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        從回指解析視角探析語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體突顯性的有效評(píng)估

        2016-10-25 11:56:36王大方
        外語(yǔ)學(xué)刊 2016年5期
        關(guān)鍵詞:回指代詞語(yǔ)句

        王大方

        (中國(guó)人民大學(xué),北京 100872)

        從回指解析視角探析語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體突顯性的有效評(píng)估

        王大方

        (中國(guó)人民大學(xué),北京 100872)

        回指研究領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)普遍共識(shí)是處于受話者注意力中心、突顯性最高的語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體在語(yǔ)篇中再次出現(xiàn)時(shí)更傾向于被縮略形式所替代(多數(shù)情況為代詞)。因此,在回指解析中的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題是:哪些因素影響語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性并幫助受話人對(duì)其進(jìn)行有效評(píng)估?本文借助豐富的語(yǔ)例探究指稱距離、信息狀態(tài)、視角效果、指稱形式和平行效應(yīng)這5個(gè)因素對(duì)語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體突顯性的影響,并借助一定數(shù)量的英文語(yǔ)料對(duì)解析效度進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。

        回指解析;突顯性;指稱距離;平行效應(yīng)

        1 引言

        回指解析指為自然語(yǔ)篇中出現(xiàn)的回指語(yǔ)(主要是第三人稱代詞)檢索出它所指代的先行語(yǔ)(主要是名詞性表達(dá)式)的過(guò)程。很多學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)突顯性較高的語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體在語(yǔ)篇中再次出現(xiàn)時(shí)更傾向于被縮略形式(如代詞)替代(Givón 1983, Ariel 1990, Gundel et al. 1993)。因此,如果從回指解析的視角出發(fā),是否能夠較為準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估不同語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性成為解析成功的關(guān)鍵??紤]到自然語(yǔ)言在機(jī)器處理方面的可操作性,本文將借助語(yǔ)例從指稱距離、信息狀態(tài)、視角效果、指稱形式和平行效應(yīng)這5個(gè)維度對(duì)語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體突顯性以及它們?cè)诨刂附馕鲋械淖饔眉右詸z驗(yàn)。

        2 影響語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體突顯性的主要因素

        突顯性來(lái)自認(rèn)知心理學(xué)對(duì)“圖形—背景”的分析。繼Talmy (1975) 率先將其引入認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)之后,Langacker (1987)突破性地將“突顯”(salience) 視為“識(shí)解”(const-rual)的重要組成部分,而Chiarcos等(2011)則進(jìn)一步將人類認(rèn)知的“突顯方式”擴(kuò)大到語(yǔ)篇分析層面,拓寬其應(yīng)用范圍。在指代消解的過(guò)程中,有些學(xué)者關(guān)注指稱詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)篇功能并以此作為解析的依據(jù)(Fox 1987, Cristea et al. 2000, 許金龍 2004),有些學(xué)者則更關(guān)注指稱對(duì)象在記憶中的激活程度和認(rèn)知地位在指代消解過(guò)程中的作用(Ariel 1990, Chafe 1994, Gundel et al. 1993, Kibrik 1999, Almor 2004)。計(jì)算語(yǔ)言學(xué)為回指解析提供重要理論依據(jù)的中心理論以指稱語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)句中擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)木浞ǔ煞譃闃?biāo)準(zhǔn),將突顯性由高至低排列為:主語(yǔ)>>直接賓語(yǔ)>>間接賓語(yǔ)>>修飾語(yǔ) (Grosz et al. 1983, 1995)。這種評(píng)估方法雖然便于計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)自然語(yǔ)言的處理,但是略顯粗糙,在一定程度上影響解析的準(zhǔn)確度。鑒于讀者在獲取新信息的同時(shí)須要不斷修正之前的預(yù)設(shè)和推理,本文將語(yǔ)篇信息處理視為一個(gè)讀者注意力狀態(tài)不斷更新變化的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程,從指稱距離、信息狀態(tài)、視角效果、指稱形式和平行效應(yīng)這5個(gè)維度對(duì)不同語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性進(jìn)行更為全面和細(xì)致的評(píng)估,從而有效地識(shí)別當(dāng)前的注意力中心,對(duì)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)的指稱銜接做出正確解讀。

