董國良,彭大鵬,韓肖亞,劉振利,袁宗輝
(1.國家獸藥殘留基準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué))、農(nóng)業(yè)部獸藥殘留檢測(cè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,武漢 430070;2.農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估實(shí)驗(yàn)室(武漢),武漢 430070;3.華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)院,武漢 430070)
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飼料及畜禽產(chǎn)品中霉菌毒素快速檢測(cè)技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展
董國良1,3,彭大鵬1,2,3*,韓肖亞1,3,劉振利1,2,3,袁宗輝1,2,3
(1.國家獸藥殘留基準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué))、農(nóng)業(yè)部獸藥殘留檢測(cè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,武漢 430070;2.農(nóng)業(yè)部畜禽產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估實(shí)驗(yàn)室(武漢),武漢 430070;3.華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)院,武漢 430070)
霉菌毒素是某些霉菌的次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物,在自然界中分布極為廣泛,可污染動(dòng)物飼料及畜禽產(chǎn)品,對(duì)動(dòng)物和人類健康造成巨大危害。作者介紹了飼料與畜禽產(chǎn)品中常見的霉菌毒素及其對(duì)動(dòng)物和人類的危害,總結(jié)了近年來快速檢測(cè)技術(shù)在霉菌毒素檢測(cè)方面所取得的進(jìn)展,分析了霉菌毒素抗體制備的主要影響因素,并對(duì)霉菌毒素快速檢測(cè)技術(shù)發(fā)展前景作出展望。
霉菌毒素;快速檢測(cè)技術(shù);抗體
霉菌毒素(mycotoxins)是一類低分子量化合物,是某些小型絲狀真菌的次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物,在自然界中分布極為廣泛。霉菌毒素能導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物和人發(fā)生疾病甚至死亡,某些霉菌毒素具有細(xì)胞毒性、致癌、致突變或免疫抑制等毒性反應(yīng),能夠?qū)θ嘶騽?dòng)物造成不同程度的毒害作用[1]。據(jù)聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織調(diào)查分析,全世界每年約有25.0%的作物受到霉菌毒素污染[2]。截至目前,已知的霉菌毒素有300~400種[3]。
微量的霉菌毒素便可產(chǎn)生巨大毒害作用,而混合污染又是其重要特點(diǎn)。因此,快速、精確檢測(cè)飼料及畜禽產(chǎn)品中霉菌毒素各組分,是保障動(dòng)物和人類健康的重要手段。其分析程序通常包括三個(gè)使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn):檢測(cè)速度、所需技術(shù)技能水平以及能否提供定性或定量的結(jié)果[4]。常規(guī)化學(xué)及儀器檢測(cè)技術(shù)耗時(shí)長、成本高、前處理復(fù)雜,難以滿足現(xiàn)場(chǎng)、快速、大批量的檢測(cè)需要。而目前殘留檢測(cè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì),要求試劑消耗少、樣品用量少、在線自動(dòng)化、高通量地快速分析[5]。因此,快速檢測(cè)技術(shù)(rapid detection technology)必將成為霉菌毒素殘留檢測(cè)研究的重點(diǎn)。
1.1黃曲霉毒素
