沙玉杰,王 雷,孫國瓊,劉 梅,王寶杰
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飼料中添加兩株乳酸菌及其發(fā)酵上清液對凡納濱對蝦消化酶活性的影響
沙玉杰1,2,3,王雷1,2,孫國瓊1,2,劉梅1,2,王寶杰1,2
(1.中國科學(xué)院 海洋研究所 海洋生物學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東 青島 266071; 2.青島海洋科學(xué)與技術(shù)國家實(shí)驗(yàn)室海洋生物學(xué)與生物技術(shù)功能實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東 青島 266237; 3.中國科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049)
摘要:為了探討前期實(shí)驗(yàn)獲得的益生菌及其發(fā)酵上清液對凡納濱對蝦消化功能的影響,將初始體質(zhì)量3.5 g ± 0.06 g的凡納濱對蝦(Litopenaeus vannamei)在30℃± 2℃環(huán)境下于水族箱中養(yǎng)殖4周。以基礎(chǔ)飼料為對照組,在基礎(chǔ)飼料中分別添加戊糖乳桿菌(Lactobacillus pentosus)HC-2、糞腸球菌(Enterococcus faecium)NRW- 2、戊糖乳桿菌HC-2的發(fā)酵上清液,最終每克基礎(chǔ)飼料中含有1.0×107 CFU益生菌或此菌量所對應(yīng)的發(fā)酵上清液,共配制3組實(shí)驗(yàn)飼料。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果如下: 與對照組相比,各實(shí)驗(yàn)組對蝦腸道中蛋白酶活力顯著提高(P<0.05),但肝胰腺中蛋白酶活力無顯著差異; 添加 NRW-2的實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對照組相比,腸道和肝胰腺中淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力均顯著提高(P<0.05),HC-2組對蝦肝胰腺中淀粉酶及腸道中脂肪酶的活力顯著提高(P<0.05),而HC-2發(fā)酵上清液的添加僅顯著提高了對蝦腸道蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性。結(jié)果表明飼料中添加 NRW-2、HC-2及其發(fā)酵上清液可以提高凡納濱對蝦腸道及肝胰腺中消化酶的活力,但在不同組織中提高消化酶活性的種類是不同的,為水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖安全投入品的開發(fā)及乳酸菌在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖中的推廣應(yīng)用提供一定的科學(xué)依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:戊糖乳桿菌(Lactobacillus pentosus)HC-2; 糞腸球菌(Enterococcus faecium)NRW-2; 凡納濱對蝦(Litopenaeus vannamei); 消化酶活性
[Foundation: The National Key Technology R&D Program of China,No.2012BAD17B03]
凡納濱對蝦(Litopenaeus vannamei),原產(chǎn)于南美洲太平洋沿岸,因其具有生長周期短、抗病力強(qiáng)、對水環(huán)境適應(yīng)力強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在中國得到了迅速推廣[1]。然而在對蝦養(yǎng)殖中,由于病害泛濫給對蝦養(yǎng)殖業(yè)造成了巨大損失[2]。但是目前尚無有效的治療措施,主要以預(yù)防為主,其中采用益生菌提高對蝦的生理健康水平和清潔養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境已成為預(yù)防病害的重要措施。
益生菌是一類對宿主有益的活性微生物,其對水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物有諸多有利影響,如拮抗病原菌、與病原菌競爭粘附位點(diǎn)和營養(yǎng)以及提高宿主免疫力等[3-4]。乳酸菌是一種被廣泛應(yīng)用的益生菌,其在畜禽養(yǎng)殖的研究應(yīng)用較多,研究表明其可以增強(qiáng)畜禽的免疫力、調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生物菌群平衡、分泌抑菌物質(zhì)如乙酸、乳酸和細(xì)菌素及提高畜禽的成活率和日增重等[5-12]。近年來,乳酸菌如短乳桿菌(Lactobacillus breris)、嗜酸乳桿菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)及植物乳桿菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)等也被廣泛的應(yīng)用于水產(chǎn)中以提高水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物的免疫機(jī)能及生長性能[13]。但這些菌株大部分來自于畜禽,考慮到水陸兩類動(dòng)物生活習(xí)性的迥然差異,作者自水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物中分離得到兩株乳酸菌: 戊糖乳桿菌(Lactobacillus pentosus)和糞腸球菌(Enterococcus faecium),前期實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果說明兩株菌具有促進(jìn)對蝦生長的作用。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究了飼料中添加水生動(dòng)物來源的糞腸球菌、戊糖乳桿菌及其發(fā)酵上清液對凡納濱對蝦消化酶活性的影響,探討了益生菌及其代謝產(chǎn)物對凡納濱對蝦消化酶的調(diào)節(jié)作用,以期為水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖安全投入品的開發(fā)及乳酸菌在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖中的推廣應(yīng)用提供一定的科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