        2.1 指稱距離:線性距離與修辭距離

        指稱距離是判斷語(yǔ)篇中潛在先行語(yǔ)突顯性的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)?,F(xiàn)有的回指解析方案對(duì)指稱距離的計(jì)算有兩種:一種是線性向前追溯一句或多句來(lái)尋找和代詞相匹配的名詞短語(yǔ) (Lappin, Leass 1994; Ge et al. 1998; Beaver 2004),另一種是借助語(yǔ)篇層級(jí)性的修辭結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)確定搜尋范圍(Fox 1987, Cristea et al. 2000)。McEnery(1997)等學(xué)者借助UCREL回指樹庫(kù)的語(yǔ)料發(fā)現(xiàn),85.64%的回指語(yǔ)可以在3個(gè)語(yǔ)句的范圍內(nèi)找到其先行語(yǔ),94.91%的回指語(yǔ)可以在5個(gè)語(yǔ)句內(nèi)得到正確解析。雖然線性解析模式因簡(jiǎn)單易行而在代詞自動(dòng)化解讀領(lǐng)域更為普遍,但是層級(jí)性的解析模式更符合語(yǔ)篇中信息的組織方式,因而在解析準(zhǔn)確度上更勝一籌。

        關(guān)于如何借助修辭距離來(lái)評(píng)判語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性,F(xiàn)ox(1987)基于修辭結(jié)構(gòu)理論提出的回指語(yǔ)在書面語(yǔ)篇中的分布模式極具指導(dǎo)意義?;谛揶o結(jié)構(gòu)中各語(yǔ)句之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián),F(xiàn)ox指出如果先行語(yǔ)沒有出現(xiàn)在代詞所在的語(yǔ)句,它通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在這一代詞所屬語(yǔ)句的積極語(yǔ)句或控制語(yǔ)句(“積極語(yǔ)句”是該代詞所處最小功能語(yǔ)段中的其它功能語(yǔ)句,“控制語(yǔ)句”是對(duì)這一語(yǔ)段具有統(tǒng)領(lǐng)作用的語(yǔ)句),因此在這兩種功能語(yǔ)句中出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體往往具有更高的突顯性。以語(yǔ)段(1)中的代詞解析為例, Ethani因所在的語(yǔ)句(1①)是(1②)的積極語(yǔ)句而具有較高的突顯性并由此成為Hej的先行語(yǔ)。而在控制模式中,因?yàn)?1③)中的Ethank出現(xiàn)于距離(1⑦)中代詞Hel最近的控制語(yǔ)句而突顯性高于(1⑤)中的our smiling, bow-tied pediatrician,成為Hel的正解。

        (1) [①Ethaniwas never a typical baby.][②Hejwas colicky and allergic, beset from the start by skin rashes and a chronic runny nose.] [③Ethankwas also late to the milestones first-time parents anxiously wait for.][④Hesmiled at nine weeks, crawled at nine months, and walked at 16 months.][⑤“The late end of normal,” our smiling, bow-tied pediatrician said.] [⑥But as time passed, the list grew:] [⑦Helhad words by two years, but didn’t combine them.] [⑧He didn’t point, didn’t wave bye-bye, and blinked stupefied at a knot of doting adults clustered around him.][⑨Worse still, he seemed happiest playing alone, dribbling sand through his fingers.] (BoyWonder, fromReader’sDigest, 2006 (8):138)

        2.2 信息狀態(tài):主題與焦點(diǎn)

        語(yǔ)篇的信息結(jié)構(gòu)指在言語(yǔ)交際中,說(shuō)話人利用語(yǔ)言符號(hào)把想要傳達(dá)的信息編碼,組成一個(gè)由已知信息和新信息構(gòu)成的連續(xù)的組織模式。在分析信息結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),有兩個(gè)核心概念:“主題”和“焦點(diǎn)”。主題為已知信息,為論述提供主體和背景;而焦點(diǎn)為未知信息,對(duì)主題進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。在回指解析過(guò)程中,因?yàn)槌洚?dāng)主題或焦點(diǎn)的名詞性表達(dá)式都預(yù)設(shè)指稱對(duì)象的存在,所以都有可能成為讀者注意力的中心進(jìn)而成為代詞的指稱對(duì)象。