黃曲霉毒素(aflatoxin,AFT)是一類二氫呋喃氧雜萘鄰?fù)难苌?,主要由黃曲霉(Aspergillusflavus)和寄生曲霉(A.parasiticus)二次代謝產(chǎn)生,常見于霉變的玉米、花生、棉籽及某些干果中。該類毒素具有致癌[6]、致畸、致突變、基因毒性[7]及免疫抑制[8]等作用。黃曲霉毒素B1(AFB1,圖1A)是其最主要、毒性最強(qiáng)的組分[1],國際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)(International Agency for Research on Cancer,IARC)已將其列為人類致癌物[9]。AFB1在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)可代謝為黃曲霉毒素M1(AFM1,圖1A)[1,10],常見于牛奶中,對(duì)人類危害巨大。歐盟規(guī)定堅(jiān)果及玉米中總AFT的最大殘留限量分別為4.00、10.0 μg·kg-1,谷類加工食品及嬰兒食品和玉米中AFB1為100 ng·kg-1、5.00 μg·kg-1,而牛奶和嬰兒奶粉中AFM1限量分別為50.0、25.0 ng·kg-1[11-12]。中國規(guī)定谷類加工食品及嬰兒食品中AFB1限量為5.00 μg·kg-1,牛奶及奶粉中AFM1限量為500 ng·kg-1[13]。
1.2赭曲霉毒素
赭曲霉毒素(ochratoxin,OT)是由曲霉菌和青霉菌產(chǎn)生的一類重要的霉菌毒素,其中毒性最大、分布最廣與人類健康關(guān)系最為密切的是赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA,圖1B)。該毒素具有腎毒性、肝毒性、免疫毒性、基因毒性和致突變作用[14-16]。動(dòng)物攝入OTA后,易在組織內(nèi)蓄積殘留,對(duì)人類健康造成威脅。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),丹麥曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的由霉菌所引起的腎病以及巴爾干地方性腎病都與OTA有密切關(guān)系[17]。歐盟已制定OTA的最大殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),谷物及其制品、葡萄酒和嬰兒食品中分別為5.00、2.00 μg·kg-1和500 ng·kg-1[12]。中國規(guī)定谷物及其制品和豆類中OTA限量為5.00 μg·kg-1[13]。
1.3玉米赤霉烯酮
玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN,圖1C)又稱為F-2毒素,是黃色鐮刀菌(Fusariumculmorum)和禾谷鐮刀菌(F.graminearum)等鐮刀菌屬真菌的次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物。該毒素具有雌激素作用[18],主要作用于雌性動(dòng)物生殖系統(tǒng),引起繁殖機(jī)能異常甚至死亡,具有基因毒性和致癌性[18-19],免疫毒性[20]以及生殖毒性[21]。ZEN經(jīng)動(dòng)物攝入后,可代謝為玉米赤霉醇(zearalanol,ZAL)和玉米赤霉烯醇(zearalenol,ZEL)[22]。其中,α-ZAL曾廣泛用作家畜促生長劑[23],因其能引起乳腺癌,擾亂人體內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)[24],被歐盟禁用于動(dòng)物源食品,中國也禁止將其用于食品動(dòng)物促生長[25]。歐盟規(guī)定未加工谷物(玉米除外)、面包以及嬰兒食品中ZEN的最大殘留限量分別為100、50.0、20.0 μg·kg-1[26]。中國則規(guī)定小麥及玉米中ZEN最大殘留限量為60.0 μg·kg-1[13]。
1.4T-2毒素
T-2毒素(圖1D)是一種單端孢霉烯族化合物(trichothecenes,TS),由擬分枝孢鐮刀菌(Fusariumsporotrichioides)和梨孢鐮刀菌(Fusarlumpoae)等鐮刀菌屬真菌代謝產(chǎn)生。T-2毒素能夠抑制DNA和蛋白質(zhì)的合成[27-28],影響基因表達(dá)[29],具有生長抑制[30]和免疫抑制作用[10,31]。該毒素能導(dǎo)致蛋雞產(chǎn)蛋量下降,增加裂殼蛋和空腔病變發(fā)生率,還能引起豬的輕度腎病、甲狀腺縮小、胃黏膜增生及血液中白蛋白增加或其他血液指標(biāo)變化[32]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),T-2毒素可能與人類大骨節(jié)病所表現(xiàn)出的典型癥狀有關(guān)[33]。歐盟建議未加工燕麥、燕麥產(chǎn)品及嬰兒食品中T-2毒素的殘留限量分別為500、200、50.0 μg·kg-1[34]。
