林文芳

職高的學(xué)生基本上是普高篩選后剩下的或者是從社會(huì)中再回學(xué)校的，從學(xué)識(shí)水平尤其是英語(yǔ)水平來(lái)說(shuō)優(yōu)秀的極少，所以提高他們的英語(yǔ)閱讀能力相當(dāng)困難但又不得不提高。本人就多年的對(duì)口升學(xué)教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題作了些不成熟的探究，還望得到各位專家的指點(diǎn)。

一、選擇題型閱讀理解題

對(duì)口升學(xué)考試選擇題型閱讀理解題共三篇，主要考查學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的能力，包括細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞語(yǔ)理解和歸納總結(jié)以及對(duì)材料的評(píng)估能力。

（1）細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查學(xué)生識(shí)別閱讀材料中的具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力。它常常針對(duì)文章中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。這類題目的答案一般都能在閱讀材料中找到相應(yīng)的文字作為驗(yàn)證，這些材料可能是一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，也可能是一個(gè)句子或若干個(gè)句子。做這類題目時(shí)，應(yīng)該使用尋讀法，即讀題，然后帶著問(wèn)題閱讀短文，從大量的資料中迅速查找某一項(xiàng)具體事實(shí)或某一項(xiàng)特定信息。平時(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí)，要求學(xué)生將文章中談到的人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、數(shù)字等地方做標(biāo)記，這樣回答問(wèn)題時(shí)就可以迅速查找到相關(guān)信息，從而達(dá)到做題既快速又準(zhǔn)確的目標(biāo)。

以2015年湖南對(duì)口招生A篇為例：

A Korean designer，Jeadeon Jeong，has invented a “cartrider”.This idea is to put a shopping cart and a bicycle together.That will add some fun to your weekly shopping！

63.The cartrider can make your shopping more .

A.difficult

B.boring

C.interesting

D.necessary

分析：本題考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)“That will add some fun to your weekly shopping！”這一句，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，interesting與fun意思相近，所以選C。

（2）推理判斷題主要考查學(xué)生透過(guò)文章的表面文字信息進(jìn)行分析、綜合、歸納等邏輯推理的能力。這種問(wèn)題不能從文章中直接找到答案，必須根據(jù)上下文及其相互之間的關(guān)系對(duì)文章表面文字信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工，由表及里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，才能做出準(zhǔn)確判斷，從而找到答案。

以2013年湖南對(duì)口招生B篇為例：

Last Friday，Jamie finished his homework after the second class in the morning. He hurried out to play basketball. The playground was wet. After some time his basketball and his hands got dirty. It was 9：45 and ran into the classroom. During the class，Mr.Black，the teacher， told Jamie to write some new words on the black board. Jamie stood in front of the blackboard and started to write. Mr. Black saw his right hand was dirty.

67. When did Jamie play basketball last Friday？

A. After the first class

B. After the third class

C. Between the first and second class.

D. Between the second and the third class

分析：根據(jù)文中第一句“Last Friday， Jamie finished his homework after the second class in the morning. He hurried out to play basketball”可知，Jamie是在第二節(jié)課后，即第二節(jié)和第三節(jié)課之間去打籃球的。故選答案D。

（3）主旨大意題要求學(xué)生在掌握全文信息的基礎(chǔ)上，歸納出文章的主旨大意或中心思想，常針對(duì)主題、標(biāo)題、目的擬題。做這類題目時(shí)，應(yīng)該使用快讀法：先通讀全文，這樣可以使注意力集中于文章的整體思路及要點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系，并且要結(jié)合所學(xué)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、背景知識(shí)、生活常識(shí)等進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而對(duì)主題進(jìn)行概括。要求學(xué)生做題時(shí)，特別要注意仔細(xì)閱讀文章的開頭段和結(jié)尾段。

以2012年湖南對(duì)口招生C篇為例：

Museums are one of the greatest resources of mankind. When one walks around most cities， small or large， one is sure to fine a museum. Early museums were churches. The artwork and paintings helped people to find a museum， the church and the people that attended it.

