謝春曉,賈國(guó)瑜,王璐,李強(qiáng),王紹程,楊玲,邸阜生
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進(jìn)展性肝纖維化與2型糖尿病周?chē)窠?jīng)病變的關(guān)系
謝春曉1,賈國(guó)瑜2,王璐2,李強(qiáng)2,王紹程2,楊玲1,邸阜生2
摘要:目的研究進(jìn)展性肝纖維化與2型糖尿病周?chē)窠?jīng)病變(DPN)之間的關(guān)系。方法選取近3年(2013年2月—2015年2月)在天津市第三中心醫(yī)院住院的2型糖尿?。═2DM)患者173例(男89例,女84例),根據(jù)非酒精性脂肪性肝病纖維化評(píng)分(NFS)分為3組:A組(NFS -1.455)49例,B組(-1.455<NFS<0.676)95例,C組(NFS 0.676)29例。比較3組DPN、感覺(jué)神經(jīng)病變(SNCA)和運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)病變(MNCA)的發(fā)生率,并分析3種疾病的影響因素。DPN、SNCA和MNCA由神經(jīng)電圖確診,肝纖維化嚴(yán)重程度由NFS確定。結(jié)果A、B、C組患者DPN、SNCA、MNCA的發(fā)生率分別為69.4%、78.9%、86.2%,65.3%、73.7%、86.2%和38.8%、49.5%、65.5%,組間差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Logistic回歸分析示高NFS為DPN、SNCA、MNCA的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論非酒精性脂肪性肝病導(dǎo)致的肝纖維化與DPN發(fā)生率的增加有關(guān),高NFS是導(dǎo)致T2DM患者發(fā)生DPN、SNCA、MNCA的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
關(guān)鍵詞:糖尿病,2型;脂肪肝;糖尿病神經(jīng)病變;非酒精性脂肪性肝病;進(jìn)展性肝纖維化;肝脂含量;糖尿病周?chē)窠?jīng)病變
作者單位:1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)三中心臨床學(xué)院(郵編300170);2天津市第三中心醫(yī)院、天津市人工細(xì)胞重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)是2型糖尿?。═2DM)較為常見(jiàn)的伴發(fā)癥,包括單純性脂肪肝、脂肪性肝炎、脂肪性肝纖維化及肝硬化。與非糖尿病人群相比,T2DM患者發(fā)生NAFLD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高,且更易發(fā)展為肝纖維化,甚至肝硬化[1-2]。國(guó)外一些小樣本的對(duì)T2DM患者肝臟穿刺活檢的研究估計(jì),非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的患病率為63%~87%,且中重度肝纖維化占22%~60%[3-6]。國(guó)內(nèi)也有研究證實(shí),隨著糖尿病病程的延長(zhǎng),肝臟脂肪含量(liver fat content,LFC)逐漸減少,NAFLD向進(jìn)展性肝纖維化發(fā)展,糖尿病是NAFLD由單純性脂肪變性向肝纖維化進(jìn)展的危險(xiǎn)因素[7]。許多研究顯示,在T2DM患者中,NAFLD與糖尿病性周?chē)窠?jīng)病變(DPN)之間存在一定的相關(guān)性[8-11],但是,作為NAFLD更高級(jí)別表現(xiàn)形式的肝纖維化,其與DPN的關(guān)系尚鮮有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。本研究通過(guò)對(duì)173例T2DM患者的資料進(jìn)行分析,初步闡述了NAFLD肝纖維化與DPN之間的關(guān)系。
1.1研究對(duì)象回顧性查閱近3年(2013年2月—2015年2月)在天津市第三中心醫(yī)院住院的1 419例T2DM患者資料,根據(jù)入選和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),最終符合條件的患者173例。糖尿病及空腹血糖調(diào)節(jié)受損的診斷符合2010年美國(guó)糖尿病協(xié)會(huì)(ADA)糖尿病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);NAFLD的診斷符合2010年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)修訂的NAFLD診療指南;DPN的診斷符合2010年美國(guó)ADA糖尿病周?chē)窠?jīng)病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)1型糖尿病、妊娠期糖尿病和其他特殊類(lèi)型的糖尿病。(2)糖尿病急性并發(fā)癥,包括糖尿病酮癥酸中毒、非酮癥高滲性糖尿病昏迷、乳酸酸中毒及低血糖昏迷。(3)嚴(yán)重的心、肺、腦、肝、腎疾病患者。(4)惡性腫瘤病史者。(5)超過(guò)5年的長(zhǎng)期飲酒史,折合乙醇量男性>140 g/周,女性>70 g/周。(6)自身免疫性肝炎、病毒性肝炎、藥物性肝病及肝豆?fàn)詈俗冃缘瓤梢鹬靖蔚募膊 #?)合并除糖尿病外其他原因所致的神經(jīng)病變(包括藥物或毒物中毒、結(jié)締組織病及其他代謝疾病或遺傳疾病等)。(8)嚴(yán)重精神疾患史。根據(jù)非酒精性脂肪性肝病纖維化評(píng)分(NAFLD fibrosis score,NFS)[12]將173例患者分為3組:A組(NFS -1.455)49例,B組(-1.455<NFS<0.676)95例,C組(NFS 0.676)29例?;颊逳FS 0.676可確診為進(jìn)展性肝纖維化,NFS -1.455可排除進(jìn)展性肝纖維化,-1.455<NFS<0.676的患者既不能確診也不能排除進(jìn)展性肝纖維化。