1.5脫氧雪腐鐮刀菌烯醇
脫氧雪腐鐮刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON,圖1E)又稱嘔吐毒素(vomitoxin,VT),是一種單端孢霉烯族毒素,主要由禾谷鐮刀菌和粉紅鐮刀菌(Fusarlumroseum)代謝產(chǎn)生。人畜攝入過量被DON污染的食物后可引起中毒,表現(xiàn)出厭食和嘔吐等癥[35]。DON能抑制DNA和蛋白質(zhì)的合成[36],具有生長抑制[37],免疫抑制[38],心臟毒性、致畸性[39]及神經(jīng)毒性[40],對(duì)動(dòng)物和人類危害巨大。歐盟規(guī)定未加工谷物、小麥和燕麥及嬰兒食品中,DON的最大殘留限量分別為1.25、1.75 mg·kg-1和200 μg·kg-1[26]。中國也對(duì)DON的最大殘留限量作了明確規(guī)定,玉米、小麥和大麥中DON最大殘留限量為1.00 mg·kg-1。
1.6伏馬菌素
伏馬菌素(fumonisin,F(xiàn)B,圖1F)是一類多氫醇和丙三羧酸的雙酯化合物,主要由串珠鐮刀菌(FusariummoniliformeSheld)和多育鐮刀菌(Fusariumproliferatum)代謝產(chǎn)生。FB與鞘脂類代謝過程中的神經(jīng)鞘氨醇(sphingosine,So,圖1G)和二氫神經(jīng)鞘氨醇(sphinganine,Sa,圖1H)的結(jié)構(gòu)極為相似,是Sa N-?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(又稱神經(jīng)酰胺合成酶)的有效抑制劑,能干擾鞘脂類代謝,引發(fā)疾病[41]。FB能引起馬腦軟化癥和豬肺水腫[42-43],具有肝毒性[44],而且與人類食管癌[45]和肝癌[46]有關(guān),IARC將其列為人類可能的致癌物[47]。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)的FB有15種以上,主要包括FA1、FA2、FB1、FB2、FB3、FB4和FC1,其中,F(xiàn)B1是最主要也是毒性最強(qiáng)的組分[48]。歐盟對(duì)某些食品中FB1和FB2總量的最大殘留限量作出規(guī)定,未加工玉米及嬰兒食品中分別為4.00 mg·kg-1和200 μg·kg-1[26]。
A.黃曲霉毒素;B.赭曲霉毒素;C.玉米赤霉烯酮;D.T-2毒素;E.脫氧雪腐鐮刀菌烯醇;F.伏馬菌素;G.神經(jīng)鞘氨醇;H.二氫神經(jīng)鞘氨醇A.Aflatoxin;B.Ochratoxins;C.Zearalenone;D.T-2 toxin;E.Deoxynivalenol;F.Fumonisin;G.Sphingosine;H.Sphinganine圖1 幾種主要霉菌毒素、神經(jīng)鞘氨醇及二氫神經(jīng)鞘氨醇的結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Structures of several main mycotoxins,sphingosine and sphinganine
2.1生物傳感器法
生物傳感器(biosensor)是一種對(duì)生物物質(zhì)具有選擇性和可逆性響應(yīng)并能將其濃度轉(zhuǎn)換為電信號(hào)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)的儀器(圖2A)。它主要由兩個(gè)元件組成:一個(gè)是生物學(xué)識(shí)別元件;另一個(gè)是與數(shù)據(jù)采集、處理系統(tǒng)相連接的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換元件[49]。目前常用的生物識(shí)別元件主要有輔因子、酶、抗體、微生物、細(xì)胞器、組織和高等生物細(xì)胞等[50]。由于酶特有的靈敏性和特異性,應(yīng)用最為廣泛[51],但其純化過程費(fèi)時(shí),且昂貴[52]。隨著抗體技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,以抗體作為識(shí)別元件的生物傳感器(又稱免疫傳感器)逐漸興起。