室栽培的新梢生長速度比較快,但溫室與露地栽培新梢和葉片均呈現(xiàn)“S”型生長。溫室栽培由于管理更為精細,葉幕生長比較快,易形成較為厚密的葉幕。溫室栽培的光照不如露地栽培,所以露地栽培葉片的葉綠素含量比較高??傮w來講,溫室栽培為植株生長提供了良好的環(huán)境,植株的營養(yǎng)生長較為旺盛,但同時限制的光照、溫度、濕度等自然條件,導致了品質(zhì)有所下降。試驗僅研究了溫室與露地栽培葡萄的枝條、葉片及果實品質(zhì)的現(xiàn)狀,如何改善溫室栽培果實的品質(zhì)還有待進一步的研究。
溫室栽培中葡萄的枝葉營養(yǎng)生長茂盛,露地栽培葉片的葉綠素含量比較高,火焰無核的葉面積與高于紅旗特早,紅旗特早葉綠素值高于火焰無核;溫室栽培的單穗重比露地栽培高,露地栽培果粒重較大,火焰無核與紅旗特早相比單穗重高,果粒重低;溫室栽培的果實總糖與可溶性固形物含量顯著低于露地栽培,火焰無核的總糖含量與可溶性固形物含量高于紅旗特早,溫室栽培果實VC含量高于露地栽培,紅旗特早的VC含量高于火焰無核;露地栽培的果實內(nèi)在品質(zhì)優(yōu)于溫室栽培。
References)
[1]王琴.不同栽培模式下鮮食葡萄的生物學特性研究[D]. 楊凌:西北農(nóng)林科技大學碩士論文,2013.
WANG Qin. (2013).TheStudyontheBiologicalCharacteristicsofTableGrapesunderDifferentCultivationModels[D]. Master Dissertation. Northwest A&F University , Yangling. (in Chinese)
[2]鄧西民.果樹生物學[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999:133-134.
DENG Xi-min. (1999).FruitBiology[M].Beijing: Higher Education Press:133-134.(in Chinese)
[3]陳海江,段紅喜,徐繼忠,等.提高設施桃果實品質(zhì)試驗[J].山西果樹,2003,(1):4-5.
CHEN Hai-jiang, DUAN Hong-xi, XU Ji-zhong, et al. (2003). Experiment on Improving the Peach Fruit Quality in Green-house [J].ShanxiFruit, (1):4-5.(in Chinese)
[4]李憲利,高東升,夏寧.果樹設施栽培的原理與技術研究[J].山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學學報,1996,27(2):227-232.
LI Xian-li, GAO Dong-sheng, XIA Ning. (1996). A study on technology and mechanism of protected fruit trees cultivation [J].JournalofShandongAgriculturalUniversity, 27(2):227-232.(in Chinese)
[5]夏明魁,駱強偉,廖康,等.適宜日光溫室栽培的葡萄品種篩選[J].新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學,2007,44(6):786-791.
XIA Ming-kui, LUO Qiang-wei, LIAO Kang, et al. (2007). Screening of Grape Varieties Feasible for Cultivation in Greenhouse [J].XinjiangAgriculturalSciences,44(6):786-791.(in Chinese)
[6]李光聚.溫室、露地環(huán)境因子對"早紅珠"油桃生長發(fā)育影響的對比研究[D].北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學,2005.
LI Guang-ju. (2005).TheStudyoftheEnvironmentalFactorinandoutgreenhouseInfluenceononZaohongzhuNectarineGrowthandDevelopment[D]. Master Dissertation. China Agricultural University, Beijing. (in Chinese)
[7]張海森.設施桃花果發(fā)育規(guī)律與經(jīng)濟性狀的評判研究[D].泰安:山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學,2005.
ZHANG Hai-sen. (2005).Thedevelopmentregularityofpeachflowerandfruitandthejudgmentonfruiteconomiccharactersingreenhouse[D]. Master Dissertation. Shandong Agricultural University,Tai'an.(in Chinese)
[8]王東升,夏國海,劉長書.我國桃樹設施栽培的現(xiàn)狀、存在的問題及對策[J].果樹科學,1999,16(增刊):32-36.
