趙 菁 騰梁紅 凌煜瑋 王亞軍 ?!】怠◎憽?/p>
1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院普通外科,北京100053;2.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院病理科,北京100053
分化型甲狀腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)的臨床病理研究
趙菁1騰梁紅2凌煜瑋1王亞軍1海濤1康驊1▲
1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院普通外科,北京100053;2.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院病理科,北京100053
目的探討檢測分化型甲狀腺癌前哨淋巴結(jié)(SLN)在預(yù)測頸部中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)(CCLN)轉(zhuǎn)移方面的價(jià)值。方法分析2013年1月~2015年12月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院普外科253例分化型甲狀腺癌患者,術(shù)中注射納米炭后找到最先染色的SLN送冰凍病理,將其與CCLN術(shù)后石蠟病理進(jìn)行對比,計(jì)算其陽性率。結(jié)果253例患者均在術(shù)中成功找到SLN,平均5枚/例,其中假陰性率為21.1%,陽性預(yù)測值為81.8%,陰性預(yù)測值為78.7%。SLN活檢數(shù)4~5個(gè)的診斷價(jià)值最大。結(jié)論前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢對于分化型甲狀腺癌中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃有重要的指導(dǎo)意義,精準(zhǔn)操作可以進(jìn)一步提高其診斷價(jià)值。
分化型甲狀腺癌;前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢;中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié);納米炭
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the value of sentinel lymph node(SLN)detection in predicting the metastasis of central cervical lymph nodes(CCLN)in differentiated thyroid carcinoma.Methods 253 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma in Department of General Surgery,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University from January 2013 to December 2015 were analyzed.During the operation,carbon nanoparticles were injected and then to detect SLN which stained firstly by frozen pathology.Compared this results with the routine histopathology results of CCLNs and calculated the positive rate.Results The detection rate of SLN was 100%and the average number of SLN was 5.The false negative rate,positive and negative predicted value of SLN to CCLN metastasis were 21.1%,81.8%,78.7%,respectively.When SLNs number reached 4-5,the diagnostic value was the highest.Conclusion There is an important predicted value of SLN biopsy in CCLN excision for the patients suffered from differentiated thyroid carcinoma.It will be improved by precision operation.
[Key words]Differentiated thyroid carcinoma;Sentinel lymph node biopsy;Central lymph node;Carbon nanoparticles