        代詞的指稱對(duì)象往往是當(dāng)前語(yǔ)篇的核心話題。在無(wú)特殊句法標(biāo)記的句子中,句子的主語(yǔ)通常被默認(rèn)為句子的主題,如例(2)中的Mr. Bingley,傳統(tǒng)中心理論中對(duì)優(yōu)先中心的判定正是基于這一理念。而在一些有標(biāo)記的句式中,讀者可以根據(jù)表層句法組織結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)確定句子的主題詞。根據(jù)Givón(1983)對(duì)多種語(yǔ)言的研究,常見的句法主題標(biāo)示手段有:存現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)(Existential-presentative Construction,例3)、主題化(Topicalization,例4)、左偏置(Left Dislocation,例5)、右偏置(Right Dislocation,例6)和提升結(jié)構(gòu) (Raising Structure,例7和例8)等。除句法標(biāo)識(shí)手段,有一些表示“關(guān)涉性”(aboutness)的詞語(yǔ)也能夠起到標(biāo)識(shí)主題的作用,如例(9)中的as for. 在英語(yǔ)中,類似的表達(dá)形式還有很多,例如speaking of X,with regard to X,considering X和about X. 得益于這些句法手段和標(biāo)識(shí)語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用,句子主題的識(shí)別具有較強(qiáng)的可操作性和明晰性。

        (2)Mr.Bingleywas good-looking and gentlemanlike;hehadapleasantcountenance,andeasy,unaffectedmanners. (Jane Austen:PrideandPrejudice)

        (3) Andtherewas my aunt, all the time I was dres-sing, preaching and talking away just as if she was reading a sermon. (Jane Austen:PrideandPrejudice)

        (4) In principle, he is now capable of carrying out or determining the accuracy of any computation.Somecomputationshe may not be able to carry out in his head. (Noam Chomsky, 1980:221)

        (5)Thewomanyouwerejusttalkingto, I don’t know whereshewent.

        (6) Below the waterfall, a whole mass of enormous glass pipes were dangling down into the river from somewhere high up in the ceiling!Theyreally were enormous,thosepipes. (R. Dahl:CharlieandtheChocolateFactory)

        (7) a. It seems [thatlightenergywill be an important subject of scientific research in the future].

        b.Lightenergyseems to be an important subject of scientific research in the future.

        (8) a. Many people believe [thatpoinsettiasare poiso-nous].

        b. Many people believepoinsettiasto be poisonous.

        (9) ... as forMr.Hurst, by whom Elizabeth sat, he was an indolent man, who lived only to eat, drink, and play at cards; who, when he found her to prefer a plain dish to a ragout, had nothing to say to her. (Jane Austen:PrideandPrejudice)

        在回指解析的過(guò)程中,主題名詞通常被視為默認(rèn)指稱對(duì)象,而將新的信息引入語(yǔ)篇的焦點(diǎn)名詞則往往被視為標(biāo)記性指稱對(duì)象,因其更容易吸引讀者的注意力而在突顯性上更勝一籌。很多學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),如果代詞的指稱對(duì)象處于語(yǔ)句的焦點(diǎn)位置,那么讀者可以用較短的時(shí)間建立起二者間的同指關(guān)系(Cutler,F(xiàn)odor 1979; Almor 1999)。與主題類似,讀者可以借助標(biāo)記性的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和形式快速定位在語(yǔ)句中充當(dāng)焦點(diǎn)的語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體。英語(yǔ)的分裂句式(cleft construction)是突出焦點(diǎn)名詞的最為常見和有效的句法手段。這一句法結(jié)構(gòu)將一個(gè)命題拆分為兩個(gè)小句,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)句中某一部分的效果。我們可以根據(jù)形式主語(yǔ)的不同進(jìn)一步劃分為It-cleft (例10)和Pseudo-cleft(例11)兩種。

        (10) It waslegendarySNLcreatorLorneMichaelswho re-commended him as Letterman’s replacement. (Reader’sDigest, 2006:120)

