陳孝均,賀智榆,鄒永根,羅 成,吳 健
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·短篇論著·
經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路PHILOS鋼板治療老年人肱骨近端骨折
陳孝均,賀智榆,鄒永根,羅成,吳健
目的評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)用肱骨近端內(nèi)鎖定系統(tǒng)(proximal humeral internal locking system,PHILOS)鋼板經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路治療老年人肱骨近端骨折的臨床療效。方法回顧性研究2012年4月~2014年4月應(yīng)用PHILOS鋼板經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路治療的26例老年人肱骨近端骨折,術(shù)中應(yīng)用微創(chuàng)鋼板接骨(minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis,MIPO)技術(shù),其中男性11例,女性15例;年齡60~82歲,平均67.8歲;傷后至手術(shù)時(shí)間2~14d,平均4.1d;Neer二部分骨折6例,三部分骨折11例,四部分骨折9例。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、隨訪時(shí)間、骨性愈合時(shí)間及Neer評(píng)分。結(jié)果本組病例手術(shù)時(shí)間50~115min,平均85min;術(shù)中出血60~140mL,平均90mL。所有患者均獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間6~18個(gè)月,平均9.5個(gè)月。所有骨折均骨性愈合,愈合時(shí)間11~29周,平均15.8周。1年內(nèi)末次隨訪時(shí)采用Neer評(píng)分:優(yōu)10例,良13例,可2例,差1例,優(yōu)良率88.5%。結(jié)論應(yīng)用PHILOS鋼板經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路治療老年人肱骨近端骨折,術(shù)中運(yùn)用MIPO技術(shù),具有創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)中出血少、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、骨折愈合快、肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。手術(shù)過(guò)程中必須對(duì)腋神經(jīng)加以保護(hù)。該術(shù)式可作為治療老年人肱骨近端骨折的首選方法,尤其適合于伴有骨質(zhì)疏松的老年患者。
肱骨近端骨折; 入路; 鋼板; 老年
老年人肱骨近端骨折是臨床上比較常見(jiàn)的骨折之一,其骨折類型復(fù)雜,預(yù)后較差,國(guó)外稱之為“unsolved fracture”[1]。常規(guī)手術(shù)入路采用的經(jīng)胸三角肌入路剝離廣泛,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,術(shù)后早期不能進(jìn)行有效的功能鍛煉,容易遺留肩關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙。筆者自2012年4月~2014年4月應(yīng)用肱骨近端內(nèi)鎖定系統(tǒng)(proximal humeral internal locking system,PHILOS)鋼板(圖1)經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路治療老年人肱骨近端骨折26例,術(shù)中應(yīng)用微創(chuàng)鋼板接骨(minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis, MIPO)技術(shù),具有創(chuàng)傷小、固定牢固、骨折愈合率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),現(xiàn)將此26例臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,探討該手術(shù)方法的臨床療效。
1一般資料
本組26例老年肱骨近端骨折患者,均有不同程度的骨質(zhì)疏松,其中男性11例,女性15例;年齡60~82歲,平均67.8歲。致傷原因:平地摔傷16例,運(yùn)動(dòng)傷6例,道路交通傷4例。所有患者入院后常規(guī)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)肩關(guān)節(jié)正側(cè)位片及肩關(guān)節(jié)CT平掃+三維重建(圖2),觀察骨折塊移位情況及了解骨質(zhì)疏松程度?;加懈哐獕翰?例,糖尿病6例,肺部疾病2例,肝腎功能障礙1例,其中同時(shí)合并2 種以上內(nèi)科基礎(chǔ)疾病患者5 例,合并其他部位骨折4例,全身多發(fā)骨折伴腹腔臟器損傷1例。對(duì)伴有內(nèi)科基礎(chǔ)疾病患者先行內(nèi)科治療,待能耐受手術(shù)后再行手術(shù)治療。對(duì)于多發(fā)傷患者,根據(jù)傷情同期或分期處理。在行骨折治療的同時(shí)進(jìn)行抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療,改善骨的質(zhì)量利于內(nèi)固定的牢靠,促進(jìn)骨折愈合,縮短治療時(shí)間。手術(shù)均在傷后2~14d完成,平均4.1d。Neer分型二部分骨折6例,三部分骨折11例,四部分骨折9例。本組所用內(nèi)固定PHILOS鋼板(圖1),由北京貝思達(dá)生物技術(shù)有限公司提供。
圖1 PHILOS鋼板
圖2患者女性,62歲,右側(cè)肱骨近端Neer三部分骨折。術(shù)前X線片+CT平掃
2手術(shù)方法
