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        托福聽(tīng)力指南:如何搞定“比較”和“遞進(jìn)”結(jié)構(gòu)的講座題

        2016-10-09 07:49:46
        新東方英語(yǔ) 2016年10期
        關(guān)鍵詞:比較結(jié)構(gòu)

        周怡臻

        在本刊2016年9月號(hào)的文章里,筆者和考生們討論了“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu)講座的解題技巧,想必大家在練習(xí)中也已經(jīng)體會(huì)到把握好結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)解題的益處。而這一期,筆者將繼續(xù)為考生介紹其他兩種類(lèi)型:比較結(jié)構(gòu)、遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)。

        比較結(jié)構(gòu)

        在每次托福聽(tīng)力考試中,比較結(jié)構(gòu)的講座大概會(huì)出現(xiàn)一篇。在錄音一開(kāi)始時(shí),往往就會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)比和分類(lèi)這樣的特殊語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,因此這種結(jié)構(gòu)非常容易識(shí)別。這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)涉及的話(huà)題可能是兩種詩(shī)歌風(fēng)格的比較、兩種土撥鼠生活習(xí)性的差異、用兩種天文觀測(cè)方法觀察宇宙時(shí)的優(yōu)劣,抑或是公司的兩種運(yùn)營(yíng)管理模式的對(duì)比等。然后,錄音針對(duì)比較對(duì)象的各個(gè)方面進(jìn)行更加深入細(xì)致的區(qū)分和探討,通常針對(duì)每一個(gè)層面和維度都會(huì)考查一道題目。最后,講座結(jié)尾往往會(huì)用一兩句話(huà)來(lái)概括錄音內(nèi)容。此類(lèi)講座屬于中等難度,邏輯感非常強(qiáng),但是因?yàn)殇浺糁薪淌诘闹v述常常會(huì)在兩種事物間來(lái)回切換,所以考生稍不留神可能會(huì)將兩種事物的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系搞錯(cuò)。

        了解了比較結(jié)構(gòu)的特征后,考生要熟悉針對(duì)這種結(jié)構(gòu)考官會(huì)如何出題,即這種結(jié)構(gòu)的出題點(diǎn)是什么。根據(jù)筆者的觀察,比較結(jié)構(gòu)主要有以下兩種出題思路:比較原則和重復(fù)原則。本文筆者就用TOEFL Practice Online (托福在線(xiàn)考試練習(xí),簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)TPO)第19套題的第二篇講述兩種天文觀測(cè)方法的天文學(xué)講座為例,為考生具體分析一下如何針對(duì)講座比較結(jié)構(gòu)的出題點(diǎn)來(lái)解答題目。

        1. 比較原則。如果考生在錄音中聽(tīng)到像on the one hand、on the flip side這樣的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或像now、by comparison、in contrast、unlike、while、“the more …, the more …”這樣的比較用詞,那么可以判斷出這段錄音就是以比較結(jié)構(gòu)的形式展開(kāi)的。錄音中加以比較的事物、屬性等就成為考生做筆記的重點(diǎn)??忌龉P記時(shí),應(yīng)按照這樣的布局來(lái)寫(xiě):分列左右兩欄,相關(guān)的事物、屬性等細(xì)節(jié)記錄在對(duì)應(yīng)比較物下方。下面我們通過(guò)具體例題來(lái)講解。

        例:According to the professor, why are radio waves particularly useful for astronomical observations? Click on 2 answers.

        A. Some astronomical bodies emit radio waves but not visible light.

        B. Radio waves provide more information about star composition than visible light waves do.

        C. Radio waves can be detected with simple equipment.

        D. Radio waves can pass through particles in space.

        解析 在講座錄音中,當(dāng)教授結(jié)束了光波的討論后,轉(zhuǎn)而涉及無(wú)線(xiàn)電波,他說(shuō)道:“Now, radio waves are electromagnetic radiation that we cant see. Nearly all astronomical objects in space emit radio waves, whether nearby stars, or objects in faraway galaxies, they all give off radio waves. And unlike visible light waves, these radio waves can get through the various gases and dusts in space, and through our own earths atmosphere comparatively easily.”在這段錄音中,考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)now和unlike兩個(gè)詞,教授把無(wú)線(xiàn)電波和光波作了比較,很顯然這段話(huà)突出了無(wú)線(xiàn)電波(屬于電磁輻射)的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn),所以正確答案為選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)D。

        2. 重復(fù)原則。其實(shí),沒(méi)有哪一種方式能夠比重復(fù)某個(gè)信息更能證明這個(gè)信息的重要性了。所以如果一個(gè)概念在錄音中從頭到尾都在出現(xiàn),那么這個(gè)概念毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)一定是全文的主旨。而如果這個(gè)詞只是反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在某個(gè)局部或某個(gè)特殊的位置,那么尤其要引起考生的注意。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)詞很有可能就是出題點(diǎn)。對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō),如果這個(gè)詞是生詞,那么只需記錄這個(gè)詞的大致發(fā)音就行。做題時(shí),考生只要能把自己記錄下來(lái)的單詞發(fā)音和題干或選項(xiàng)中的單詞正確匹配在一起就能正常答題。雖然考生不理解這個(gè)詞的實(shí)際意思,但并不影響選出正確選項(xiàng)。下面我們通過(guò)具體例題來(lái)講解。

        例:What does the professor imply is an advantage of optical astronomy over radio astronomy?