        (11) Out of all the episodes we did, the one that really worked wastheoneJeffwroteentirelyhimself. (Reader’sDigest, 2006(9):140)

        (12) By using the Magic Formula you can be certain of gaining attention and focusing it upon the main point of your message. It cautions against indulgence in vapid opening remarks, such as: “I didn’t have time to prepare this talk very well”, or “When your chairman asked me to talk on this subject, I wondered why he selected me”. (Dale Carnegie:TheQuickandEasyWaytoEffectiveSpeaking)

        在書面語(yǔ)篇中,除句法手段外,英語(yǔ)的一些動(dòng)詞具有聚焦功能,這些動(dòng)詞之后的第一個(gè)名詞往往能夠獲得讀者更多的關(guān)注從而具有較高的突顯性。計(jì)算語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Mit-kov通過(guò)實(shí)證性研究對(duì)這類指示動(dòng)詞(indicating verbs)簡(jiǎn)單歸納,主要包括:analyze, assess, check, consider, cover, define, describe, develop, discuss, examine, explore, highlight, identify, illustrate, investigate, outline, present, report, review, sow, study, summarize, survey和synthesize(Mitkov 2002:146)。在處理語(yǔ)篇信息時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞可視為焦點(diǎn)標(biāo)記來(lái)輔助突顯性的評(píng)估。此外,斜體、粗體、下劃線和字母大寫等呈現(xiàn)形式的變化也可以視為作者發(fā)出的提示信號(hào),引發(fā)讀者在閱讀時(shí)對(duì)焦點(diǎn)信息的關(guān)注。在例(12)中,作者通過(guò)首字母大寫的方式使得Magic Formula成為語(yǔ)篇的焦點(diǎn)信息,因此在對(duì)后續(xù)語(yǔ)句中的代詞it(下劃線標(biāo)識(shí))進(jìn)行解讀時(shí),Magic Formula在突顯性上高于attention和the main point of your message,成為勝出的候選項(xiàng)。

        2.3 視角效果:客觀與主觀

        如同攝影師在拍照時(shí)可以選取不同的角度來(lái)突出景物的不同部分,發(fā)話者在描述一個(gè)事件時(shí)選取的視角對(duì)語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性也有著重要影響。一方面,說(shuō)話人可以和語(yǔ)篇中的人物保持一定的距離,采用客觀的視角描述事件;另一方面,說(shuō)話人可以拉近和語(yǔ)篇中某一個(gè)人物的距離,以當(dāng)事人的視角進(jìn)行更為主觀的講述。在形式功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)領(lǐng)域,Kuno(1987)利用“移情”(empathy)概念對(duì)說(shuō)話人選取的視角和身份進(jìn)行描述。具體而言,Kuno將說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體X的移情效應(yīng)E(x)具化為一個(gè)在0到1區(qū)間內(nèi)變化的數(shù)值:當(dāng)說(shuō)話人與X的身份完全重合時(shí)E(x)為1,這樣一種主觀視角使得說(shuō)話人能夠洞悉X的感觀和內(nèi)心活動(dòng);而當(dāng)說(shuō)話人與X沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)時(shí)E(x)為0,表明說(shuō)話人所做的是完全獨(dú)立于當(dāng)事人X的客觀講述。很多學(xué)者注意到移情效應(yīng)和突顯性之間的正向相關(guān),并借助對(duì)日語(yǔ)和土耳其語(yǔ)等多種語(yǔ)料的分析證實(shí)視角選擇在回指解析中的重要影響 (Kameyama 1985, Walker et al. 1994, Turan 1995)。