生物傳感器法具有選擇性好、響應(yīng)快、靈敏度高、易于操作、高通量及適合現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢測(cè)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[53]。此外,生物傳感器法的樣品前處理簡(jiǎn)單易行,適合大批量樣品的多殘留快速分析檢測(cè)[54]。V.P.Nancy等[55]將多層碳納米管改良的玻璃碳電極與連續(xù)流動(dòng)裝置相結(jié)合,設(shè)計(jì)成免疫傳感器,用于檢測(cè)玉米中ZEN,檢測(cè)過程僅需15.0 min,而且其檢測(cè)限和靈敏度都優(yōu)于酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)。M.Mirasoli等[56]結(jié)合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的側(cè)流免疫測(cè)定法,建立了一種化學(xué)發(fā)光生物傳感器,對(duì)玉米中FB1和FB2進(jìn)行檢測(cè),LOD達(dá)到 2.50 μg·L-1,靈敏度較高,回收率為90.0%~115%,包括樣品前處理在內(nèi)總耗時(shí)僅25.0 min。M.Masikini等[48]設(shè)計(jì)了一種基于多層碳納米管結(jié)合玻璃碳表面碲化鈀量子點(diǎn)的阻抗免疫傳感器,用于檢測(cè)玉米中FB1、FB2和FB3含量,LOD分別為14.0、11.0、11.0 μg·kg-1,滿足檢測(cè)需要。Z.Martina等[57]以AFB1和FB1偶聯(lián)BSA建立競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性側(cè)流免疫測(cè)定法,結(jié)合便攜式電荷耦合元件,構(gòu)建了一種多元化學(xué)發(fā)光生物傳感器,對(duì)玉米粉中AFB1及B族伏馬菌素進(jìn)行檢測(cè),LOD分別低于6.00和1.50 μg·kg-1,回收率為80.0%~115%,變異系數(shù)小于20.0%,檢測(cè)過程僅需30.0 min。
2.2酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法
酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法是利用酶(如HRP)標(biāo)記抗原或抗體,與樣品中相應(yīng)的抗體或抗原按不同的步驟與固相載體表面的抗原或抗體發(fā)生反應(yīng)[58],如圖2B。以洗滌的方法使固相載體上形成的抗原抗體復(fù)合物與其他物質(zhì)分開,最后結(jié)合在固相載體上的酶量與樣品中待測(cè)物的量成一定比例,然后利用復(fù)合物上標(biāo)記的酶催化底物顯色,根據(jù)其顏色深淺對(duì)待測(cè)樣品中抗原或抗體的量進(jìn)行判斷,是一種將酶的高效性與抗原抗體反應(yīng)的特異性相結(jié)合的微量分析技術(shù)[59]。ELISA方法具有低成本、快速、操作簡(jiǎn)單、便捷等優(yōu)點(diǎn),尤其適合現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢測(cè)[60]。蔡齊超[61]采用肟化法在AFM1的分子結(jié)構(gòu)上引入羧基,偶聯(lián)蛋白質(zhì)后免疫小鼠,制備單克隆抗體并建立ELISA方法,IC50為3.68 ng·mL-1,奶粉中的添加回收率在89.0%~93.0%,變異系數(shù)均小于15.0%,準(zhǔn)確度較高,但難以滿足多組分檢測(cè)需求。S.C.Pei等[62]以半抗原ZEN-CMO偶聯(lián)蛋白獲得單克隆抗體,建立了一種高通量篩選ELISA,IC50為1.79 ng·g-1,LOD達(dá)100 ng·kg-1,添加回收率為80.0%~128%,與β-ZEL、α-ZAL和β-ZAL的交叉反應(yīng)率分別為24.1%、189%和43.9%,滿足多組分檢測(cè)需求。Y.Li等[63]合成了半抗原3-HS-T-2并與蛋白進(jìn)行偶聯(lián),制備單克隆抗體并建立了稻米中T-2毒素ELISA方法,LOD達(dá)5.80 μg·kg-1,回收率為72.0%~109%,但與其他毒素交叉反應(yīng)率較低。H.M.Lee等[64]以DON-CDI作半抗原合成免疫原,經(jīng)小鼠免疫獲得單克隆抗體,建立ELISA方法用于檢測(cè)豬飼料中DON,IC50為23.4 ng·mL-1,僅能用于DON檢測(cè)。S.Ling等[65]采用戊二醛法合成免疫原,免疫小鼠并制備單克隆抗體,建立了一種FB1ELISA 方法,IC50為32.0 ng·mL-1,LOD達(dá)1.00 ng·mL-1,平均回收率為 93.8% ± 6.90%,但與其他霉菌毒素交叉反應(yīng)差。