臂叢麻醉或全麻下手術(shù),患者采用“沙灘椅”位,患側(cè)肩后墊薄枕,并確保術(shù)中能夠?qū)﹄殴墙诉M(jìn)行前后位和腋位的X線透視[2]。切口(圖3a)始于肩峰前外側(cè)0.5cm處,遠(yuǎn)端到達(dá)三角肌,長(zhǎng)約6cm。通過(guò)辨認(rèn)三角肌肌腹之間的脂肪纖維紋,找到三角肌前束和中間束肌肉間隙[3]。在肌間隙近端切開(kāi)約5cm,暴露肱骨大結(jié)節(jié),游離進(jìn)入肩峰下和三角肌下區(qū)域后,插入手指觸摸并確定從后方四邊孔發(fā)出的腋神經(jīng)前支,找到腋神經(jīng)的真正位置。保護(hù)腋神經(jīng),將切口向下分離顯露肱骨干近端。手法牽引復(fù)位的同時(shí),通過(guò)近端軟組織手術(shù)窗,利用縫扎在肩袖上的縫線牽拉技術(shù)和2.0mm克氏針撬撥技術(shù)幫助骨折復(fù)位,糾正肱骨頭的內(nèi)外翻和旋轉(zhuǎn)畸形、修復(fù)重建內(nèi)側(cè)肱骨距[4]、復(fù)位大小結(jié)節(jié)骨折塊,用多枚1.5mm克氏針臨時(shí)固定復(fù)位的骨折塊。通過(guò)2枚順行的2.0mm克氏針從肱骨頭打入至肱骨干內(nèi)側(cè)皮質(zhì)來(lái)維持肱骨頭和肱骨干的臨時(shí)復(fù)位。選擇鋼板遠(yuǎn)端有5個(gè)鎖定加壓鋼板(LCP)結(jié)合孔的PHILOS鋼板進(jìn)行骨折端的固定,于三角肌的深面通過(guò)肌肉間隙緊貼肱骨骨膜向遠(yuǎn)端插入鋼板,鋼板需沿著肱骨干軸線緊貼大結(jié)節(jié)外側(cè)正中。直視或手指觸摸確認(rèn)鋼板近端距離大結(jié)節(jié)最高點(diǎn)8~10mm,稍偏結(jié)節(jié)間溝后方4mm,通過(guò)鋼板上的小孔向肱骨頭內(nèi)打入2枚1.5mm克氏針臨時(shí)固定鋼板位置(圖3b)。在鋼板遠(yuǎn)端另做皮膚小切口,通過(guò)該軟組織手術(shù)窗,利用手指觸摸確認(rèn)鋼板遠(yuǎn)端在肱骨干居中位置后,先于近側(cè)端的LCP結(jié)合孔(PHILOS鋼板的F孔是腋神經(jīng)損傷的危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域,應(yīng)避免植釘)用1枚3.5mm皮質(zhì)骨螺釘將接骨板固定于肱骨干并擰緊加壓;再通過(guò)近端軟組織手術(shù)窗,于鋼板近端向肱骨頭內(nèi)擰入5~6枚鎖定螺釘[5];通過(guò)下方軟組織手術(shù)窗,擰入2~3枚鎖定螺釘。C型臂X線機(jī)透視下在肱骨近端的各個(gè)方位[6](內(nèi)旋前后位、中立前后位、外旋前后位、外展30°軸位四種位置的透視)證實(shí)骨折復(fù)位佳、大小結(jié)節(jié)位置滿意、內(nèi)固定可靠,肩關(guān)節(jié)被動(dòng)活動(dòng)良好后,拔除臨時(shí)固定的克氏針。徹底止血、清洗傷口,將預(yù)先穿過(guò)接骨板小孔的大小結(jié)節(jié)處縫線打結(jié)固定于PHILOS鋼板上,加強(qiáng)修復(fù)肩袖[7]。在三角肌下方放置負(fù)壓引流,修復(fù)重建肌間隙和三角肌筋膜,皮下縫合并關(guān)閉傷口。
3術(shù)后處理
術(shù)后常規(guī)給予口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,以利于康復(fù)訓(xùn)練。骨質(zhì)疏松患者同時(shí)給予抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療。將患肢用三角巾胸前懸吊,術(shù)后2~4d復(fù)查X線,并由醫(yī)師指導(dǎo)患者在術(shù)后2周內(nèi)進(jìn)行輕度的鐘擺運(yùn)動(dòng)。2周后患肢懸吊制動(dòng)的同時(shí)由康復(fù)治療師指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行輕柔的被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)練習(xí)(重點(diǎn)練習(xí)前屈、外展和輕度的內(nèi)/外旋)。6周時(shí)去除三角巾懸吊,進(jìn)行更積極的被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)避免關(guān)節(jié)囊僵硬,爭(zhēng)取在3個(gè)月時(shí)肩關(guān)節(jié)可以達(dá)到完全的被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍。當(dāng)3~6個(gè)月出現(xiàn)影像學(xué)骨性愈合跡象時(shí)(圖3c),患者可進(jìn)行最大主動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍下漸進(jìn)的負(fù)重功能鍛煉。在整個(gè)康復(fù)過(guò)程中,鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)行患側(cè)肘、腕、手等各關(guān)節(jié)主、被動(dòng)活動(dòng)及前臂旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
本組26例均應(yīng)用MIPO技術(shù)采用肩峰前外側(cè)手術(shù)入路,切口均一期愈合。手術(shù)時(shí)間50~115min,平均85min;術(shù)中出血60~140mL,平均90mL。所有患者均獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間6~18個(gè)月,平均9.5個(gè)月。所有骨折均骨性愈合,愈合時(shí)間11~29周,平均15.8周;隨訪期內(nèi)未發(fā)現(xiàn)深靜脈血栓,無(wú)因內(nèi)科基礎(chǔ)疾病而致死病例。2例出現(xiàn)腋神經(jīng)損傷,但術(shù)后3個(gè)月腋神經(jīng)均恢復(fù)正常;1例內(nèi)側(cè)距粉碎性塌陷的骨質(zhì)疏松患者肱骨近端骨折內(nèi)翻塌陷造成近排螺釘切出;1例老年女性患者肱骨近端骨折復(fù)位欠理想,骨折畸形愈合,患肢上舉功能輕度受限,但能完成梳頭等日常活動(dòng),其余患者無(wú)螺釘松動(dòng)、拔出、切割、肱骨頭壞死等情況出現(xiàn)。1年內(nèi)末次隨訪時(shí)采用Neer評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)的疼痛、功能、活動(dòng)度和解剖恢復(fù)進(jìn)行評(píng)定:優(yōu)(>90分)10例,良(80~89分)13例,可(71~79分)2例,差(≤70分)1例,優(yōu)良率88.5%(圖3d)。