        說(shuō)話人視角的選取對(duì)受話人注意力狀態(tài)的變化密切相關(guān),當(dāng)說(shuō)話人采用主觀視角時(shí),語(yǔ)篇中作為感官主體的人物的突顯性會(huì)有一定程度的提升。在對(duì)例(13④)中的代詞she進(jìn)行解讀時(shí),短語(yǔ)in Elizabeth’s mind使小說(shuō)人物Elizabeth成為當(dāng)前語(yǔ)篇中突顯度最高的感官主體,雖然另外一個(gè)候選項(xiàng)Mrs. Reynolds在線性距離上更勝一籌, Elizabeth仍然是代詞she的真正指稱對(duì)象。很多表達(dá)認(rèn)知和心理活動(dòng)的詞語(yǔ),如feel,appear,remember,interest,consider,think和across one’s mind,都是主觀視角的有效標(biāo)識(shí),它們的出現(xiàn)往往意味著作者和某一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇人物的身份部分重疊或完全重合。

        (13) [①There was certainly at this moment,inElizabeth’smind, a more gentle sensation towards the original than she had ever felt at the height of their acquain-tance.] [②The commendation bestowed on him byMrs.Reynoldswas of no trifling nature.] [③What praise is more valuable than the praise of an intelligent servant?] [④As a brother, a landlord, a master,sheconsidered how many people’s happiness were in his guardianship!] (Jane Austen:PrideandPrejudice)

        值得注意,英語(yǔ)中還有一些表示感官的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)(如see,look at,catch sight of,hear,listen to和notice) 雖然也在一定程度上體現(xiàn)出作者的主觀視角,但是這些動(dòng)詞往往將讀者的注意力引向緊隨其后的賓語(yǔ)成分,從而提升賓語(yǔ)而非主語(yǔ)的突顯性。在這種情況下,聚焦效應(yīng)對(duì)解析的影響力高于視角效應(yīng)。例如在例(14②)中的代詞her有兩個(gè)潛在的指稱對(duì)象:Mrs.Bennet和her eldest daughter. 雖然Mrs. Bennet處于主語(yǔ)位置,但是感官動(dòng)詞seen的聚焦功能將讀者的注意力引向her eldest daughter,從而使其突顯度更高并成為代詞her的正確解讀。

        (14) [①M(fèi)rs.Bennethad seenhereldestdaughtermuch admired by the Netherfield party.] [② Mr. Bingley had danced withhertwice,][③and she had been distinguished by his sisters.] (Jane Austen:PrideandPrejudice)

        2.4 指稱形式:名詞與代詞

        除信息狀態(tài)和移情效應(yīng)外,語(yǔ)篇中不同指稱形式因?yàn)轶w現(xiàn)出不同量級(jí)的主題延續(xù)性,同樣可以幫助我們對(duì)不同語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性進(jìn)行比較和評(píng)估。總體而言,作者在提及一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體時(shí)使用的指稱形式越簡(jiǎn)略,這一語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性越高,在下文中被再次提及的可能性也就越大。這一理論設(shè)想借助篇章分析統(tǒng)計(jì)和心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)的方法得以充分驗(yàn)證 (Chafe 1976; Garrod, Sanford 1983; Givón 1995; Kameyama 1999)。Givón以其主題延續(xù)性的研究為基礎(chǔ),指出“將一個(gè)指稱對(duì)象編碼為零形代詞或非重讀代詞,表示該指稱對(duì)象是當(dāng)前活躍主題,這一激活狀態(tài)應(yīng)繼續(xù)維持,并應(yīng)該把即將加入的信息進(jìn)一步存儲(chǔ)在以該指稱對(duì)象為標(biāo)簽的檔案之中” (Givón 1992:5)。在解讀例(15③)中的代詞she時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)有效候選項(xiàng):Miss Bingley和Elizabeth(her)。雖然Miss Bingley出現(xiàn)在主語(yǔ)位置,但是Elizabeth因?yàn)槭且再e格代詞的形式出現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)篇當(dāng)中而在突顯性上更勝一籌,成為正解。如果我們將上下文的語(yǔ)境納入視野,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)Elizabeth是整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇段落中的核心人物,她借助由例(15②)和例(15④)中的代詞her以及例(15③)中的代詞she建構(gòu)而成的話題鏈一直處于讀者注意力的中心,由此進(jìn)一步輔證解析結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。

        (15) [①When the clock struck three,Elizabethfelt that she must go, and very unwillingly said so.][②MissBingleyofferedher(=Elizabeth) the carriage,][③andsheonly wanted a little pressing to accept it...][④when Jane testified such concern in parting withher,][⑤that Miss Bingley was obliged to convert the offer of the chaise to an invitation to remain at Netherfield for the present.] (Jane Austen:PrideandPrejudice)