2.3免疫層析法
免疫層析法(Immunochromatography)具有快速、簡(jiǎn)便、成本低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床、食品、農(nóng)業(yè)及環(huán)境等領(lǐng)域[66]。其原理是將抗體固定于硝化纖維素膜,當(dāng)一端浸入樣品后,由于毛細(xì)管作用,樣品將向前移動(dòng),當(dāng)移動(dòng)至固定有抗體的區(qū)域時(shí),樣品中相應(yīng)抗原即與抗體發(fā)生特異性結(jié)合,根據(jù)顏色變化,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)樣品的檢測(cè)分析[67],如圖2C。楊揚(yáng)[68]采用活性酯法將OTA與BSA偶聯(lián)合成人工抗原,免疫小鼠制備單克隆抗體,并建立了一種OTA膠體金免疫層析法,LOD達(dá)到5.00 ng·mL-1,與其他毒素交叉反應(yīng)率低。駱敏兒等[69]以人工抗原ZEN-CMO-OVA免疫小鼠,制備單克隆抗體并建立膠體金免疫層析法,對(duì)ZEN進(jìn)行檢測(cè),LOD為100 ng·mL-1,與β-ZEL和α-ZAL的交叉反應(yīng)率僅為12.8%和1.30%,難以滿足多組分檢測(cè)需要。Y.Sun等[70]合成了半抗原ZEN-1,4-丁二醇縮水甘油醚,偶聯(lián)BSA免疫小鼠以獲得單克隆抗體,并建立了一種膠體金免疫層析法,用于檢測(cè)玉米中ZEN含量,LOD為20.0 μg·kg-1,與玉米赤霉酮的交叉反應(yīng)率為53.1%,回收率達(dá)91.3%~97.1%。Z.Wang等[71]用熒光微球標(biāo)記FB1單克隆抗體,以提高方法的靈敏度,建立了一種免疫層析法,用于玉米中FB1檢測(cè),IC50為1.32 ng·mL-1,LOD達(dá)120 ng·L-1,與FB2和FB3的交叉反應(yīng)率分別為1.50%和67.3%,回收率為91.4%~118%,滿足多組分檢測(cè)需要。
2.4熒光偏振免疫分析法
熒光偏振免疫分析法(fluorescence polarization immunoassay,F(xiàn)PIA)是一種均相、定量、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性免疫分析技術(shù),其原理是基于熒光標(biāo)記抗原(Tracer)在結(jié)合特異性抗體前后其熒光轉(zhuǎn)速及熒光偏振值(P值,1 P=1 000 mP)發(fā)生變化,用競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性方法直接測(cè)定溶液中待測(cè)物含量[72]。FPIA的基本原理如圖2D所示。Tracer體積較小,在體系當(dāng)中的布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)速度較快,產(chǎn)生的P值較小,一般為30~50 mP[73]。當(dāng)樣品中不含待測(cè)物時(shí),Tracer與抗體發(fā)生特異性結(jié)合,形成較大的抗原抗體復(fù)合物,運(yùn)動(dòng)速度變慢,P值升高,一般為150~300 mP[74]。若樣本中待測(cè)物濃度較高,待測(cè)物將與Tracer競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有限的抗體結(jié)合位點(diǎn),從而抑制Tracer與抗體的結(jié)合,多數(shù)Tracer將以游離的小分子形式存在于樣品中,P值便會(huì)降低,一般達(dá)到30~60 mP即認(rèn)為達(dá)到完全抑制[75]。P值的大小與樣品中待測(cè)物濃度呈反比,通過測(cè)定待測(cè)物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品后制作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線,從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線上可以精確地分析樣品中待測(cè)物的相應(yīng)含量[76]。FPIA典型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線如圖3所示[77]。