實(shí)驗(yàn)菌株: 糞腸球菌 NRW-2和戊糖乳桿菌HC-2均分離自健康的矛尾刺蝦虎魚(Acanthogobius hasta),預(yù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn) NRW-2對凡納濱對蝦腸道粗黏液具有較好的黏附性,而 HC-2對副溶血弧菌ATCC17802具有較強(qiáng)的抑菌活性。兩株菌分別接種于MRS液體培養(yǎng)基在37℃條件下靜置培養(yǎng)24 h后,對發(fā)酵液進(jìn)行離心(12 000 r/min,10 min),保留HC-2上清液備用,菌體用無菌海水洗滌 3次后重懸于無菌海水中備用。
健康的凡納濱對蝦由青島瑞茲海珍品發(fā)展有限公司提供,1 200只對蝦平均分配于12個(gè)水族箱(640 L/個(gè))暫養(yǎng)馴化1周,暫養(yǎng)期間每天飼喂3次基礎(chǔ)日糧。所有對蝦均飼養(yǎng)于海水中(鹽度30),溫度為(30 ± 2)℃,持續(xù)通氣,每天日換水量為60%。飼料每日投喂量為對蝦體質(zhì)量的10%,投喂時(shí)間分別為7: 00,11: 00 和 19: 00,投喂量分別占每日投喂量的35%,20% 和 45%。馴化期(7 d)結(jié)束后,每個(gè)水族箱中凡納濱對蝦的平均體質(zhì)量約為3.5 g。
基礎(chǔ)飼料為煙臺大樂飼料有限公司生產(chǎn)的南美白對蝦飼料 1#料,粗蛋白 42%,粗脂肪 7%,灰分15%,水分11%。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
將12個(gè)水族箱隨機(jī)分成4組(3個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組,1個(gè)對照組),每組3個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)90只蝦。實(shí)驗(yàn)組1:基礎(chǔ)飼料中含有戊糖乳桿菌活菌(1×107CFU/g飼料);實(shí)驗(yàn)組 2: 對蝦投喂的基礎(chǔ)飼料中含有糞腸球菌活菌(1×107CFU/g飼料); 實(shí)驗(yàn)組3: 對蝦投喂的飼料中含有戊糖乳桿菌的上清液(對應(yīng)每克飼料中含有1×107CFU戊糖乳桿菌上清液的量); 對照組只投喂基礎(chǔ)飼料。養(yǎng)殖周期為 4周。飼養(yǎng)條件與馴化時(shí)期一致。
1.3樣品處理
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后,自12個(gè)水族箱中分別隨機(jī)選取20只對蝦,用 75%酒精對其表面消毒后進(jìn)行解剖,分別取其肝胰腺和腸道,去除腸道的內(nèi)容物并且在濾紙上將表面的水分吸干,每個(gè)樣品均為20只對蝦的混樣,所有操作均在冰浴中進(jìn)行。
分別稱取 1 g腸道及肝胰腺樣品置于預(yù)冷的勻漿器,并加入 4倍體積預(yù)冷的磷酸緩沖液(pH7.4)勻漿,隨后12 000 r/min、4℃離心10 min,留上清,4℃儲存,樣品在24 h之內(nèi)測定,每組樣品3個(gè)平行。
1.4消化酶測定
蛋白酶活力測定采用Rathore[14]的方法進(jìn)行,在此條件下水解底物偶氮酪蛋白,將每分鐘 OD值增加0.001所需的酶量定義為一個(gè)酶活單位。
淀粉酶活力測定參照黃凱等[15]的淀粉酶測定方法。在 25℃下,每分鐘每毫升淀粉酶將可溶性淀粉降解成麥芽糖,麥芽糖含量每升高1 μg作為1個(gè)酶活單位。
脂肪酶活力測定參照 Aryee等[16]的方法進(jìn)行,在 25℃條件下,催化對硝基苯酚每分鐘 OD值增加0.01所需酶量定義為一個(gè)酶活單位。
各種酶活力以比活力進(jìn)行表示,即每毫克可溶性蛋白所含酶活單位數(shù)(U/mg)。蛋白質(zhì)濃度采用考馬斯亮藍(lán)G-250法測定。
1.5數(shù)據(jù)分析
所有數(shù)據(jù)由 SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差和LSD多重比較分析,顯著水平P值采用0.05。
2.1飼料中添加 NRW-2、HC-2及其發(fā)酵
上清液對凡納濱對蝦蛋白酶活力的影響
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,與對照組相比,飼料中添加NRW-2、HC-2及其發(fā)酵上清液顯著提高了凡納濱對蝦腸道中蛋白酶的活力,其中 NRW-2處理組的蛋白酶活力最高,并且顯著高于其他兩個(gè)處理組(P<0.05); 凡納濱對蝦肝胰腺中蛋白酶活力在 3個(gè)處理組中雖然有不同程度的提高,但與對照組相比差異不顯著,并且 3個(gè)處理組之間也沒有顯著差異(圖1)。
2.2飼料中添加 NRW-2、HC-2及其發(fā)酵上清液對凡納濱對蝦淀粉酶活力的影響
由圖 2可見,HC-2(S)處理組與對照組相比,其對蝦腸道中淀粉酶活力顯著提高(P < 0.05),但是與NRW-2處理組相比沒有顯著差異,并且 HC-2及NRW-2處理組對凡納濱對蝦腸道淀粉酶活性的影響與對照組相比均不顯著; 與對照組相比,HC-2和NRW-2處理組對蝦肝胰腺中淀粉酶活力顯著提高(P<0.05),而 HC-2(S)處理組對蝦肝胰腺中淀粉酶活力與對照組相比差異不顯著。
圖1 飼料中添加NRW-2、HC-2及其發(fā)酵上清液對凡納濱對蝦腸道和肝胰腺蛋白酶活力的影響Fig.1 Effects of probiotics and the corresponding supernatant on protease activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei
HC-2.戊糖乳桿菌HC-2; NRW-2.糞腸球菌NRW-2; HC-2(S).戊糖乳桿菌HC-2上清液
HC-2,NRW-2,and HC-2(S)represent Lactobacillus pentosus HC-2,Enterococcus faecium NRW-2,and the supernatant of L.pentosus HC-2,respectively
