張新峰供稿
決戰(zhàn)中考:完形填空十大技巧
張新峰供稿
完形填空的首句通常不設空,目的是要讓考生迅速進入主題、熟悉語言環(huán)境、建立正確的思維導向。英語中的首句通常是文章的主旨句,把握主旨句對于理解全文和解題很有幫助。例如:
I think I’ve always been interested in food. My grandparents lived on a farm in Lincolnshire and had a good_________.
A. farmer B. painter C. cook D. nurse
思路點撥
通過首句“I think I’ve always been interested in food.”可知,此處應用和food有關的詞匯:cook(廚師),故選C。
所謂語境,是指文章上下文的連貫一致,它包括文章語氣的一致性、意思的連貫性、表述的合理性以及論證的邏輯性等??忌谧鲱}時,一定要從整體上把握文章內容,區(qū)分文章的結構層次和文章的內在邏輯關系,同時認真地比較所給選項,并從中選出最符合語境的答案。例如:
Natural resources are things that come from the Earth. Our natural resources are limited (有限的). This means that they will not_________forever.
A. last B. spread C. burn D. change
思路點撥
根據(jù)上文說到的“自然資源是有限的”以及挖空句子“這意味著它們不會永遠……”,我們可以推測到此處應該是不會永遠“保留,擁有,持續(xù),使用”下去,再結合四個選項的意思:last(持續(xù)),spread(傳播),burn(燃燒),change(改變),可以判斷出挖空處應該選A。
復現(xiàn)指的是某一詞以原詞、同義詞、近義詞、上義詞、下義詞以及概括詞等形式出現(xiàn)在語篇中,語篇中的句子通過這種復現(xiàn)關系得到了相互銜接,從而使整篇文章上下連貫,有機地銜接在一起。復現(xiàn)主要有四種情況:①原詞復現(xiàn);②同根詞復現(xiàn);③同義詞、近義詞復現(xiàn);④反義詞復現(xiàn)。
1) 原詞復現(xiàn)
Homesick is a compound (復合的) word made up of HOME and SICK. You know what each_________ means on its own, of course.
A. word B. phrase C. sentence D. passage
思路點撥
根據(jù)上文介紹可知,homesick是個合成詞,因此該處應填寫word。上句中也出現(xiàn)過word,構成原詞復現(xiàn),故答案為A。
2) 同根詞復現(xiàn)
As well as the usual activities, such as sailing, climbing and mountain hiking, there was a writing workshop with a professional_________.
A. manager B. doctor C. singer D. writer
思路點撥
由原句中“…there was a writing workshop…”可知,此處指的是一位職業(yè)“作家”。writer與句中的writing構成同根詞復現(xiàn),故答案為D。
3) 同義詞、近義詞復現(xiàn)
If anybody finds my purse and________it to me, I’ll give half the money to him.
A. gets B. shows C. points D. returns
思路點撥
該句中,“give the money to him”的前提條件是“收到丟失的物品”。return和give在意義上為
同級對立動詞,構成近義詞復現(xiàn),故選D。
4) 反義詞復現(xiàn)
Long ago, in a small village of Wakefield lived two farmers, Harry and Peter. Harry was very hard-working while Peter was________.
A. cruel B. lazy C. careless D. silly
思路點撥
該句中,連詞while意為“然而”,由此可判斷前后句子的表語意義相反,構成反義詞復現(xiàn)。而hard-working和lazy互為反義詞,故選B。
運用詞匯間的搭配關系,常常可以無需理解上下文便直接確定答案,也往往可以排除一些明顯不符合搭配關系的選項,從而縮小選擇范圍,提高答題的準確率。例如:
1) This is because the person not only found what was lost but also spent time________its owner or taking it to the police station.
A. to find B. finding C. find
思路點撥
固定句型“主語+spend…(in) doing”意為“花費……做某事”,故答案為B。
2)...the bear pulled herself onto an arch (拱門) under the bridge, but she was trapped (困住) there. A driver saw the unbelievable scene and________911.
A. reminded B. asked C. called D. told
思路點撥
一只熊被困,然后路過的司機看到這不可思議的景象后撥打了報警電話。此處打報警電話只能是call 911,為固定搭配,所以答案選C。
只有明確文章結構,了解段與段、句與句之間的邏輯關系,才能加深對文章的理解,從而在空白處填入正確的詞語。這就要求考生熟悉和掌握一些常用的邏輯關系詞語。
常用的邏輯關系詞語
例如:
I said I didn’t,________they wouldn’t believe me.