A.生物傳感器;B.酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法;C.免疫層析法;D.熒光偏振免疫分析法A.Biosensor;B.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;C.Immunochromatography;D.Fluorescence polarization immunoassay圖2 幾種基于抗體的免疫學(xué)快速檢測(cè)方法原理Fig.2 The principle of several antibody-based immunological rapid detection methods
圖3 熒光偏振免疫分析法的典型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線Fig.3 The typical standard curve of fluorescence polarization immunoassay
FPIA操作過程簡(jiǎn)單,僅僅是將特異性抗體、Tracer和樣品加入到反應(yīng)體系中混勻,經(jīng)過幾分鐘甚至是幾秒鐘的孵育便可測(cè)定熒光偏振光強(qiáng)度,從而快速獲得待測(cè)物濃度,適于大批量樣品分析[78]。即FPIA檢測(cè)時(shí)間僅取決于加樣過程和測(cè)定過程的時(shí)間,明顯縮短了檢測(cè)時(shí)間[75]。S.Y.Jie等[79]采用AFB1單克隆抗體,以熒光標(biāo)記AFB1作為Tracer,建立了一種黃曲霉毒素類FPIA,對(duì)于AFB1的IC50和LOD分別是23.3、13.1 ng·mL-1,與AFB2、AFG1、AFG2、AFM1、AFM2的交叉反應(yīng)率分別達(dá)到65.7%、143%、23.5%、111%、2.00%,檢測(cè)96個(gè)樣品總耗時(shí)少于5.00 min,適用于黃曲霉毒素類檢測(cè)。C.Li等[80]通過設(shè)計(jì)3種Tracer,與7種單克隆抗體組合篩選,建立了一種FPIA方法,用于檢測(cè)玉米中FB1和FB2,LOD分別為157、291 μg·kg-1,回收率為84.7%~93.6%,變異系數(shù)小于9.90%,是一種快速、高通量檢測(cè)方法。C.Li等[81]分別設(shè)計(jì)了3種Tracer,經(jīng)TLC純化后與相應(yīng)抗體組合,建立多路復(fù)用FPIA,對(duì)玉米中DON、T-2及FB1進(jìn)行檢測(cè),LOD分別為 242、17.8和332 μg·kg-1,回收率達(dá)76.5%~106%,變異系數(shù)小于21.7%。
2.5霉菌毒素混合污染免疫檢測(cè)技術(shù)
從霉菌毒素污染特點(diǎn)來看,傳統(tǒng)的單組分檢測(cè)技術(shù)已難以滿足檢測(cè)需求,快速、簡(jiǎn)便、高靈敏度、高通量的多組分檢測(cè)技術(shù)將是今后霉菌毒素檢測(cè)技術(shù)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。李鑫[82]基于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性免疫層析反應(yīng)原理,研制出具有三條檢測(cè)線的免疫層析試紙條,可同步檢測(cè)AFB1、OTA和ZEN,可視檢測(cè)限分別為0.250、0.500、1.00 ng·mL-1;首次建立了一種能同步檢測(cè)三種霉菌毒素的聚合物刷微陣列免疫芯片,對(duì)AFB1、OTA和ZEN的LOD分別為4.00、4.00、3.00 pg·mL-1,花生樣品的添加回收率達(dá)85.9%~109.2%。另外,基于混合抗體的免疫檢測(cè)技術(shù),即在固相上包被混合或具有合適親和力的抗原,采用混合抗體對(duì)樣品中多種待測(cè)物進(jìn)行定性和半定量檢測(cè),已成功應(yīng)用于小分子藥物的多殘留檢測(cè)。A.Strasser等[83]以葡萄糖氧化酶作載體蛋白,采用混合抗體酶免疫檢測(cè)法對(duì)牛奶中鏈霉素、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶和氯唑西林進(jìn)行檢測(cè),LOD分別為14.0、20.0、13.0、1.70 ng·mL-1,低于最大殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),能夠滿足檢測(cè)需要。謝煥龍等[84]基于孔雀石綠和隱孔雀石綠的高特異性單克隆抗體,采用混合抗體模式建立了可同時(shí)檢測(cè)兩種物質(zhì)的ELISA方法,IC50為3.27 ng·mL-1,LOD達(dá)0.240 ng·mL-1,線性范圍為0.620~17.2 ng·mL-1。將該技術(shù)用于霉菌毒素多組分檢測(cè)是一種很好的發(fā)展方向。