圖2 飼料中添加NRW-2、HC-2及其發(fā)酵上清液對凡納濱對蝦腸道和肝胰腺淀粉酶活力的影響Fig.2 Effects of probiotics and the corresponding supernatant on amylase activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei
2.3飼料中添加 NRW-2、HC-2及其發(fā)酵上清液對凡納濱對蝦脂肪酶活力的影響
由圖3可見,HC-2處理組與NRW-2處理組對蝦腸道脂肪酶的活性顯著高于對照組(P<0.05),其中HC-2處理組的脂肪酶活力最高且顯著高于 NRW-2處理組,而HC-2(S)處理組與對照組相比反而抑制了凡納濱對蝦腸道中脂肪酶活力; NRW-2處理組與對照組相比對蝦肝胰腺脂肪酶活力顯著提高(P<0.05),HC-2處理組和 HC-2(S)處理組與對照組相比雖然提高了脂肪酶活力,但差異不顯著。
消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶等)在營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)分解中發(fā)揮著重要作用。蛋白酶是水解蛋白質(zhì)肽鏈一類酶的總稱,可以將蛋白質(zhì)分解為利于機(jī)體吸收的氨基酸; 淀粉酶和脂肪酶則分別降解碳水化合物和脂肪,最終生成的單體及能量供給機(jī)體生長及發(fā)育。動(dòng)物的消化器官對飼料組成具有較高的敏感性,進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)消化酶的活性,最終影響動(dòng)物的生理狀態(tài)[17-18]。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,NRW-2和HC-2的添加顯著提高了凡納濱對蝦腸道中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活力,但均未顯著提高淀粉酶活力,其中HC-2的添加對淀粉酶活力反而出現(xiàn)了一定的抑制作用。Ye等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)飼料中添加益生菌或者益生元可以增強(qiáng)腸道中蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性,其中對蛋白酶的作用優(yōu)于淀粉酶,而王彥波等[20]的研究報(bào)告證實(shí)復(fù)合益生菌的添加顯著提高了凡納濱對蝦腸道中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力,與本實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果不完全一致,這可能是由于所采用的菌株種類與搭配不同所致。動(dòng)物腸道中消化酶的活性受到諸多因素的影響,如溫度、鹽度、pH及腸道菌群等[21]。細(xì)菌具有分泌一系列胞外酶的特性,乳酸菌也不例外[22],但經(jīng)過預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)本實(shí)驗(yàn)所用的糞腸球菌NRW-2和戊糖乳桿菌HC-2均無分泌可檢測到的淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶,因此本實(shí)驗(yàn)中的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果可能與糞腸球菌和戊糖乳桿菌的加入影響了對蝦腸道的 pH或原腸道菌群中參與分泌消化酶及影響消化酶活性的微生物有關(guān),但是此猜測還需要實(shí)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
肝胰腺作為對蝦消化系統(tǒng)中的重要器官,是眾多生物大分子的主要合成場所,在對蝦代謝上發(fā)揮著重要作用[23]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中HC-2處理組顯著提高了對蝦肝胰腺中淀粉酶活力,而NRW-2處理組顯著提高了對蝦肝胰腺中淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力,但兩者均未顯著提高蛋白酶活力,此結(jié)果與 Sun等[24]研究的結(jié)果截然相反,其研究顯示乳酸菌的加入顯著提高了斜帶石斑魚(Epinephelus coioides)肝胰腺中蛋白酶活力,但對肝胰腺中淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力沒有顯著差異,并且Liu等[25]研究結(jié)果顯示,飼料中芽孢桿菌的添加也沒有顯著提高凡納濱對蝦肝胰腺中蛋白酶活力,甚至隨著菌量的增加而出現(xiàn)不同程度的抑制作用。這說明益生菌對機(jī)體消化酶活性的影響是各異的,與菌種本身表面成分及代謝有關(guān),同樣也與水生動(dòng)物有關(guān),如食性、環(huán)境條件、個(gè)體發(fā)育的不同階段[26]及機(jī)體自身代謝需求等。
由于戊糖乳桿菌HC-2具有較強(qiáng)的抑菌作用,本實(shí)驗(yàn)將其活菌與發(fā)酵液分離后分別探討它們的添加對凡納濱對蝦消化酶活性的影響。結(jié)果表明戊糖乳桿菌 HC-2上清液的添加提高了凡納濱對蝦腸道中蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力,對腸道中脂肪酶和肝胰腺中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力均沒有顯著差異; 而戊糖乳桿菌 HC-2菌體的添加顯著提高了凡納濱對蝦腸道及肝胰腺中3種消化酶活力; 此外,前期實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示戊糖乳桿菌 HC-2菌體的添加顯著提高了凡納濱對蝦的特定生長率,而HC-2菌株發(fā)酵上清液實(shí)驗(yàn)組的特定生長率低于對照組(P>0.05),因此推測益生菌菌體在此菌量的情況下對機(jī)體的益生效果或許優(yōu)于其發(fā)酵上清液。本實(shí)驗(yàn)就水生動(dòng)物來源的兩株乳酸菌及其發(fā)酵上清液對凡納濱對蝦消化酶活性影響的探討,期望為水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖安全投入品的開發(fā)及乳酸菌在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖的推廣應(yīng)用提供一定的科學(xué)依據(jù)。