A. because B. if C. but D. and
思路點撥
該句句意為“我說我沒有做過,可他們就是不相信我”,前后句在意義上為轉折關系,故答案為C。
6. 利用上下文中的(句)解題
如果通篇文章反復出現(xiàn)同一個詞匯,或者全文有一個非常核心的主題,那么這個詞匯或者與這個主題相關的詞匯都很有可能是所要選擇的答案。比如,若文章是與環(huán)保有關的說明文,那么與這個主題相關的詞匯有:environment、pollute、reuse等。當然,此方法適用于首次通讀后做出的粗略判斷,并不能作為絕對的答案,最終還需進行回顧,根據(jù)語境來做出最后判斷。例如:
Three months later I was home, telling him that I had left college—and for the first time I saw him 1 . “Son, I’m always going to love you even though you’ll never achieve anything,” he said with tears in his eyes. When I walked out of that room, I was burning with something within my body. Not everyone has the chance to feel it. I did not just want to 2 —I had to.
1. A. shout B. cry C. laugh D. relax
2. A. succeed B. argue C. stop D. move
思路點撥
此篇文章為情感勵志型題材,與此類文章相關的詞匯有:dream、fail、easy、difficult、stop、cry、succeed、lucky、give up以及effort等等。根據(jù)下文的tears可以判斷出第一個空為cry;第二個空為succeed或者stop,再根據(jù)上下文可以判斷出答案應為succeed。
除了對語法知識的直接考查外,完形填空中還經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)一些復雜句式,如各種從句、非謂語動詞等,給做題帶來了一定的困難。雖然語法不再是考查的重點,但扎實的語法基礎和較強的句子分析能力往往可以將問題化繁為簡,在關鍵時刻化險為夷。例如:
Mary didn’t know________she was. She opened the door and looked around.
A. where B. what C. who
思路點撥
由下文可得到提示,Mary在到處找那個人。where作賓語從句的引導詞,表示地點。故答案為A。
從文化背景知識和生活常識的角度找突破口是近幾年完形填空試題的特色之一,因為它更能考查學生綜合運用語言知識的能力。例如:
And when he was asked to go to Africa, he said to his wife, “You can come to Africa with me if you want to. I’ve got to take photos of wild_________there.”
A. land B. flowers C. animals D. people
思路點撥
根據(jù)地理知識可知,非洲是各種熱帶動物棲息繁衍的地方,故答案為C。
要做好這類題目,必須盡量將詞語辨析與情節(jié)推理、邏輯推理結合起來,從詞匯的意義入手,抓住情節(jié)線索解決問題。例如:
When the papers were_________, she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the same mistakes throughout the test.
A. examined B. completed C. marked D. answered
思路點撥
本題考查動詞辨義。空白處需要一個動詞的過去分詞與were構成謂語。每個選項都有可能是正確答案,具有較強的干擾性,因為它們均可以構成考生比較熟悉的動賓搭配:examined the papers(檢查試卷)、completed the papers(完成試卷)、marked the papers(批閱試卷)和answered the papers(在試卷上作答)。但由于下文是“she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly the same mistakes throughout the test”(她發(fā)現(xiàn)有十二個男孩在考試中犯了完全一樣的錯誤),而老師只有在“批閱試卷”時才有可能發(fā)現(xiàn)這種情況,所以正確答案應為C。
沒有辦法的辦法—排除法。有時我們會遇到這樣的情況:對于某個題目正確選項的含義、用法不甚明了,卻發(fā)現(xiàn)其他選項有著顯而易見的謬誤。在這種時候,我們可以嘗試運用排除法:將干擾項逐項檢查驗證,凡發(fā)現(xiàn)有錯誤的選項,立即剔除出選擇范圍。隨著選擇范圍的縮小,準確率會不斷提高。經(jīng)過這樣一系列的分析推敲,正確答案便會水落石出。排除法如果運用得當,便可收到事半功倍的效果。例如:
Waiting above the crowded streets, on top of a building with 110 storeys(層), was Philippe Petit. This daring(大膽的) Frenchman was about to_________a tightrope(繃索) between the two towers of the World Trade Center. Philippe Petit made seven trips, back and forth(來回地).
A. throw B. walk C. climb D. fix
思路點撥
如果對walk作及物動詞的用法不太熟悉,我們便很難直接選出答案。在這種情況下,運用排除法就會非常方便。由于下文提到了Philippe Petit在繃索上走了七個來回(Philippe Petit made seven trips,back and forth),所以很明顯這個大膽的法國人既不是在兩樓之間扔(throw)繩子,也不是順著繩子往上攀登(climb),更不是在兩樓之間固定(fix)繩子,于是剩下的B選項(walk)自然就是正確答案了。