1.2研究方法記錄173例患者體質(zhì)量、身高、血壓、臀圍(HC)、腰圍(WC),并計(jì)算其體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)和腰臀比(WHR)。清晨空腹靜脈取血,空腹血漿葡萄糖(FBG)由葡萄糖氧化酶法測(cè)定;空腹胰島素(FINS)及空腹C肽(fasting C-peptide,F(xiàn)CP)由放射免疫法測(cè)定;計(jì)算胰島素抵抗指數(shù)HOMA-IR=FBG(mmol/L)×FINS(mIU/L)/22.5。糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)由高壓液相色譜法測(cè)定;總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)由酶化學(xué)法測(cè)定;游離脂肪酸(FFA)由酶比色法測(cè)定;丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶(γ-GGT)和堿性磷酸酶(ALP)由酶速率法測(cè)定;內(nèi)臟脂肪面積由電阻抗法測(cè)定;超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)由散色比濁法測(cè)定。LFC測(cè)定:由同一位超聲醫(yī)師應(yīng)用同一型號(hào)機(jī)器(飛利浦公司HD-11型B型超聲檢測(cè)儀)進(jìn)行肝臟超聲檢查,選取質(zhì)量較高的圖像進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ),利用image J軟件處理圖像并計(jì)算LFC(%)=62.592×標(biāo)化肝腎回聲比值+ 168.076×標(biāo)化肝臟回聲衰減系數(shù)-27.863[13-14]。NFS=-1.675+ 0.037×年齡(歲)+0.094×BMI(kg/m2)+1.13×空腹血糖調(diào)節(jié)受損(或)糖尿?。ㄊ?1,否=0)+0.99×AST/ALT-0.013×血小板計(jì)數(shù)(×109/L)-6.6×白蛋白(Alb,g/L)[12,14]。DPN的測(cè)定:由同一位神經(jīng)內(nèi)科醫(yī)師借助Keypoint 4肌電圖誘發(fā)電位儀(Medtronic Co.,Denmark),檢測(cè)同側(cè)正中神經(jīng)、尺神經(jīng)、脛后神經(jīng)、腓總神經(jīng)感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 17.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量資料采用x ±s表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn);應(yīng)用Lo?gistic回歸對(duì)DPN、感覺(jué)神經(jīng)病變(SNCA)、運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)病變(MNCA)的影響因素進(jìn)行分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 3組患者一般臨床資料比較3組患者性別比例、BMI、WHR、舒張壓(DBP)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;C組年齡高于A組和B組,糖尿病病程長(zhǎng)于A組(P<0.05);B組年齡、收縮壓(SBP)高于A組,糖尿病病程長(zhǎng)于A組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
Tab. 1 Comparison of clinical parameters between three groups表1 3組間一般臨床資料比較
2.2 3組糖脂代謝、肝功能及炎癥指標(biāo)比較C組TC、TG、LDL-C、LFC、ALT、ALP、Alb、血紅蛋白(Hb)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)均低于A組,且TC、LDL-C、Alb、Hb、WBC低于B組(均P<0.05);B組TG、LFC、AST、ALT、ALP、Alb均低于A組(均P<0.05)。各組間FBG、FINS、FCP、HOMA-IR、HbA1c、HDL-C、FFA、內(nèi)臟脂肪面積、γ-GGT、hs-CRP差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 3組DPN發(fā)生率比較A、B、C 3組DPN發(fā)生率分別為69.4%(34/49)、78.9%(75/95)、89.7%(26/29),3組發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.468,P=0.107)。
2.4 3組SNCA發(fā)生率比較A、B、C 3組SNCA發(fā)生率分別為65.3%(32/49)、73.7%(70/95)、86.2% (25/29),3組發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.085,P=0.130)。
2.5 3組MNCA發(fā)生率比較A、B、C 3組MNCA發(fā)生率分別為38.8%(19/49)、49.5%(47/95)、65.5% (19/29),3組發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=5.223,P=0.073)。
Tab. 2 Comparison of parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism, liver function and inflammatory between three groups表2 3組間糖脂代謝、肝功能及炎癥指標(biāo)比較 ?。▁ ±s)
