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群觀GROUP THINK

WHO WATCHES THE WATCHERS ?

A curious look at the cult of the China watcher

“中國(guó)通”是怎樣煉成的？

BY CARlOS OTTERY

T his peculiar creature has many names： the Pekingologist， the （O ld） China Hand， the Sinologist， and， that most modern incarnation， the China watcher. Though each of these types has a distinct defnition， they all have an obsession and， occasionally， a professional duty to not on ly decipher and understand the com plex puzzle that is China， but also a desire to communicate their workings， learning， and insight to the world， be it through the memoir， column， epistolary novel， Twitter， or whatever the faddish medium of the day happens to be. If you fancy your hand at becom ing a China watcher， don't worry， there's endless room.

Of course， every region in the world has its experts， arm chair or otherw ise，who attempt to understand its culture， history， and language， but none of them， with the possible exception of the M iddle East， has so many voraciously， assiduously， and often hilariously attempting to understand a place. Almost anybody that has any passing attachment to China at all （even if it is simple as ordering a Chinese meal） has a go at a bit of China-watching at some point. People can't so much as look at a map of China （which， incidentally， is chickenshaped） without offering a pearl of w isdom as to what it all means.

The reasons behind the sheer scale of all this febrile musing are unclear， but a lot of it comes down to the nation being a “special case”. Just a few undisputed facts that make the nation interesting， specifcally that make it interesting to read （and w rite） books about， include： it has a really long history （at least double that of anywhere else）； learning the language is damn hard； it has a unique political system （called communism or mercantile imperialism， depending on who's side you are on）； it's vast； it's hugely populous； it's historically isolationist， so not many peop le know too much about it； it is mysterious； and， most importantly， it is a nation of contradictions. This joyous （and unique） soup all make China a fertile nation for people to fnd their inner voyeur and do a bit of “watching”， and this watching has spawned anindustry in itself： China watching. These China experts have long fascinated me， and I have become that most rare of things： a China watcher watcher.

One thing to understand about China watchers is that they form a hierarchy—David Shambaugh， professor of political science and international affairs at George Washington University， for instance， was named the “second-most infuential China expert in the United States” only last year， so his ranking is rather good. Now， the hierarchy isn't necessarily informed by anything as simple as “know ledge and understanding of China” （though it certainly helps）， but instead where you fall in a series of criteria. One quite critical factor in this hierarchy is the “ability to speak Chinese”. At the m inimum you ought to speak Chinese fuently to be a good China watcher， ideally read it too. The really good ones can w rite Chinese characters，which as even the Chinese will tell you， is very tricky indeed. There are p lenty of good China watchers who can't speak a jot of course， but， well， it doesn't look good.

What job you do w ill affect your ranking too. The most popular careers seem to be academ ics， journalists （domestic and foreign， though the latter is hierarchically higher）， businessmen， diplomats， think tankers， policy wonkers， translators， m ilitary men， and historians （keep it quiet， but these guys are generally the best）. For a good ranking your career needs gravitas： put simp ly， if you are an English teacher with your own China blog， you are going to be a lot lower on the scale than if you work for a think tank that specializes in China foreign policy and have written 20 serioussounding books.

Actually living in China is also important in the criteria. At the lower end you will have people who have never visited China ever， then you have people who visit often （travelling scholars scores higher than those who just holiday here）； living in China full-time is best， the longer the better. If you live in China for more than ten years， you have a good chance of getting into O ld China Hand territory， that's what the young kids call “beastmode”. However， it doesn't necessarily matter too much. Take Arthur Waley， for instance： he was one of the most prom inent Sinologists of the early 20th century， translating （in abridged form） Journey to the West， as well as the Tao Te Ching， and all manner of then obscureclassic works of Chinese literature. Incredibly prolifc， in 1952 he received a CBE. H istorian， Jonathan Spence， wrote of Waley， “There are many westerners whose know ledge of Chinese or Japanese is greater than his， and there are perhaps a few who can hand le both languages as well. But they are not poets， those who are better poets than Waley do know Chinese or Japanese.” Im pressive stuff， remarkable when considering that not once did Waley actually visit China and he cou ldn't actually speak M andarin. There is hope for all of us.