abcd
圖3患者男性,61歲,右側(cè)肱骨近端Neer二部分骨折。a.術(shù)中切口;b.術(shù)中X線片;c.術(shù)后隨訪X線片;d.術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)(右側(cè)為患肩)
1MIPO技術(shù)的應(yīng)用
Gardner等[8-9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn):肩峰下緣至腋神經(jīng)主干的距離為53.2~70.4mm(平均63.3mm);盡管腋神經(jīng)緊貼三角肌的深面走行,但其可以安全地從肱骨近端骨皮質(zhì)牽開(kāi)8.0~20.0mm(平均13.4mm)而不受損傷。因此,自肩峰向下沿三角肌肌纖維縱行劈開(kāi)三角肌,長(zhǎng)度不超過(guò)6cm就不會(huì)傷及腋神經(jīng)[10],也不會(huì)影響前部和中部三角肌肌纖維的收縮功能[11];應(yīng)用MIPO技術(shù)在三角肌的深面向遠(yuǎn)端插入PHILOS鋼板也不會(huì)損傷腋神經(jīng)[12]。通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)牽引上肢及拉鉤牽拉切口,肱骨近端的骨折塊在這個(gè)切口內(nèi)均可以得到充分的暴露,并進(jìn)行有效的骨折復(fù)位與固定[13]。本組隨訪結(jié)果證實(shí),經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)切口整復(fù)肱骨近端骨折,采用MIPO技術(shù)在三角肌肌層深面插入PHILOS鋼板進(jìn)行內(nèi)固定,術(shù)后骨折愈合快,肩關(guān)節(jié)的前屈、外展活動(dòng)以及上臂外側(cè)皮膚的感覺(jué)均沒(méi)有受影響,表明應(yīng)用PHILOS鋼板經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路采用MIPO技術(shù)治療老年人肱骨近端骨折是安全可靠的。
2腋神經(jīng)的保護(hù)
近年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肱骨近端骨折內(nèi)固定術(shù)后內(nèi)固定失敗率為8.6%~22.0%[14],術(shù)中未重建內(nèi)側(cè)柱支撐是術(shù)后內(nèi)固定失敗的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。Gardner等[15]認(rèn)為,將內(nèi)側(cè)支撐螺釘(medial support screw,MSS)(經(jīng)PHILOS鋼板的D、E孔植入的螺釘)準(zhǔn)確地置入肱骨頭內(nèi)下區(qū)軟骨下骨是重建內(nèi)側(cè)柱支撐的方法之一。但在PHILOS鋼板的D、E、F孔是腋神經(jīng)損傷的危險(xiǎn)區(qū)[16]。因此,筆者建議對(duì)于內(nèi)側(cè)柱支撐完整的病例,無(wú)需植入MSS;對(duì)于內(nèi)側(cè)柱塌陷的病例,植入MSS時(shí)應(yīng)注意對(duì)腋神經(jīng)的保護(hù),避免腋神經(jīng)的醫(yī)源性損傷。對(duì)于體形肥胖的患者,小切口顯露骨折有困難,仍需要顯露腋神經(jīng)加以保護(hù)[17],但不需要游離,僅顯露血管神經(jīng)束即可。對(duì)極度肥胖、伴有肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位的病例,閉合復(fù)位易引起血管及神經(jīng)損傷,仍主張采用經(jīng)胸三角肌入路為好。
3肩峰前外側(cè)入路的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)
經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)小切口入路相對(duì)于常規(guī)的經(jīng)胸三角肌入路,具有手術(shù)切口小、對(duì)骨折部位的顯露更直接、對(duì)骨折血運(yùn)的破壞小、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、術(shù)中出血少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[18]?;颊咝g(shù)后恢復(fù)快,可早期進(jìn)行功能鍛煉,從而獲得良好的功能[17]。術(shù)中避免了對(duì)肱骨頭的主要血供來(lái)源旋肱前動(dòng)脈升支的影響,有利于骨折早期愈合[19],避免發(fā)生肱骨頭缺血壞死[20],符合微創(chuàng)原則。當(dāng)然,切口入路的安全性是必須考慮的,過(guò)多地劈開(kāi)三角肌會(huì)面臨腋神經(jīng)損傷的危險(xiǎn)[21]。本組病例采用的肩峰前外側(cè)縱切口入路皮膚切口約為6cm,鈍性劈開(kāi)三角肌為5cm,因此具有可行性和安全性。
綜上所述,對(duì)伴有骨質(zhì)疏松的老年人肱骨近端骨折的處理,需要輕柔小心地暴露骨折端,避免損傷血管神經(jīng)。良好的骨折復(fù)位后,需對(duì)骨折進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定的固定,PHILOS鋼板的應(yīng)用可以充分中和導(dǎo)致骨折端變形的所有力量[22]。應(yīng)用MIPO技術(shù)經(jīng)肩峰前外側(cè)入路治療肱骨近端骨折具有創(chuàng)傷小、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、術(shù)中出血少、固定可靠、骨折愈合率高、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),術(shù)后可早期進(jìn)行功能鍛煉,關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)好,在大多數(shù)的老年人肱骨近端骨折的手術(shù)治療中可以作為首選的手術(shù)入路,尤其適合于骨質(zhì)疏松的老年患者。與傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)胸三角肌入路相比,若要明確哪種入路更為優(yōu)良,則需要進(jìn)一步增加患者數(shù)量來(lái)進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究。