2.6 DPN、SNCA、MNCA影響因素分析分別以是否患有DPN、SNCA、MNCA為因變量(患病=1,未患病=0),以年齡、糖尿病病程、SBP、LFC、TG、TC、LDL-C、Alb、ALT、ALP、WBC、NFS等指標(biāo)為自變量,進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果顯示NFS、年齡是DPN的獨(dú)立影響因素,見(jiàn)表3;NFS、TC、TG、LFC是SNCA的獨(dú)立影響因素,見(jiàn)表4;NFS是MNCA的獨(dú)立影響因素,見(jiàn)表5。
Tab. 3 Analysis of the influencing factors of DPN in patients with T2DM表3 T2DM患者DPN影響因素分析
Tab. 4 Analysis of the influencing factors of SNCA in patients with T2DM表4 T2DM患者SNCA影響因素分析
Tab. 5 Analysis of the influencing factors of MNCA in patients with T2DM表5 T2DM患者M(jìn)NCA影響因素分析
NAFLD包括單純性脂肪肝、脂肪性肝炎、肝纖維化及肝硬化。韓國(guó)一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究顯示,NAFLD患者肝纖維化的嚴(yán)重程度與糖尿病發(fā)生率的增加密切相關(guān)[15]。糖尿病是NAFLD發(fā)展為NASH及肝纖維化的危險(xiǎn)因素,NAFLD與糖尿病形成惡性循環(huán)。
目前有關(guān)NAFLD與糖尿病性微血管并發(fā)癥(糖尿病腎病、DPN及糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變等)之間的研究仍存在爭(zhēng)議。有研究提示NAFLD是糖尿病性微血管并發(fā)癥的危險(xiǎn)因素[8-9],NAFLD與糖尿病性微血管并發(fā)癥呈負(fù)相關(guān)[10-11]。而另有研究顯示NAFLD與糖尿病性微血管并發(fā)癥(如糖尿病腎?。┎淮嬖谙嚓P(guān)性[16]。這些研究幾乎均采用超聲的方法確定NAFLD,但超聲只能粗略地估計(jì)LFC的多少,不能確定患者是否存在NASH或肝纖維化。有研究表明隨著糖尿病的進(jìn)展,NAFLD患者LFC減少,而其分型向肝纖維化甚至肝硬化進(jìn)展[4]。有關(guān)NAFLD與糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥的研究多為橫斷面研究,其所獲得的描述性資料是在某一時(shí)點(diǎn)或在一個(gè)較短時(shí)間內(nèi)收集的,因此無(wú)法辨別在這些研究中非NAFLD患者是從未罹患過(guò)NAFLD,還是隨著糖尿病病程的延長(zhǎng)其肝臟脂肪被消耗,進(jìn)而發(fā)展為進(jìn)展性肝纖維化?此類(lèi)研究主要關(guān)注的是LFC,而忽略了NAFLD的分型,導(dǎo)致其研究結(jié)果同質(zhì)性較差,結(jié)果可信度不高。
早在20世紀(jì)70年代就有有關(guān)肝臟病變與神經(jīng)病變的研究,多數(shù)研究表明在排除了酒精和糖尿病等因素后,慢性肝?。ㄖ饕歉斡不┮廊豢梢詫?dǎo)致周?chē)窠?jīng)和自主神經(jīng)病變[17-18],即肝臟病變可以作為獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素引起機(jī)體神經(jīng)病變。然而在T2DM的背景下,NAFLD肝纖維化是否可以作為獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素影響DPN的發(fā)生、發(fā)展仍不清楚。
本文對(duì)NAFLD肝纖維化與DPN發(fā)生率之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果顯示,3組間DPN、SNCA、MN?CA發(fā)生率無(wú)明顯差異,但與不合并進(jìn)展性肝纖維化的患者(A組)相比,合并進(jìn)展性肝纖維化的患者(C組)DPN、SNCA、MNCA的發(fā)生率均有增加的趨向,這種結(jié)果可能與納入樣本較小有關(guān)。多因素分析顯示,NFS在DPN、SNCA、MNCA的發(fā)生中均有意義。
關(guān)于肝纖維化導(dǎo)致DPN發(fā)生的機(jī)制尚不明確,筆者認(rèn)為可能有以下幾點(diǎn):(1)NAFLD患者多合并高胰島素血癥,高胰島素血癥可伴隨著脂質(zhì)分解增多,F(xiàn)FA過(guò)多,過(guò)多的FFA的β氧化生成大量活性氧族(ROS),通過(guò)氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥因子等作用,使非酒精性單純性脂肪肝(NAFL)進(jìn)展到NASH,甚至肝纖維化,此過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的炎癥因子等可以損害微血管,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)病變的發(fā)生。(2)合并進(jìn)展性肝纖維化的T2DM患者年齡較大、糖尿病病程較長(zhǎng),其運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量降低,由運(yùn)動(dòng)帶來(lái)的收益減少,加之血糖控制不穩(wěn)定,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)病變更易發(fā)生;相反,未合并進(jìn)展性肝纖維化的糖尿病患者相對(duì)年輕,LFC更多,這促使該人群更注重生活方式的改善,加強(qiáng)運(yùn)動(dòng),低脂飲食,進(jìn)而達(dá)到良好的血糖控制,減少了一系列糖尿病并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