分化型甲狀腺癌在我國已成為近年來女性發(fā)病率增長最迅速的實(shí)體腫瘤[1]。手術(shù)是分化型甲狀腺癌的重要治療手段,但手術(shù)方式一直存在爭議。2016年初美國甲狀腺協(xié)會(ATA)頒布了《2015版成人甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)與分化型甲狀腺癌診治指南》,對于低?;颊卟煌扑]行中央?yún)^(qū)(Ⅵ區(qū))淋巴結(jié)預(yù)防性清掃[2]。針對這一問題首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院普外科(以下簡稱“我科”)從2013年即開始前瞻性的對術(shù)前診斷為甲狀腺癌且不考慮淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者均行Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴結(jié)清掃,現(xiàn)將術(shù)中前哨淋巴結(jié)(SLN)活檢、中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結(jié)(CCLN)清掃和術(shù)后病理結(jié)果報(bào)道如下:
1.1一般資料
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前經(jīng)B超引導(dǎo)下細(xì)針穿刺活檢(FNAB)診斷為甲狀腺癌。(2)術(shù)前診斷臨床淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性(cN0),主要參考Kowalski等[3]提出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①臨床檢查未觸及腫大淋巴結(jié)或腫大淋巴結(jié)最大直徑<2 cm;②B超等影像學(xué)檢查未見腫大淋巴結(jié)或腫大淋巴結(jié)最大直徑<1 cm,或最大直徑1~2 cm,但無中心性液化壞死、周邊強(qiáng)化和結(jié)旁脂肪間隙消失等;③缺乏影像學(xué)資料者以臨床檢查為準(zhǔn)[3]。另外結(jié)合我科經(jīng)驗(yàn),B超可見淋巴門結(jié)構(gòu)、淋巴結(jié)皮髓質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)清晰亦屬cN0的特征。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①二次手術(shù)患者;②術(shù)后病理證實(shí)或術(shù)前FNAB考慮為非分化型甲狀腺癌;③術(shù)前行頸部淋巴結(jié)FNAB;④一般情況差無法耐受手術(shù)。自2013年1月~2015年12月總計(jì)入組患者253例。
1.2手術(shù)及標(biāo)本處理方法
術(shù)前簽署知情同意書。根據(jù)病變大小、分布及淋巴結(jié)活檢情況選擇術(shù)式,單側(cè)病變且術(shù)中活檢淋巴無轉(zhuǎn)移行單側(cè)腺葉+峽部切除和同側(cè)Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴清掃;單側(cè)病變術(shù)中淋巴活檢有轉(zhuǎn)移行甲狀腺全切+雙側(cè)Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴清掃;雙側(cè)病變不論淋巴活檢有無轉(zhuǎn)移均行甲狀腺全切+雙側(cè)Ⅵ區(qū)淋巴清掃。術(shù)中SLN活檢方法:打開頸白線后分離帶狀肌,注意保持甲狀腺被膜的完整性。用1 mL注射器穿刺至甲狀腺被膜下方,潛行2~3 mm后回抽無回血后推注納米炭混懸液(萊美公司卡納琳),分多點(diǎn)注射在雙側(cè)甲狀腺表面,如在腺體表面可觸及腫瘤則緊貼腫瘤周圍補(bǔ)注射1次,平均每例注射約0.3 mL,局部按摩1~3 min后可見被膜下淋巴管黑染。在喉前、氣管前及氣管側(cè)方找到SLN切除送檢。淋巴結(jié)病理檢查方法:冰凍病理HE染色,術(shù)后石蠟病理加做免疫組化驗(yàn)證。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);繪制SLN活檢數(shù)及CCLN清掃數(shù)的ROC曲線用以評價(jià)其對于淋巴結(jié)清掃的指導(dǎo)意義。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1發(fā)病年齡、病理類型及腫瘤T分期在不同性別中的分布情況
入組患者253例術(shù)后病理證實(shí)均為分化型甲狀腺癌,其中,男56例,女197例,性別比為1∶3.52;年齡為11~78歲,平均(44.36±13.15)歲,男性平均(43.96± 14.22)歲,女性平均(44.48±12.87)歲。結(jié)果顯示,年齡、病理類型及腫瘤T分期在男性與女性患者中分布差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況