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(本文編輯: 秦楠)
Using PHILOS plate through anterolateral acromial approach for treating proximal humerus fractures in elderly patients
CHENXiao-jun,HEZhi-yu,ZOUYong-gen,LUOCheng,WUJian
(Department of Orthopedic Surgery,Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou646000,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical significance of using proximal humeral internal locking system (PHILOS) plate through anterolateral acromial approach for treatment of proximal humerus fractures in elderly patients with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique. MethodsFrom Apr.2012 to Apr.2014,26 cases of proximal humerus fractures were treated with PHILOS plate through anterolateral acromial approach with MIPO technique. There were 11 males and 15 females with an average age of 67.8 years (range,60-82 years) and with an average time of 4.1 days after injury(range,2-14 days) between injury and operation,including 6 cases of Neer Ⅱ,11 cases of Neer Ⅲ,and 9 cases of Neer Ⅳ. The operation time,operative blood loss,length of follow-up,healing time and Neer score were recorded. ResultsAll cases experienced a primary wound healing,a mean operation time of 85 min (range,50-115 min),and a mean intraoperative blood loss of 90mL (range,60-140mL). All the 26 cases were followed up for 6 to 18 months with an average of 9.5 months. The bone healing time was 15.8 weeks(range,11-29 weeks). According to Neer scores,the functional results of the shoulder were evaluated within 1 year after operation,were classified as excellent in 10 cases,good in 13 cases,fair in 2 cases,and poor in 1 case. The excellent and good rate was 88.5%. ConclusionUsing PHILOS plate through anterolateral acromial approach for treatment of proximal humerus fractures in elderly patients with MIPO technique has advantages of less trauma,less blood loss,shorter operative time,rapid recovery of shoulder joint function and fracture. When the procedure is performed with the lateral double incision,preservation of the axillary nerve is necessary. This approach can be the first choice for closed proximal humerus fracture but more extensive studies are needed,especially to elderly patients with osteoporosis.
proximal humerus fractures; approach; plate; elderly
646000 四川 瀘州,西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬中醫(yī)醫(yī)院骨傷科
鄒永根,E-mail:orthluzhou@163.com
1009-4237(2016)08-0490-04
R 683.41
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-4237.2016.08.014
2015-07-16;
2015-12-01)