楊超,張雅敏,崔子林,劉子榮,史源,沈中陽(yáng)
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不同灌注方式對(duì)大鼠小體積肝移植生存率的影響
楊超1,張雅敏2△,崔子林2,劉子榮1,史源2,沈中陽(yáng)2
摘要:目的探討不同的灌注方式對(duì)大鼠小體積肝移植生存率的影響。方法將156只SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為經(jīng)門靜脈灌注組(GroupⅠ)和經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注組(GroupⅡ),每組78只,供、受體各39只。GroupⅠ與GroupⅡ在獲取供肝后,切除肝臟的左葉和中葉,剩余約30%體積進(jìn)行移植,術(shù)中記錄供體和受體的體質(zhì)量、移植肝質(zhì)量、溫缺血時(shí)間、供體手術(shù)時(shí)間、冷缺血時(shí)間、無(wú)肝期、肝下下腔靜脈阻斷時(shí)間及受體手術(shù)時(shí)間相關(guān)指標(biāo),比較2組大鼠術(shù)后6 h、1 d、3 d和7 d的血清丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)水平、病理HE染色及7 d生存率。結(jié)果2組術(shù)中血清ALT、AST均逐漸下降,但是GroupⅠ下降緩慢,術(shù)后24 h高于GroupⅡ(P<0.05)。HE染色提示GroupⅠ術(shù)后早期肝組織顯微結(jié)構(gòu)損傷大,GroupⅠ的7 d中位生存期低于GroupⅡ(Log-rank χ2=4.050,P=0.044)。結(jié)論使用經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注的方法建立大鼠小體積肝移植模型具有肝臟損傷小、生存率高的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
關(guān)鍵詞:肝移植;大鼠,Sprague-Dawley;小體積肝移植;灌注方式
△通迅作者E-mail:zhangyamin@medmail.com.cn
活體肝移植與劈離式肝移植是緩解供肝短缺的有效方法,然而如果有效肝體積不足往往會(huì)造成小肝綜合征,預(yù)后很差。大鼠小體積肝移植模型是研究小肝綜合征的理想平臺(tái),但該模型成活率低[1-2],諸多學(xué)者通過(guò)改良手術(shù)方法來(lái)進(jìn)一步提高成活率[3-4],其中供肝的灌注是影響供肝質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要因素,常見(jiàn)的灌注方式為經(jīng)門靜脈灌注與經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注。本研究旨在探討不同的供肝灌注方式是否會(huì)影響大鼠小體積肝移植術(shù)后生存情況。
1.1材料器械使用常規(guī)顯微外科手術(shù)器械,門靜脈、肝下下腔靜脈套管分別選用外徑為2.4 mm和3.2 mm的聚乙烯管,膽管支架采用硬膜外管。使用腹腔注射的方法進(jìn)行麻醉,麻醉劑使用水合氯醛溶液。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組體質(zhì)量約220~280 g的健康清潔級(jí)雄性SD大鼠156只。大鼠飼養(yǎng)在12 h晝夜交替環(huán)境中,自由進(jìn)食飲水。隨機(jī)分為2組,GroupⅠ及GroupⅡ,每組78只,供、受體各39只。具體分組方法為:將體質(zhì)量相同或相近的2只大鼠配為1對(duì),每對(duì)編號(hào)1和2,從隨機(jī)數(shù)字表中連續(xù)記錄78個(gè)數(shù)字,如為奇數(shù),則該對(duì)1號(hào)進(jìn)入GroupⅠ,2號(hào)進(jìn)入GroupⅡ;如為偶數(shù),則該對(duì)1號(hào)進(jìn)入GroupⅡ,2號(hào)進(jìn)入GroupⅠ。在2組中再次使用相同的方法將大鼠分為供體組和受體組。在供肝獲取時(shí),GroupⅠ應(yīng)用經(jīng)門靜脈灌注的方式,GroupⅡ應(yīng)用經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注的方式。
1.3手術(shù)方法參照Kamada等[5]改良的二袖套法,不重建肝動(dòng)脈,灌注后在體切除肝葉。GroupⅠ:在脾靜脈分支上緣阻斷門靜脈,迅速用頭皮針穿刺門靜脈且固定穿刺針。GroupⅡ:分離腹主動(dòng)脈腹腔干分支上緣,繞腹主動(dòng)脈穿過(guò)4-0絲線備用,分離髂總動(dòng)脈分支處動(dòng)脈與靜脈,穿線備用。預(yù)留絲線結(jié)扎腹腔干,阻斷髂總動(dòng)脈分支處腹主動(dòng)脈,頭皮針穿刺腹主動(dòng)脈。2組均在上述操作后,使用4℃含肝素12.5 U/mL的乳酸林格鈉溶液灌注肝臟,灌注量約10 mL,灌注速度為2 mL/min,剪斷肝下下腔靜脈,剪開(kāi)膈肌并切斷上腔靜脈,同時(shí)以4℃生理鹽水潑灑肝臟表面。
1.4數(shù)據(jù)收集術(shù)中記錄供、受體體質(zhì)量、移植肝質(zhì)量、溫缺血時(shí)間、供體手術(shù)時(shí)間、冷缺血時(shí)間、無(wú)肝期、肝下下腔靜脈阻斷時(shí)間及受體手術(shù)時(shí)間相關(guān)指標(biāo)。每組隨機(jī)抽取術(shù)后大鼠15只比較生存率,觀察周期為7 d。再分別于術(shù)后6 h、1 d、3 d、7 d每組各處死6只大鼠,取血,檢測(cè)丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)。取移植肝右上葉肝組織,甲醛固定,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,切片,用于HE染色。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法所有統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析。計(jì)量資料以x ±s表示,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料2組比較采用t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料2組比較采用非參數(shù)秩和檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(%)表示,2組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。生存率比較使用Log-rank法。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 2組術(shù)中相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較2組各記錄指標(biāo)比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)表1。