        2.5 平行效應(yīng):延續(xù)與并聯(lián)

        除了語(yǔ)句內(nèi)部的影響因素,語(yǔ)句間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)也會(huì)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性和回指解析產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。在中心理論中,根據(jù)回指中心的變化程度和方式,Grosz等(1983)將語(yǔ)言使用者注意力中心的切換(transition)區(qū)分為持續(xù)(continuation)、保持(retaining)和轉(zhuǎn)換(shifting) 3種類型。Brennan等(1987)在此基礎(chǔ)上將注意力中心的轉(zhuǎn)換更細(xì)致地區(qū)分為平穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)換(smooth-shifting)和粗糙轉(zhuǎn)換(rough-shifting) (例(16))。從語(yǔ)篇局部連貫的視角出發(fā),注意力中心過(guò)渡狀態(tài)的優(yōu)先等級(jí)順序?yàn)椋撼掷m(xù)>保持>平穩(wěn)轉(zhuǎn)換>粗糙轉(zhuǎn)換。

        (16) a. Brennan drives an Alfa Romeo.

        b. She drives too fast. (She =Brennan) (CONTINUATION)

        c. Friedman races her on weekends. (her=Brennan) (RETAINING)

        d. She often beats her. (She=Friedman, her=Brennan) (SMOOTH-SHIFTING)

        d’. She often beats her. (She=Brennan, her=Friedman) (ROUGH-SHIFTING)(Brennan et al. 1987:159)

        值得一提的是,雖然注意力中心的線性延續(xù)符合讀者閱讀時(shí)的心理預(yù)期,但是如果讀者在處理語(yǔ)篇信息時(shí)解讀出兩個(gè)或多個(gè)語(yǔ)句間存在并列或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系時(shí),會(huì)自然地將兩個(gè)小句間的并聯(lián)關(guān)系應(yīng)用于回指解析。這種平行效應(yīng)的作用在例(17)中得以充分體現(xiàn),因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)小句間明晰的對(duì)比關(guān)系,讀者會(huì)自然而然地將代詞it和同它處于對(duì)等位置的名詞聯(lián)系起來(lái),其指稱對(duì)象也就由(a)中的Prolog變?yōu)?b)中的C.

        (17) a. The chef successfully combinedPrologwith C, but he had combineditwith Pascal last time.

        b. The programmer successfully combined Prolog withC, but he had combined Pascal withitlast time.

        (Mitkov 2002:43)

        另外,平行效應(yīng)可以強(qiáng)化或者超越主題延續(xù)性在回指解析中的作用(Sidner 1981;Kameyama 1986;Gordon, Scearce 1995;Mitkov 2002)。在例(18)中,on the one hand...on the other 這一對(duì)標(biāo)志性短語(yǔ)讓讀者可以輕松地將例(18①)中Mr. Giuliani和例(18②)中的代詞he聯(lián)系起來(lái)。因?yàn)镸r. Giuliani恰好是語(yǔ)句主語(yǔ),因此平行效應(yīng)起到強(qiáng)化主題延續(xù)性的作用。而在例(19)中,雖然the wild rose并非語(yǔ)句主語(yǔ),但平行效應(yīng)仍然使其成為代詞it的指稱對(duì)象而非the green Whitierleaf.

        (18) [①On the one hand,Mr.Giulianiwants to cut into Mr. Dinkins’s credibility.][②On the other,heseeks to convince voters he’s the new Fiorello LaGuardia — affable, good-natured and ready to lead New York out of the mess it’s in.] (WallStreetJournal)

        (19) a. The green Whitierleaf is most commonly found nearthewildrose.

        b. The wild violet is found nearittoo. (Sidner 1981:228)

        3 突顯性多維評(píng)估的效度檢驗(yàn)