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(本文編輯: 譚雪靜)
Effects of two lactic acid bacteria species and the corresponding supernatants on the activities of digestive enzymes in Litopenaeus vannamei
SHA Yu-jie1,2,3,WANG Lei1,2,SUN Guo-qiong1,2,LIU Mei1,2,WANG Bao-jie1,2
(1.Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology,Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China; 2.Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology,Qingdao 266237,China; 3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)
Received: Apr.27,2015
Key words:Lactobacillus pentosus HC-2; Enterococcus faecium NRW-2; Litopenaeus vannamei; digestive enzyme
Abstract:To investigate the effects of probiotics and the corresponding supernatants on the activities of digestive enzymes in Litopenaeus vannamei,several groups of L.vannamei(approximately 3.5 g)were reared at a temperature of 30 ± 2°C in an aquaria for 4 weeks.The following four trials(three treated and one control)were conducted:T1,shrimp fed with a commercial diet + strain Lactobacillus pentosus HC-2(1×107CFU/g feed); T2,shrimp fed with a commercial diet + strain Enterococcus faecium NRW-2(1×107-CFU/g feed); T3,shrimp fed with a commercial diet + the supernatant of strain L.pentosus HC-2(the corresponding supernatant of 1×107CFU/g feed of L.pentosus HC-2); and T4,shrimp fed with a commercial diet alone as a control.The results demonstrated that the protease activities were significantly(P<0.05)increased in the intestines of three treatment groups compared with those in the control group,but they were not significantly increased in the hepatopancreas.The amylase and lipase activities were significantly(P<0.05)increased in the intestines and hepatopancreas of shrimp fed with E.faecium NRW-2 compared with those in the control group.The amylase and lipase activities were significantly(P<0.05)increased in the hepatopancreas and intestines,respectively,in the group of shrimp fed with L.pentosus HC-2,whereas the protease and amylase activities were just increased significantly in the intestines of shrimp fed with the supernatant of L.pentosus HC-2.This study suggested that the activities of digestive enzymes in L.vannamei can increase by NRW-2,HC-2,and the corresponding supernatant but vary in different tissues.These results provide a solid foundation for the application of probiotics in aquaculture.
中圖分類號:S963.73+9
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1000-3096(2016)03-0059-06
doi:10.11759//hykx20150427001
收稿日期:2015-04-27; 修回日期: 2015-10-22
基金項(xiàng)目:國家科技支撐計(jì)劃(2012BAD17B03)
作者簡介:沙玉杰(1989-),女,山東德州人,博士研究生,主要從事水生動(dòng)物微生態(tài)制劑的研究與開發(fā),電話: 0532-82898723,E-mail:syjlw89@163.com; 王寶杰,通信作者,電話: 0532-82898722,E-mail:wangbaojie@qdio.ac.cn