China watchers have varying perspectives on how useful， good， or positive China is for the world. They are all on a spectrum we can call the “Panda Hugger/D ragon Slayer Continuum”. The Huggers think China great for the world， the Slayers think it dangerous. As China becomes more powerful in the world， you get more China watcher points for being on the Slayer side （in trickier times it was cooler to be a Hugger）. But this is not too im portant. The key thing is not to go too extreme on either side. A recent conversation with author and state-sponsored China Hugger， John Naisbitt， ended w ith him describing China's p lan to build a new， adm ittedly very signif cant， trade route as comparable to the moon landings. This is a hug too far. On the ultimate Dragon Slayer side， Gordon Chang's 2001 book， The Coming Collapse of China now looks a tiny bit （quite a lot in fact） premature. Whichever camp you are in， you w in respect by not going too far off-piste. Kaiser Kuo， former Baidu executive and host of the much-respected Sinica podcast is a good example of this—a moderate China Hugger， he broadly thinks China is on the right track and is doing lots of good things， but he is always careful to be nuanced in his debate and often warns of the perils of “binary thinking”. H is only error is he often does this on Facebook， which is a bit infra-dig in China-watching circles.

It's a truth universally acknow ledged， that any China watcher worth his salt wants to or has written a book—lots and lots of books is preferable， but just one is a good start. It doesn't particularly matter what genre the book is. Though vanity published ones are usually frowned upon （Shanghai Cocktales， etc.）， the trick is to get one out. It needn't be insightful， though many are. They run the full gamut： m isanthropic musings （Paul Theroux）， meaningless memoirs （M itch Moxley）， meandering travelogues （Peter Hessler）， cultural primers （Lin Yutang）， fam ily sagas （Pearl Buck）， scar literature （Jung Chang）， esoteric historical gems （James Palmer）， sociological surveys， whimsical studies of “Chinese m illenials” （Alec Ash）， business manuals （Carl Crow）， language studies （David Moser）， sem i-pornographic stories （Isham Cook）， and etchings on ethnicity （Rian Thum）. What you write absolutely doesn't matter； you just need to get one out. A low ly column in an expat rag， or f ling copy to the New Yorker as a foreign correspondent is not enough. You need the book， or at least a book deal.

It is im portant for China watchers to have a handle on a whole range of areas； the more learned will be able to give you fascinating information on all sorts of intriguing events including anything from how much of the Shang Dynasty is actually a myth， right through to the extraordinary bloodshed of the Taiping Rebellion—there's enough material for everyone. However， the more amateur among them， prefer to drone on about a very small selection of 20th century events and ideas that the Chinese， by and large， either don't care much about or don't know much about （re： Tibet， Tiananmen Square， and the Cu ltural Revolution）， and the very well-worn question about how well China would function as democracy. Now， these are all， no doubt， absolutely worth discussing， but， let's just say it is not uncommon to see a Chinese person grimacing as a young white kid attem p ts to educate them on these subjects. They often look thorough ly bored. App roaching with caution is much-advised.

On the sub ject of young white kids， it is worth noting that to be a successful China watcher， you are likely to get bit of a leg-up， as in so many things， if you are a white male—though this， obviously， isn't com pulsory.

In the end， it's all quite sim ple： develop some half-considered opinions on the Cultural Revolution； get a vaguely decent job （ideally one that lets you w rite occasionally）； passably learn the language （or at least a few interesting phrases）； m indlessly post a few thought-pieces on Twitter and/or Facebook； live in China for ten years or more （or a few weeks）； bore a few Chinese people， who don't know what you are on about， to tears； and， hey presto， you are well on your way to being a China watcher.