抗體是指抗原刺激機(jī)體后,產(chǎn)生免疫反應(yīng),由機(jī)體漿細(xì)胞合成并分泌的能與抗原特異性結(jié)合的免疫球蛋白??乖Y(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)物免疫方法及免疫劑量均能對(duì)免疫反應(yīng)造成影響。多克隆抗體是將抗原注射入實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物體內(nèi),免疫細(xì)胞會(huì)不同程度受到抗原刺激,產(chǎn)生不同類型的抗體,然后采集動(dòng)物血清而獲得。單克隆抗體則需要提取針對(duì)特定抗原表位的B淋巴細(xì)胞,在體外與骨髓瘤細(xì)胞融合,然后對(duì)雜交瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)行培養(yǎng),篩選出所需細(xì)胞群,通過體外或體內(nèi)培養(yǎng),從培養(yǎng)液或動(dòng)物腹水中獲取抗體。
霉菌毒素為小分子化合物,不具備免疫原性,需要依靠分子中某些活性基團(tuán)(如-COOH、-NH2)與相應(yīng)載體連接構(gòu)建人工抗原。因此,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)陌肟乖侵苽淅硐肟贵w的關(guān)鍵。Y.Sun等[70]以ZEN-1,4-丁二醇縮水甘油醚作半抗原,偶聯(lián)BSA后免疫小鼠,所制備單克隆抗體IC50為1.12 ng·mL-1,與ZAL交叉反應(yīng)率為53.1%,其他同類化合物小于4.00%;而李沐潔等[85]合成半抗原ZEN-CMO,以活潑酯法與BSA偶聯(lián)作免疫原,所得抗體IC50達(dá)22.9 pg·mL-1,與α-ZEL交叉反應(yīng)率為95.0%,其他同類化合物也優(yōu)于前者。半抗原設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)盡量保留待測(cè)物的特征基團(tuán),還應(yīng)具有一定的復(fù)雜性,如含苯環(huán)、雜環(huán)和支鏈或在待測(cè)物上連接二肽基團(tuán),可增強(qiáng)半抗原的特異性和免疫活性[78]。為突出待測(cè)物分子內(nèi)特征基團(tuán),半抗原設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)常在特征結(jié)構(gòu)和載之間引入一定長度的連接臂,目前認(rèn)為以3~6 個(gè)碳原子的連接臂最佳[86]。連接臂太短,半抗原有可能被載體的空間位阻掩蓋而不利于其充分暴露,過長又會(huì)造成半抗原分子構(gòu)型折疊[87],不利于產(chǎn)生特異性抗體。但Y.Sheng等[88]在制備FB1單克隆抗體過程中,設(shè)計(jì)合成了FB1-GA-BSA(5個(gè)C原子連接臂)、FB1-GA-OVA(5個(gè)C原子連接臂)、FB1-KLH(無連接臂)3種免疫原,其中以FB1-KLH免疫小鼠所得抗體效果最好,IC50為2.20 ng·mL-1,與FB2的交叉反應(yīng)率154%。
載體的選擇在抗體生產(chǎn)過程中同樣至關(guān)重要,要綜合考慮分子量、活性基團(tuán)、溶解度及來源、價(jià)格等因素。目前用于人工抗原合成的載體主要有蛋白質(zhì)類,包括牛血清蛋白(BSA)、卵清蛋白(OVA)、鑰孔血藍(lán)蛋白(KLH)、人血清蛋白(HSA)、兔血清白蛋白(RSA)等;多肽聚合物,如多聚賴氨酸(PLL)等;大分子聚合物,主要有羧甲基纖維素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮等[89]。最常用的為蛋白類載體。其中,BSA具有物化性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定、不易變性、價(jià)廉易得、結(jié)合為點(diǎn)較多等優(yōu)點(diǎn),最為常用;KLH分子上結(jié)合位點(diǎn)多,效果也好,但較昂貴;OVA與半抗原合成的免疫原,免疫后在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)易脫落,免疫效果不確實(shí)。此外,半抗原與載體蛋白的偶聯(lián)比等因素,同樣影響抗體生產(chǎn)[90]。