經(jīng)術(shù)后病理證實(shí)有142例出現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,所有患者均找到SLN,活檢成功率為100%;共找到SLN 1265枚,平均每例5枚,其中,轉(zhuǎn)移陽性291枚;術(shù)后病理共找到CCLN 5385枚,其中,轉(zhuǎn)移陽性827枚;SLN冰凍陰性141例,其中,有30例在術(shù)后病理證實(shí)非前哨淋巴結(jié)存在癌轉(zhuǎn)移或SLN有漏診癌轉(zhuǎn)移。全部病例中淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為56.13%(142/253),SLN活檢的假陰性率為21.1%,有25例除SLN陽性外未再找到其他陽性淋巴結(jié),SLN活檢的靈敏度為78.9%,特異度為81.6%,陽性預(yù)測值為81.8%,陰性預(yù)測值為78.7%。用ROC工作曲線評價(jià)SLN活檢數(shù)及術(shù)后CCLN清掃總數(shù)對于術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷價(jià)值(圖1),從曲線中得出SLN數(shù)在n=4.5,術(shù)后CCLN總數(shù)在N=17.5附近時(shí)分別出現(xiàn)最佳的靈敏度和特異度。
表1 年齡、病理類型及腫瘤T分期在不同性別中的分布情況
圖1 前哨淋巴結(jié)數(shù)與術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)總數(shù)的ROC曲線
3.1關(guān)于甲狀腺癌淋巴結(jié)清掃的爭論
在甲狀腺癌的淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍上一直存在分歧,分化型甲狀腺癌本身預(yù)后較好,多數(shù)研究報(bào)道其5年生存率可以超過90%;有學(xué)者認(rèn)為即便存在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移也不影響患者生存率,預(yù)防性CCLN清掃在改善預(yù)后方面并沒有顯現(xiàn)出優(yōu)勢[4-6],同時(shí)有可能增加局部并發(fā)癥尤其是甲狀旁腺損傷。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道中央?yún)^(qū)清掃后暫時(shí)性甲狀旁腺功能減退的發(fā)生率為14%~40%,其中約1.2%需要額外補(bǔ)鈣超過6~12個(gè)月[7],而永久性甲狀旁腺功能減退的比例為2.9%~11%[8-12]。另有研究表明,除增加甲狀旁腺損傷外,預(yù)防性中央?yún)^(qū)清掃甚至不能降低甲癌的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率[13-14]。Moreno等[15]認(rèn)為,組織病理學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和臨床B超發(fā)現(xiàn)的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移生物學(xué)行為不一樣,其復(fù)發(fā)率很小,預(yù)防性頸淋巴結(jié)清掃并不能降低復(fù)發(fā)率,只要B超未發(fā)現(xiàn)有轉(zhuǎn)移的征象即不主張常規(guī)行預(yù)防性清掃。
而主張積極清掃的學(xué)者認(rèn)為有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的甲狀腺癌復(fù)發(fā)率為16.3%,無轉(zhuǎn)移的復(fù)發(fā)率為0[16]。分化型甲狀腺中有28%~33%的患者術(shù)后病理發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移,因此改變分期和后續(xù)處理方案[17],預(yù)防性清掃可以清除潛在的復(fù)發(fā)灶[18]。原發(fā)灶與CCLN同時(shí)清除后,可能阻斷其向頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移,能降低術(shù)后頸側(cè)區(qū)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率[19]。初次手術(shù)時(shí)解剖層次清楚,很少發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥;二次手術(shù)行頸中央?yún)^(qū)清掃時(shí)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高;一組45例患者的研究報(bào)道,再次行中央?yún)^(qū)清掃術(shù)后永久性聲帶麻痹率為17.8%,永久性甲狀旁腺功能減退率為4.9%[20]。國內(nèi)朱一鳴等[21]報(bào)道,再次手術(shù)行中央?yún)^(qū)清掃的25例患者中,出現(xiàn)暫時(shí)性甲狀旁腺功能減退6例(24%),永久性甲狀旁腺功能減退2例(8%),部分病例甚至難以徹底切除轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)。即便是術(shù)前診斷為cN0的分化型甲狀腺癌,其術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率仍可高達(dá)41.7%~54.2%[22-24]。目前男性、年齡>45歲、腫瘤>1 cm等被認(rèn)為與CCLN轉(zhuǎn)移有顯著相關(guān)性[9],SLN的狀態(tài)可能成為決定清掃的又一因素。
3.2SLN活檢及本研究的價(jià)值