2.2肝功能情況在術(shù)后6 h時(shí)GroupⅠ與GroupⅡ的血清ALT明顯升高;24 h持續(xù)較高水平,但GroupⅡ已經(jīng)開(kāi)始下降,與GroupⅠ比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.968,P<0.05);以后ALT水平逐漸下降,至術(shù)后7 d時(shí)基本恢復(fù)正常。血清AST表現(xiàn)出了與ALT的類似趨勢(shì),在術(shù)后24 h GroupⅡ血清AST水平明顯低于GroupⅠ(t=2.806,P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖1、2。
2.3肝組織病理大鼠術(shù)后6 h GroupⅠ可見(jiàn)肝竇明顯擴(kuò)張,肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞分離,肝細(xì)胞核染色數(shù)目明顯少于GroupⅡ,許多肝細(xì)胞其細(xì)胞核并未染色。而GroupⅡ在術(shù)后6 h肝竇間隙正常,肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞完整,肝細(xì)胞輕度腫脹,見(jiàn)圖3。
Tab. 1 Comparison of the related data in operation between two groups表1 2組手術(shù)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)比較(n=39,±s)
Tab. 1 Comparison of the related data in operation between two groups表1 2組手術(shù)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)比較(n=39,±s)
組別GroupⅠGroupⅡt組別GroupⅠGroupⅡt組別GroupⅠGroupⅡt供體質(zhì)量(g) 244.95±14.87 247.93±14.45 0.865溫缺血時(shí)間(s) 32.04±3.01 30.66±3.21 1.961無(wú)肝期(min) 20.33±1.63 20.25±1.37 0.231受體質(zhì)量(g) 244.85±16.50 248.88±14.45 1.147供體手術(shù)時(shí)間(min) 43.00±6.63 40.99±6.88 1.318肝下下腔靜脈阻斷時(shí)間(min) 27.99±2.62 27.09±2.12 1.647移植肝質(zhì)量(g) 3.12±0.28 3.03±0.27 1.499冷缺血時(shí)間(min) 81.83±10.06 79.51±8.93 1.077受體手術(shù)時(shí)間(min) 78.73±6.93 79.77±8.75 0.585
Fig. 1 The serum ALT levels of both groups after liver transplantation圖1 不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清ALT值
Fig. 2 The serum AST levels of both groups after liver transplantation圖2 不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清AST值
Fig. 3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining at 6 h after reperfusion(HE,×400)圖3 術(shù)后6 h兩組大鼠肝臟切片(HE,×400)
2.4生存分析GroupⅠ的7 d生存率為20.00%(3/ 15),中位生存期為2 d,GroupⅡ的7 d生存率53.33%(8/15),中位生存期大于7 d,兩者中位生存期差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Log-rank χ2=4.050,P=0.044),見(jiàn)圖4。
Fig. 4 Seven-day survival curves of both groups圖4 2組大鼠7 d生存曲線
目前很多學(xué)者研究通過(guò)不同干預(yù)措施來(lái)提高小體積肝移植大鼠的成活率[6-8],也有學(xué)者通過(guò)提高供肝質(zhì)量進(jìn)行改良[3]。大鼠肝移植可以不重建肝動(dòng)脈,因此直接從門靜脈灌注的方法最為普遍。而另一種灌注方法是經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注,其操作相對(duì)復(fù)雜,灌注時(shí)間長(zhǎng),但是由于實(shí)現(xiàn)雙重灌注[9],即同時(shí)灌注肝動(dòng)脈及門靜脈,從而使供肝徹底灌注,因此這種灌注方式也越來(lái)越多地被應(yīng)用于供肝獲取。有研究表明,在大鼠全肝移植時(shí),經(jīng)門靜脈灌注與經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注獲得的供肝,在移植后生存率并未表現(xiàn)出明顯差異[10]。但在大鼠小體積肝移植模型中卻很少有相關(guān)報(bào)道。本研究設(shè)計(jì)了在相同灌注條件下,不同的灌注方式獲得的供肝對(duì)大鼠小體積肝移植術(shù)后生存情況的影響。
兩種灌注方式術(shù)后結(jié)果比較,在肝損傷方面,2組大鼠術(shù)后ALT、AST水平均顯著升高,隨后逐漸降低。在術(shù)后24 h,經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注組的血清ALT、AST水平下降明顯。觀察術(shù)后6 h大鼠肝臟組織HE染色結(jié)果,通過(guò)兩種灌注方式的比較,經(jīng)門脈灌注的肝臟可見(jiàn)肝竇明顯擴(kuò)張,肝竇內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞分離,肝細(xì)胞核染色數(shù)目明顯減少,提示經(jīng)門靜脈灌注的小體積肝臟,恢復(fù)血流灌注后損傷較嚴(yán)重。分析原因,大鼠小體積肝移植術(shù)后血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化較大,門脈壓力顯著增高[1],肝臟顯微結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化[11],進(jìn)而影響肝功能的恢復(fù)及肝再生[2]。適當(dāng)?shù)墓嘧毫εc灌注速度是獲得良好供肝的保障[12-13],經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注可能會(huì)有更符合生理的灌注壓力與灌注速度,提高了供肝質(zhì)量,減輕了缺血再灌注損傷。