        為了驗(yàn)證這5個(gè)對(duì)突顯度有影響的因素在回指解析中的作用,筆者利用一定數(shù)量的英文語(yǔ)料檢驗(yàn)其解析效度。為保證語(yǔ)料的多樣性,語(yǔ)篇素材來(lái)自于文學(xué)作品和報(bào)刊文章,其中包括馬克吐溫和歐亨利的短篇小說(shuō)各5篇,《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》和《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》的文章各5篇。表1匯總語(yǔ)料中的1201個(gè)第三人稱代詞,由于物主代詞和自反代詞主要依靠線性指稱距離和句法規(guī)約解析,我們關(guān)注其中979個(gè)具有指稱作用的名詞性人稱代詞的解析情況。

        表1 第三人稱代詞匯總表

        在回指解析中,有兩種類型的回指是解析難點(diǎn):遠(yuǎn)距離回指(long-distance anaphora)和模糊回指(tough anaphora)。以往很多回指解析理論模型僅從語(yǔ)篇的線性發(fā)展入手,到回指語(yǔ)所在語(yǔ)句的前一句去尋找其先行語(yǔ),這樣的搜尋范圍因太過(guò)狹窄而常常在解析遠(yuǎn)距離回指時(shí)遭遇瓶頸。得益于修辭距離的引入,在全部979個(gè)人稱代詞中,有882個(gè)代詞的先行語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在本句或與其相鄰的積極語(yǔ)句中,另有71個(gè)代詞通過(guò)向前追溯兩個(gè)語(yǔ)句甚至更遠(yuǎn)的距離在它們的控制語(yǔ)句中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的先行語(yǔ),只有26個(gè)代詞的先行語(yǔ)超出控制語(yǔ)句的范疇。而對(duì)于具有多個(gè)性數(shù)一致的先行語(yǔ)的模糊回指,另外4個(gè)因素在對(duì)候選先行語(yǔ)的篩選中發(fā)揮更重要作用。在本研究采集的語(yǔ)料中,模糊回指的數(shù)量為94個(gè),如果只依靠句法成分來(lái)評(píng)估語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性,解析的成功率為92.4%,而如果將信息狀態(tài)、視角效果、指稱形式和平行效應(yīng)納入先行語(yǔ)的篩選體系,解析的成功率提升到95.2%。由此不難看出,對(duì)于突顯性更為細(xì)致準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)估能夠在很大程度上提升回指解析的準(zhǔn)確度。

        4 結(jié)束語(yǔ)

        在回指解析的過(guò)程中,是否能夠準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估不同語(yǔ)篇實(shí)體的突顯性是成功的關(guān)鍵。利用中心優(yōu)選理論框架中評(píng)估器的篩選機(jī)制,本文分析指稱距離、信息狀態(tài)、視角效果、指稱形式和平行效應(yīng)這5個(gè)對(duì)突顯性有重要影響的因素,并驗(yàn)證它們?cè)诨刂附馕鲋械闹匾饔?。這些評(píng)估因素的引入無(wú)疑提升回指解析的準(zhǔn)確度,但是不可避免地降低在自然語(yǔ)言處理方面的可操作性,如何在理論體系的功能性和可操作性之間尋求更好的平衡還需要更為深入的探討。希望本研究所做的理論探索可以助力更大規(guī)模的自然語(yǔ)言處理中回指解析的實(shí)證性研究。

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        ValidAssessmentofDiscourseEntities’SalienceWeightintheLightofAnaphoraResolution

        Wang Da-fang

        (Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China)

        There exists a general consensus that the most salient discourse entity, those entities that are currently at the center of attention, tend to be referred to with the most reduced referring expressions, in most cases a pronoun. Here comes the question that is crucial for anaphora resolution: what kinds of factors influence a referent’s salience weight and how to evaluate it validly? In this paper, five factors that have been claimed to influence salience are examined with abundant examples: (1) referential distance; (2) information status; (3) view-point effect; (4) referential form, and (5) parallel effect. Finally, the effectiveness of the five factors in anaphora resolution is fully validated with a number of English texts.

        anaphora resolution; salience;referential distance; parallel effect

        H030

        A

        1000-0100(2016)05-0068-6

        10.16263/j.cnki.23-1071/h.2016.05.020

        定稿日期:2016-06-17

        【責(zé)任編輯孫 穎】

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