饒水農(nóng) 金佳
定語(yǔ)表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、特征、所屬,用于限定名詞或代詞,多數(shù)情況下,定語(yǔ)放在被修飾詞之前,稱之為前置定語(yǔ),但有些詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)時(shí),則要放在被修飾詞之后,稱之為后置定語(yǔ)。在英語(yǔ)使用和閱讀過(guò)程中,由于受后置定語(yǔ)的影響,不能正確理解句子的意思而造成不必要的錯(cuò)誤。因此,在這里歸納初中階段常見的幾種定語(yǔ)后置現(xiàn)象。
1. 單個(gè)單詞作后置定語(yǔ)
(1) 在形容詞中,有一些詞是表示狀態(tài)的,如在句子中作定語(yǔ)時(shí),須后置,此類形容詞有:asleep、awake、alone、alive、afraid、alike等。例如:
Tom was the only boy awake at that time.
(2) 修飾(如:something, anything,nothing等)復(fù)合不定代詞的形容詞,須后置。例如:
Its nothing serious, doctor?
(3) 形容詞修飾如the one等之類的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)放在其后。例如:
What about the one thing needful?
(4) 形容詞修飾的詞是起名詞作用的(如anywhere,somewhere等)時(shí),也應(yīng)后置。例如:
He has been sent to somewhere particular.
(5) 一些表示處所、方位、時(shí)間副詞(如here, there, above, below, upstairs, downstairs, outside, inside, around, today, nearby,in,out,home,abroad,before,yesterday等)作定語(yǔ),常作后置定語(yǔ)。例如:
Beijing is a beautiful city. People there are very friendly, too.
(6) 現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),如它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是分詞本身的動(dòng)作,也應(yīng)放在被修飾詞之后。例如:
① Some people singing in the classroom are the students.
② Their high standard showed the progress made.
(7) else 只作后置定語(yǔ),修飾疑問詞或不定代詞。例如:
If Li Lei isnt free. Please ask someone else to help.
(8) left表示“剩下的”的意思時(shí),是形容詞,須后置。例如:
Hurry up!There is ten minutes left.
(9) 有些詞(如:enough, possible, more等)既可作前置定語(yǔ),也可作后置定語(yǔ)。例如:
He has wine enough for ten persons. (= enough wine)
(10) 基數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ),表示順序時(shí),也需后置。如:
① Lesson One ② Room 203
(11) 一些形容詞,如deep, high, long, old, tall, wide, young等與表示度量的短語(yǔ)連用時(shí),要后置。例如:
There is a tower about 180 feet high.
(12) 由and、but、or連接的兩個(gè)并列描述性形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)必須后置,且表達(dá)非限制意義。例如:
The stories are so interesting that people, old and young, enjoy listening to them.
(13) 形容詞作定語(yǔ)在一些固定詞組中習(xí)慣放在被修飾詞后。例如:
① the third person singular
② the sum total
2. 短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)
(1) 形容詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞短語(yǔ)等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),須后置。例如:
① My daughter is the girl in white under the tree.
② I live in a village far from here.
(2) 動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))作后置定語(yǔ),其動(dòng)作大多含有一種未來(lái)傾向,和其所修飾的名詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或修飾關(guān)系等。例如:
① That will be the only thing to do now. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)
② Is this something to be ashamed of? (修飾關(guān)系,of 不可省略)
(3) 分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。分詞短語(yǔ)包括現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)和過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)(注意:分詞本身作定語(yǔ)時(shí)是前置的),現(xiàn)在分詞可用來(lái)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作。例如:
① An Eighth Route Army man riding a horse came from the front.
② Is English the language spoken by the largest number of people in the world?
3. 句子作定語(yǔ)(即定語(yǔ)從句)
定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,都是放在被修飾詞的后面,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常用逗號(hào)隔開,表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如:
① There is only one thing I can do.
② I will never forget the day, on which I joined the Party.
通過(guò)對(duì)后置定語(yǔ)歸納整理,我們可以看到,英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)后置有一定的規(guī)律可循。在今后英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,只要遵循規(guī)律,就一定能區(qū)分并能正確地使用。
廖志恩. 漢語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)英譯初探[J]. 教文匯(中旬刊), 2011(01).
(作者單位:湖北省咸寧市崇陽(yáng)縣白霓鎮(zhèn)中學(xué))