然而,腹主動(dòng)脈灌注肝臟也有缺點(diǎn),相對(duì)門靜脈灌注方法,前者操作相對(duì)復(fù)雜,需要游離腹主動(dòng)脈的腹腔干上緣,在灌注前將其阻斷,防止灌注液的逆流,同時(shí)分離髂總動(dòng)脈分支上緣動(dòng)脈,后者作為灌注穿刺的部位。本研究在使用腹主動(dòng)脈灌注方法時(shí),并未完全分離腹腔干,只是游離腹腔干上緣,穿引絲線。當(dāng)灌注時(shí),直接結(jié)扎絲線。在分離穿刺點(diǎn)時(shí),不必單獨(dú)分離動(dòng)靜脈,直接聯(lián)合分離,掛線備用。以上步驟既縮短了灌注穿刺時(shí)間,又減少了出血的可能。通過(guò)上述改良操作及熟練的手術(shù)技術(shù),本研究中供體手術(shù)時(shí)間在兩組中未見(jiàn)明顯差異。此外,腹主動(dòng)脈灌注需要清除腸道的血液,可能會(huì)增加溫缺血時(shí)間。為了縮短溫缺血時(shí)間,在灌注前結(jié)扎脾靜脈,減少脾臟血液回流至門靜脈,而且在灌注開(kāi)始后,用4℃生理鹽水不斷潑灑肝臟表面,使其迅速降溫,并采用腹腔中放置碎冰,保證肝臟周圍環(huán)境處于較低溫狀態(tài)。通過(guò)上述操作,本研究中2組的溫缺血時(shí)間并未表現(xiàn)出明顯差異。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),建立大鼠小體積肝移植模型時(shí),在灌注條件相同的情況下,相比于門靜脈灌注,經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注方式術(shù)后具有肝臟損傷小、中位生存期高的優(yōu)勢(shì),可被作為大鼠小體積肝移植的首選,但是對(duì)于經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈灌注的最適宜流速及相應(yīng)的分子生物學(xué)機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步的研究。
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(2015-08-25收稿2015-10-18修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
作者單位:1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)一中心臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院(郵編300192);2天津市第一中心醫(yī)院
Impact of different ways of perfusion on the survival rate of small-for-size liver transplantation in rats
YANG Chao1, ZHANG Yamin2△, CUI Zilin2, LIU Zirong1, SHI Yuan2, SHEN Zhongyang2
1 First Center Clinical Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300192, China; 2 Tianjin First Center Hospital
△Corresponding Author E-mail: zhangyamin@medmail.com.cn
Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of different hepatic perfusion procedures for small-for-size liver transplantation in rats. Methods A total of 156 rats were randomly divided into two groups: portal vein perfusion group (groupⅠ, n=78) and abdominal aorta perfusion group (groupⅡ, n=78). After harvesting graft, the left lobe of the liver and the middle lobe were resected and the remaining approximately 30% volumes of the liver were transplanted in groupⅠand groupⅡ. The body weights of donor and acceptor, the weight of graft, the time of operating in donor, the cold ischemia time, anhepatic phase, the blocking time of inferior hepatic vena cava and the time of operating in receptor were recorded in two groups. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), pathological HE staining and 7-day survival rate in 6 h, 1 d, 3 d and 7 d after operation were compared between two groups. Results The serum levels of ALT and AST were decreased gradually in two groups, but the levels decreased slowly in groupⅠ. The serum levels of ALT and AST were significantly higher in groupⅠthan those of groupⅡ(P<0.05). HE staining showed greater damage of mi?crostructure of liver tissue at early stage in groupⅠthan that in groupⅡ. The 7-day survival rate was lower in groupⅠthan that of groupⅡ(χ2=4.050,P=0.044). ConclusionThere is a higher survival rate and mild liver damage in small-forsize liver transplantation in rats using perfusion by abdominal aorta.
Key words:liver transplantation; rats, Sprague-Dawley; small for size liver transplantation; perfusion
中圖分類號(hào):R657.3
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/20150129
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(81370576);天津市應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)與前沿技術(shù)研究計(jì)劃(14JCYBJC24800)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:楊超(1988),男,碩士在讀,主要從事大鼠小體積肝移植研究