        A. It allows far more precise observations.

        B. It is better for making observations within our own galaxy.

        C. It requires less sophisticated equipment.

        D. It is not affected by the weather.

        解析 在講座錄音中,當(dāng)教授談到射電天文學(xué)的弱點(diǎn)時(shí),說(shuō)道:“Well, the thing is, with radio astronomy, you cant just set up a telescope in your backyard and observe stars. One problem is that radio waves from these far away objects, even though they can get through, are extremely faint. So we need to use radio telescopes, specially designed to receive these waves and then, well, we can use computers to create pictures based on the information we receive.”考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn),短短幾句話(huà)中,radio這個(gè)詞重復(fù)出現(xiàn)了三次,很顯然,這段內(nèi)容主要涉及的是射電天文學(xué)方面的內(nèi)容,說(shuō)的是它的研究需要很復(fù)雜的設(shè)備,不如光學(xué)天文學(xué)那么簡(jiǎn)單,所以光學(xué)天文學(xué)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是選項(xiàng)C。

        遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)

        遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的講座比較容易識(shí)別,有時(shí)甚至可以?xún)H通過(guò)電腦屏幕上的圖片看出來(lái)。由于是機(jī)考,在播放錄音資料時(shí),電腦屏幕上會(huì)顯示相應(yīng)的背景圖片??忌梢愿鶕?jù)背景圖片判斷是不是遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)。因?yàn)檫f進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的講座會(huì)融入大量的師生討論,所以圖片中的教室布局往往是師生圍坐在一起研討,而不像前兩類(lèi)講座中學(xué)生集體面向教室前方聽(tīng)教授一人講課?,F(xiàn)在遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)頻率比前幾年有所增多,每次考試會(huì)有一至兩篇是這種結(jié)構(gòu)。形式是通過(guò)教授和某個(gè)學(xué)生的互動(dòng)展開(kāi),而一旦有其他學(xué)生介入,討論方向的不確定性就很大。但后文的討論一定與前文有關(guān)聯(lián),而且往往是基于前文的某個(gè)問(wèn)題結(jié)論再度發(fā)問(wèn)。因此這類(lèi)錄音的話(huà)題范圍非常小,但可以發(fā)展得非常深。諸如一個(gè)畫(huà)家藝術(shù)風(fēng)格受到的影響,一個(gè)與火星上有液態(tài)水的假說(shuō)相矛盾的關(guān)于太陽(yáng)的假說(shuō),郁金香買(mǎi)賣(mài)的歷史教訓(xùn)對(duì)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)泡沫的借鑒作用等,都會(huì)成為這類(lèi)錄音的選材。考查的題目則會(huì)覆蓋任何一段討論中教授或?qū)W生給出的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)。此類(lèi)錄音難度很高,邏輯感相對(duì)較弱,因此學(xué)生最難把握的就是此類(lèi)錄音。

        了解完遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的特征,考生要熟悉針對(duì)這種結(jié)構(gòu)考官會(huì)如何出題。遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)主要有以下幾種出題思路:?jiǎn)柎鹪瓌t、轉(zhuǎn)折原則、因果原則、強(qiáng)調(diào)原則等。本文筆者用TOEFL Practice Online上第25套題最后一篇講述小狼幼崽玩耍的生物學(xué)講座為例,和考生具體分析一下如何針對(duì)講座遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的出題點(diǎn)來(lái)解答題目。

        1. 問(wèn)答原則。托福聽(tīng)力的對(duì)話(huà)部分都是以問(wèn)答的形式,層層深入,鋪陳開(kāi)來(lái)的,所以每一個(gè)問(wèn)題及它對(duì)應(yīng)的回答都有可能被考查,因此無(wú)論是問(wèn)還是答都必須加以記錄。而講座中一旦出現(xiàn)對(duì)話(huà)內(nèi)容,考生也應(yīng)明確這部分是考查的對(duì)象??疾闀r(shí)往往設(shè)置重聽(tīng)題,尤其是出現(xiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)句和反問(wèn)句時(shí)。重聽(tīng)題就是在題目中將錄音某部分的內(nèi)容再放一遍,讓考生重新去聽(tīng),之后考生根據(jù)自己重新聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容來(lái)解題。下面我們通過(guò)具體例題來(lái)講解。

        例:What does the student mean when she says this:

        A. She is not familiar with the play behavior of wolf pups.

        B. She doubts that wolf pups fight as much as the other students implies.

        C. She is not sure that she correctly understood the reading assignment.

        D. She disagrees with the other students opinion about play behavior.

        解析 在講座錄音中,當(dāng)男同學(xué)回答教授問(wèn)題時(shí),女同學(xué)介入:“Oh, I dont know about that. I mean, some of the things a young animal does while playing are totally different from the things they will do as an adult.”考生可以明顯感覺(jué)出她并不同意男同學(xué)的結(jié)論,所以選項(xiàng)D為正確答案。

        2. 轉(zhuǎn)折原則。像but、however、nevertheless、in fact、actually、as a matter of fact這些表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞一般會(huì)讓我們想到一個(gè)詞——欲揚(yáng)先抑。在聽(tīng)錄音時(shí),當(dāng)聽(tīng)到這些詞時(shí),考生要重點(diǎn)記錄的是這些詞后面的信息,因?yàn)槠浜蟮男畔⒉攀钦f(shuō)話(huà)人真正想要表達(dá)的想法。另外有一些具有讓步意義的詞,類(lèi)似although、it was believed、used to be,則更具迷惑性,因?yàn)槠浜竺嬷苯右龅耐钦f(shuō)話(huà)人想要反駁的觀點(diǎn)。下面我們通過(guò)具體例題來(lái)講解。

        例:Which statement best expresses the professors opinion of the play-as-preparation hypothesis?

        A. It is well supported by available evidence.

        B. It may apply only to certain species of animals.

        C. It does not explain some important aspects of play.

        D. It is particularly useful explaining human behavior.

        解析 在講座錄音中,教授對(duì)“玩耍是一種準(zhǔn)備工作”(play-as-preparation)這種假設(shè)表態(tài)時(shí)這樣說(shuō)道:“So, this self-handicapping, it is important to take this into account before just deciding to go with that first explanation. In fact, there really isnt much in the way of solid experimental evidence to support the play-as-preparation hypothesis.”很顯然,轉(zhuǎn)折詞in fact之后的內(nèi)容成為考生選擇選項(xiàng)C的重要依據(jù)。

        3. 因果原則。像because、therefore、since、as、so、hence、thus、lead to、result from、consequently這些詞會(huì)導(dǎo)出兩個(gè)信息之間的因果關(guān)系,所以考生在做錄音記錄時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)這些詞的前后信息都加以重視,并標(biāo)上邏輯箭頭,用來(lái)提醒自己,防止本末倒置。下面我們通過(guò)具體例題來(lái)講解。

        例:The professor discusses a study on the relationship between brain growth and play. What does that study conclude?

        A. Patterns of brain growth are similar in animals that play and animals that do not play.

        B. Excessive brain growth can sometimes limit an animals behavioral vocabulary.

        C. Animals that do not play have less-developed brains than animals that play.

        D. Animals without well-developed brains are seldom observed playing.

        解析 在講座錄音中,該題對(duì)應(yīng)的錄音是教授回答女生問(wèn)題時(shí)說(shuō)的內(nèi)容:“Actually, thats something the flexibility hypothesis explains very well. Since play fighting includes variations in speed and intensity, and quick role reversals involved with self-handicapping, an animal thats play fighting is constantly responding to changes. So its learning to be flexible.”很明顯,通過(guò)以上因果關(guān)系,我們知道,玩耍包含身體各機(jī)能的快速反應(yīng),所以腦子更靈活,反之如果沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)玩耍,那么結(jié)果就會(huì)是選項(xiàng)C (發(fā)展比較慢)。

        4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)原則。當(dāng)我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)信息時(shí),最常見(jiàn)的方式是直接用指示性的話(huà)語(yǔ)來(lái)提醒聽(tīng)眾,比如說(shuō)使用這樣的一類(lèi)詞:significant、worth our attention、crucial point。當(dāng)然,也可以用提高音量、放慢語(yǔ)速甚至稍加停頓的方式來(lái)達(dá)到同樣的效果。此時(shí),考生要記錄的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是這些詞對(duì)應(yīng)的實(shí)意信息,并加上重點(diǎn)符號(hào)。下面我們通過(guò)具體例題來(lái)講解。

        例:One of the students brings up the example of play fighting among wolf pups. What does this example lead him to believe?

        A. That wolves are especially violent animals.

        B. That the play-as-preparation hypothesis is probably correct.

        C. That wolves seldom engage in self-handicapping.

        D. That the results of a recent study are probably not reliable.

        解析 在講座錄音中,本題所對(duì)應(yīng)的錄音中男生提出自己的觀點(diǎn):“In other words, they play in order to practice survival skills, like movements used in hunting and fighting. That hypothesis makes a lot of sense, like, maybe the most sense of all the theories we read about … It just seems obvious why those wolf pups play like that. It gives them practice with skills that will make them better hunters or fighters as adults.”其中包含了非常具有強(qiáng)調(diào)意味的字眼,而且都是正面態(tài)度,所以憑此考生可選出正確答案是選項(xiàng)B。

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