SLN是1977年Cabans在研究陰莖癌時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種特殊的淋巴結(jié)[25]。1998年Celernan將SLN定位與活檢用于甲狀腺腫瘤[3]。Wierzbicka等[26]曾提出甲狀腺癌不論發(fā)生在哪都會首先轉(zhuǎn)移到Ⅵ區(qū)。本研究中SLN定義為注射納米炭后3 min內(nèi)黑染或由黑染淋巴管指向的最近一站淋巴結(jié),其活檢成功率達(dá)到100%。國內(nèi)早在2001年房居高等[27]即報(bào)道了相應(yīng)研究,提出SLN陽性預(yù)測值為86.7%,陰性預(yù)測值為85.7%,假陰性率為為14.3%,認(rèn)為其對頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有重要預(yù)測價(jià)值。對比本研究中,SLN活檢的靈敏度為78.9%,特異度為81.6%,陽性預(yù)測值為81.8%,陰性預(yù)測值為78.7%。SLN活檢的假陰性率為21.1%。分析假陰性率可能的原因?yàn)椋孩偌谞钕袤w積小,血運(yùn)豐富,淋巴回流復(fù)雜[28]。②淋巴管被癌栓阻塞,使淋巴結(jié)不顯影或引流方向發(fā)生改變,無轉(zhuǎn)移的淋巴結(jié)顯影而非真正有轉(zhuǎn)移的淋巴結(jié)。③部分患者存在多中心癌或雙側(cè)癌。盡管有學(xué)者認(rèn)為頸淋巴結(jié)的轉(zhuǎn)移與甲狀腺癌多灶性無關(guān)聯(lián)[16],但本研究中納米炭注射位置常規(guī)選擇在雙側(cè)甲狀腺前內(nèi)側(cè),對于覆蓋頸部中央?yún)^(qū)引流區(qū)域是足夠的,而對于個(gè)別發(fā)生在上極或背側(cè)的腫瘤可能尚不充分。④存在多個(gè)SLN,術(shù)者遺漏了部分有轉(zhuǎn)移者。⑤不同術(shù)者對染色法的操作方法及熟練程度參差不齊。⑥腫塊微小,位置隱蔽,注射位置不易選擇或腫塊有鈣化、質(zhì)地堅(jiān)硬,造成注射困難引起偏差等。對于SLN“失真”另一個(gè)可能的解釋是甲狀腺癌可能存在跳躍式淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[29]。國內(nèi)白云城等[30]報(bào)道,首站“跳躍”轉(zhuǎn)移至Ⅵ區(qū)以外的淋巴結(jié)見于約20%的甲狀腺乳頭狀癌患者。有薈萃分析顯示,由于術(shù)中冰凍切片層數(shù)及診斷時(shí)間的限制,亦可導(dǎo)致12%的前哨淋巴結(jié)出現(xiàn)漏診[25]。在本研究中另有17.6%(25/142)僅在SLN中找到陽性結(jié)果,提示對于某些病例清掃染色的SLN已然“足夠”,從而有望進(jìn)一步規(guī)避相關(guān)手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。類比乳腺癌SLN活檢數(shù)達(dá)到3個(gè)則準(zhǔn)確性可以超過99%,對于甲狀腺癌也可以探索臨界值以使操作更加規(guī)范可靠。本研究采用ROC受試者工作特性曲線對前哨淋巴結(jié)的靈敏度與特異度進(jìn)行評價(jià),當(dāng)SLN數(shù)為4~5枚(n=4.5)時(shí)出現(xiàn)拐點(diǎn),即此時(shí)靈敏度與特異度收益最佳,目前在國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)中尚未查詢到類似的結(jié)果。本研究中平均每例取到5枚SLN,由此得出相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)較為可信。
3.3小結(jié)
SLN活檢有助于篩選出真正需要CCLN清掃的患者,其具備較好的陽性和陰性預(yù)測值,通過更適當(dāng)?shù)臋z出數(shù)和精準(zhǔn)定位,可以進(jìn)一步提高對淋巴結(jié)清掃的指導(dǎo)價(jià)值。
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Clinicopathological study of sentinel lymph node in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma
ZHAO Jing1TENG Lianghong2LING Yuwei1WANG Yajun1HAI Tao1KANG Hua1▲
1.Department of General Surgery,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing100053,China;2.Department of Pathology,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing100053,China
R736.102
A
1673-7210(2016)09(c)-0035-04
2016-06-21本文編輯:程銘)
北京市衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)高層次衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人才培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2011-2-28)。