……

Since these early museums， many things have changed. Most museums are still places to show art and scientific discoveries， but there are many unusual ones that have been set up over the years. In the famous people Madam Tussards museum， there are wax figures of a variety of the history of sex on New York City. Museums have been around for centuries and without doubt they will be there for centuries to come.

75. What is the passage mainly about？

A. Early European explorers

B. A brief history of museum

C. The latest museum in the city

D. The best science museum in the West

分析：根據(jù)文中最后一段，可知答案為B。

二、判斷題型閱讀理解題

對(duì)口升學(xué)考試判斷題型閱讀理解題只有一篇，主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章的具體事實(shí)、信息的理解能力。訓(xùn)練時(shí)，要求學(xué)生對(duì)似是而非的句子，一定要認(rèn)真識(shí)別，只有完全符合文章意思的方可判定為正確。提醒學(xué)生那些意思基本符合卻仍有一點(diǎn)不符合文意的句子大多是陷阱，應(yīng)該判定為錯(cuò)誤。同時(shí)閱讀時(shí)不只看語(yǔ)言文字堆積成的語(yǔ)言表象材料，而應(yīng)該讀懂語(yǔ)言背后的意思。

以2013年湖南對(duì)口招生題為例：

...Finally， the headmaster closed his book and walked towards the door.

“Thank heavens， he didnt find me under the sofa！”Thought Bob.

Then Mr. Mason stopped and spoke towards the sofa. “Would you turn off the light when you leave？” He said and left the study.

80. Mr. Mason didnt find Bob under the sofa.

分析：根據(jù)文中“Then Mr. Mason stopped and spoke towards the sofa. ‘Would you turn off the light when you leave？”就可以推斷出，Mr. Mason早就發(fā)現(xiàn)了Bob，所以該題答案為F。

三、簡(jiǎn)答題型閱讀理解題

對(duì)口升學(xué)考試簡(jiǎn)答題型閱讀理解題只有一篇。此題型主要考查學(xué)生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行書面表達(dá)的能力。從近五年的考題中可以看出，細(xì)節(jié)理解題占80%，推理判斷題占15%，觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題占5%。所以，細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題仍然是這類題型的主要考查方式。

（1）細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要是以how，what，why提問(wèn)的方式為主，比較容易從文中找到答案，關(guān)鍵是教會(huì)學(xué)生如何處理、轉(zhuǎn)換信息，從而歸納出問(wèn)題的答案。

以2013年湖南對(duì)口招生題為例：

I started my school life at six. At first the school for me， a boy， meant play， play and more play instead of sitting in the classroom and learning something. However， I changed the way I used to behave at school with the help of my teachers. I tried my best to do well in my schoolwork and follow the school rules.

81. When did the writer start to go to school？

分析：根據(jù)文中“I started my school life at six”，可知答案是At six。

（2）訓(xùn)練推理判斷題時(shí)，主要是要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文本字面的意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)暗示，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章寓意后再根據(jù)問(wèn)題回答。

以2011年湖南對(duì)口招生題為例：

AFRICAN SAFARI PARK

Drive your own car or take the special train. See lions， elephant， tigers without cages.

Open every day 9：00～16：00

Special tickets：$35 for 4 people

82. How much should you pay if eight of you go to the zoo？

分析：根據(jù)文中“Special tickets：$35 for 4 people”，可知答案是$70。

總之，面對(duì)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)差、底子薄的職高生，教師應(yīng)該吃透對(duì)口升學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀理解能力考查的要求，對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀能力培訓(xùn)有的放矢，才會(huì)較快提高學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力。閱讀是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)主要途徑，對(duì)多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，它本身也是一個(gè)目的。如果掌握了一定的閱讀解題方法，那么閱讀能力就會(huì)有顯著的提高。

（作者單位：武岡市職業(yè)中專學(xué)校）