霉菌毒素是造成食品安全問題的重要因素,建立快速、準(zhǔn)確測(cè)定飼料及畜禽產(chǎn)品中霉菌毒素的方法顯得至關(guān)重要?;诳贵w的快速檢測(cè)方法簡(jiǎn)單易行,具有檢測(cè)速度快、特異性強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在飼料及畜禽產(chǎn)品中霉菌毒素快速檢測(cè)領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用前景廣闊。由于霉菌毒素污染大多是幾種不同毒素同時(shí)存在,而目前市場(chǎng)上所應(yīng)用的快速檢測(cè)技術(shù)多數(shù)難以滿足同時(shí)檢測(cè)多種霉菌毒素的要求。因此,未來霉菌毒素快速檢測(cè)技術(shù)將有兩個(gè)重要研究方向:一是制備可識(shí)別多種霉菌毒素的抗體;二是建立混合污染免疫檢測(cè)技術(shù)。
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(編輯白永平)
Research Progress on the Rapid Detection Technology of Mycotoxins in Feeds and Animal Products
DONG Guo-liang1,3,PENG Da-peng1,2,3*,HAN Xiao-ya1,3,LIU Zhen-li1,2,3,YUAN Zong-hui1,2,3
(1.NationalReferenceLaboratoryofVeterinaryDrugResidues(HZAU),TheKeyLaboratoryfortheDetectionofVeterinaryDrugResiduesofMinistryofAgriculture,Wuhan430070,China;2.LaboratoryofQuality&SafetyRiskAssessmentforLivestockandPoultryProducts(Wuhan)ofMinistryofAgriculture,Wuhan430070,China;3.CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity,Wuhan430070,China)
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of some fungi that distributed widely in nature,especially in feedstuffs and animal products,with great harm to animals and humans.This review introduces several mycotoxins that commonly presents in feedstuffs and animal products and their risks to animals and humans,summarizes the research progress on the rapid detection technology of mycotoxins,analyzes the main influence factors of antibody preparation against mycotoxins,and prospects the further development of the rapid detection technology of mycotoxins as well.
mycotoxin;rapid detection technology;antibody
10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2016.09.003
2016-05-10
青年教師科技創(chuàng)新專項(xiàng)(2662015QC030)
董國良(1990-),男,山東莒縣人,碩士生,主要從事獸藥殘留與食品安全研究, E-mail:dgl@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
彭大鵬(1977-),男,副教授,碩導(dǎo),主要從事獸藥殘留與食品安全研究,E-mail:pengdapeng@mail.hzau.edu.cn
S859.8
A
0366-6964(2016)09-1757-11