綜上所述,進(jìn)展性肝纖維化是導(dǎo)致DPN發(fā)生率增加的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,肝纖維化作為NAFLD的更高級(jí)形式應(yīng)引起臨床醫(yī)生的重視,對(duì)T2DM患者LFC、肝纖維化及其動(dòng)態(tài)變化的關(guān)注與糖尿病并發(fā)癥同等重要,預(yù)測(cè)并及時(shí)處理肝纖維化可能為糖尿病并發(fā)癥的防治提供新的視角。
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(2015-08-11收稿2015-10-30修回)
(本文編輯李鵬)
The relationship between progressive liver fibrosis and diabetic neuropathy
XIE Chunxiao1, JIA Guoyu2, WANG Lu2, LI Qiang2, WANG Shaocheng2, YANG Ling1, DI Fusheng2
1 The Third Central Clinical Medical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170,China; 2 Tianjin Third Central Hospital,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine
Corresponding Author E-mail:difusheng@vip.163.com
Abstract:Objective To study the relationship between advanced liver fibrosis and peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DPN). Methods A total of 173 patients (89 men and 84 women)with type 2 diabetes who hos?pitalized in Tianjin Third Central Hospital within nearly three years (2013.02-2015.02) were divided into three groups ac?cording to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fibrosis score: group A (NFS -1.455), group B (-1.455<NFS<0.676) and group C (NFS 0.676). The prevalence of DPN, sensory nerve conduction abnormalities (SNCA), motor nerve conduction abnormalities (MNCA) were compared, and the influencing factors were analysis between three groups. DPN, MNCA and SN?CA were ascertained by electroneurogram, and the severity of liver fibrosis was ascertained by NAFLD fibrosis score. Re?sults The prevalence rates of DPN, SNCA and MNCA were 69.4%, 78.9%, 86.2%, 65.3%, 73.7%, 86.2%, 38.8%, 49.5% and 65.5% in group A, group B and group C. There was no significant statistical difference between the three groups. Logistic regression analysis indicated that high NFS was an independent risk factor of DPN, SNCA and MNCA. Conclusion NAFLD fibrosis has a relationship with the prevalence rate of DPN, which is an independent risk factor of DPN, SNCA and MNCA in patients with T2DM.
Key words:diabetes mellitus, type 2;fatty liver;diabetic neuropathies;non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;advanced fi?brosis;liver fat content;diabetic peripheral neuropathy
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R575.2,R587.25
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/20150105
基金項(xiàng)目:天津市應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)與前沿技術(shù)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(15JCYBJC27700)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:謝春曉(1988),女,碩士研究生,主要從事脂肪肝及糖尿病并發(fā)癥相關(guān)研究
通訊作者E-mail:difusheng@vip.163.com