WANG Dong-sheng, XIA Guo-hai, LIU Chang-shu. (1999).The Present Status and Problems of Peach Protected Cultivation in China [J].JournalofFruitScience,16(Sup): 32-36.(in Chinese)
[9]李中勇,高東升,王闖,等.土壤施鈣對設施栽培油桃果實鈣含量及品質(zhì)的影響[J].植物營養(yǎng)與肥料學報,2010,16(1):191-196.
LI Zhong-yong, GAO Dong-sheng, WANG Chuang, et al. (2010). Effects of calcium application on calcium content and quality of nectarine under protected culture [J].PlantNutritionandFertilizerScience, 16(1):191-196.(in Chinese)
[10]王志強,何方,牛良,等.CO2施肥對大棚油桃光合作用及產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響[J].果樹學報,2001,18(2):75-79.
WANG Zhi-qiang, HE Fang, NIU Liang, et al. (2001). The Effects of CO2Enrichment on Photosynthesis, Yield and Quality of Nectarine in Greenhouse [J].JournalofFruitScience,18(2):75-79.(in Chinese)
[11]張立莎,王召元,陳湖,等.我國設施桃果實品質(zhì)研究進展[J].北方園藝,2011,(22):175-177.
ZhANG Li-sha, WANG Zhao-yuan, CHEN Hu, et al. (2011). Research Progress on the Fruit Quality of Protected Peach in China [J].NorthernHorticulture, (22):175-177. (in Chinese)
Fund project:Supported by science and technology plan projects of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key technology integration and demonstration of high efficiency and safety production of Xinjiang featured fruit trees (201130102-1), Special fund for the technical system of modern agricultural industry (CARS-30) and Key discipline fund of pomology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Variance Analysis on Vegetative Organ Growth and Fruit Quality of Grape in the Greenhouses and Open Field in Turpan
MA Wei1, NIU Ying-Ying1, LUO Qiang-Wei2, SUN Feng2, WU Guong-hong2, LIAO Kang1
(1. Research Center of Featured Fruit Trees, College of Forestry & Horticulture,XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,Urumqi830052,China; 2.DevelopmentResearchCenterforGrapes,MelonsandFruitsofXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion,ShanshanXinjiang838200,China)
【Objective】 To explore the difference of grape leaves growth and fruit quality in greenhouses and open field cultivation in Turpan in order to lay the theoretical basis for the yield and quality of grape cultivation in arid area.【Method】Two premature fresh grape varieties were taken as test materials in greenhouses and open field cultivation in Turpan and the leaf, leaf area index, shoot length and fruit quality were measured by analyzing the grape leaves growth in relation to fruit quality under two cultivations.【Result】The leaf area, shoot length and leaf area index of two greenhouse grape varieties were higher than those by open field cultivation, grape chlorophyll of open field cultivation was higher than that in greenhouses. Grape single panicle weight of greenhouse was higher than that in the open field cultivation, single panicle weight of greenhouse Hongqitezao was significantly higher than that in the open field, single grain weight of open field Hongqitezao and Hongqitezao of greenhouse didn't show significant differences, single grain weight of Greenhouse Flame seedless was significantly higher than that in open field flame seedless. There was a significant difference in total sugar content of Greenhouse Hongqitezao and open field Hongqitezao. Open Field Hongqitezao was about 3% higher than that of the greenhouse Hongqitezao. There was no difference in total sugar content between Greenhouse Flame seedless and open field Flame Seedless. Soluble solids of open field cultivation was significantly higher than that in greenhouses, and the difference was about 7% ; There was no difference in VC between Greenhouse and open field.【Conclusion】Grape vegetative growth is more vigorous in greenhouse; fruit total sugar and soluble solids content of open field cultivation is significantly higher than that in the greenhouse; Single panicle weight and single grain weight of greenhouse were higher than those by open field cultivation and the fruit internal quality of open field cultivation is better.
grape; greenhouse cultivation; open field cultivation; fruit quality
10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.07.004
2016-01-08
新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)科技計劃項目“新疆特色果樹高效安全生產(chǎn)關鍵技術集成與示范”(201130102-1);現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術體系專項資金資助(CARS-30);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)果樹重點學科基金
馬微(1992-),女,河北滄州人,碩士研究生,研究方向為設施農(nóng)業(yè),(E-mail)853626251@qq.com
廖康(1962-),男,四川梓橦人,教授,博士生導師,研究方向為果樹種質(zhì)資源及栽培生理,(E-mail)13899825018@163.com
S663.1
A
1001-4330(2016)07-1204-06