王偉濱
April is the cruelest month, breeding
Lilacs(丁香花)out of the dead land, mixing
Memory and desire, stirring(喚醒)
Dull roots with spring rain.
Winter kept us warm, covering
Earth in forgetful snow, feeding
A little life with dried tubers(塊莖).
(T. S. Eliot, “The Wasteland”)1
春天是萬物生長的季節(jié),但艾略特的“四月”卻是最殘酷的月份,因為在“蠢蠢欲動”的日子里,除了殘存的記憶和一點點“欲望”之外,似乎什么也“動”不了。即使是那記憶,也逐漸模糊、混亂,幾乎要消散殆盡了,而“欲望”,如果還有的話,也變得衰微、麻木。這樣的季節(jié),這樣的詩句,讓我想起一首名叫“Oblivion”(《遺忘》)的曲子—— 一首不像tango(探戈)的tango。
說道tango,那原本是表現(xiàn)如火欲望的調(diào)子,于阿根廷和烏拉圭起源,逐漸風(fēng)靡歐洲。早期tango演奏者被稱為“the Old Guard”,從這名字就能感受到這幫人(確切地說,是男人)的熱血氣勢。20世紀(jì)初期,tango最受南美匪類、黑幫的青睞,也是妓館、娼寮里永不停歇的背景音樂。那熱情的樂曲和霸氣的舞姿,處處都在炫耀著雄性動物的不可一世與咄咄逼人——至少在外行人眼里,tango是男人的音樂和舞蹈,而女人,不過是被攬來拋去的戰(zhàn)利品。tango如此迅猛歡暢,許多時候有如高手過招,讓人無暇調(diào)勻呼吸,更不必說有時間思考。
阿根廷詩人利卡多·基拉德斯(Ricardo Güiraldes)在名為“Tango”的詩作中這樣寫道:
“Creator of silhouette(剪影)that glide by(消逝)silently
as if hypnotized(催眠)by a blood-filled dream,
hats tilted(傾斜)over sardonic(諷刺的)sneers(冷笑).
The all-absorbing love of a tyrant(暴君,專橫的人),
jealously guarding his dominion(領(lǐng)地),
over women who have surrendered submissively(順從地),
like obedient(順從的)beasts.”
阿根廷作家豪爾赫·路易斯·博爾赫斯(Jorge Luis Borges)有個短篇,叫《玫瑰角的漢子》(“Streetcorner Man”)2,講的就是妓院里一群漢子們在tango與女人的環(huán)繞下發(fā)生的故事。有個名叫Rosendo Juarez的,綽號the Slasher(鋸木機),是個靠耍刀子吃飯的漢子,據(jù)說曾經(jīng)壞了兩三條好漢的性命,在小鎮(zhèn)Villa Santa Rita享有鼎鼎大名。“He was admired for the way he handled a knife. Sharp dresser(穿著講究), too. He always rode up to the whorehouse on a dark horse, his riding gear(騎馬裝備)decked out in silver. There wasnt a man or dog that didnt respect him—and that goes for the women as well. Everyone knew that he had at least a couple of killings to his credit. He usually wore a soft hat with a narrow brim(邊,緣)and tall crown, and it would sit in a cocky(神氣的,自大的)way on his long hair, which he slicked(用水或油使頭發(fā)光滑發(fā)亮)straight back. Lady luck smiled on him, as they say, and around Villa all of us who were younger used to ape(模仿)him—even as to how he spit(吐痰).”這樣有型有種的漢子,在小鎮(zhèn)上的任何一家妓院或是跳舞場子里,自然最美的tango曲都是為他演奏,最美的女人都是為他舞蹈。
不過,有天晚上從北方來了一條諢號The Butcher(屠夫)的好漢,帶了一幫兄弟來挑戰(zhàn)。傳說中那么有種的Rosendo面對強敵,立時變了一副低聲下氣的模樣,就連女人遞上來的刀子也不敢揮一揮,卻徑直丟進窗外的河溝里。這曲tango,霸主自然是The Butcher,他便也有資格挽了那原本屬于Rosendo的最美的女人La Lujanera:“Wrapping his arms around La Lujanera, he called to the musicians to play loud and strong, and he ordered the rest of us to dance. From one end of the hall to the other, the music ran like wildfire. Real(“屠夫”的本名,雷亞爾)danced stiffly(僵硬地), but he held his partner close, and in no time he had her under his spell(不一會兒,他就把她迷住了). When they drew near the door, he shouted, ‘Make way, boys, shes all mine now! And out they went, cheek to cheek, as though floating off on the tango.”在大英雄的映襯下,旁觀的小嘍啰們一時羞紅了臉,頓感自己的生命如同草芥:“In the middle of the ragweed(豚草屬植物)and the dump heaps(垃圾堆)and the whole forsaken(被遺棄的)neighborhood, I(小嘍啰之一)had sprouted up(長成)no more than a weed myself. With our big mouths and no guts3, what else would grow there but trash like us?”
但是沒過個把鐘頭,這條生龍活虎的漢子就不知被誰給捅了。然后,為了避免警察注意這里的亂子,幫閑的眾人七手八腳,把他扔進剛才Rosendo扔刀子的那條河里,扔之前,人們不忘把他的錢財掏光。人們明白,什么英雄、懦夫,在這本就像垃圾場一般混沌的地方,其實沒有什么分別。那好漢的“guts”被掏空之后,他應(yīng)該就不會在那條吞沒了許多骯臟污穢之物的河溝里浮起來,而是被它的濁流裹挾著不知到什么更為腌臜的地方去,他的故事也很快就被人們忘記,也不會有人為他再寫一首tango。
不會有嗎?不,也許有,但那首tango不再是關(guān)于燈紅酒綠或熱血拼殺,而只能是關(guān)于“遺忘”——皮亞佐拉(Astor Piazzolla)的“Oblivion”便是這樣的一支曲子了。
皮亞佐拉被音樂界譽為“the worlds foremost composer of tango music”,他的作品革命性地在傳統(tǒng)探戈中加入爵士和古典音樂的元素,而成為新探戈(nuevo tango)一派。皮亞佐拉的tango在音樂上的諸多革新并非本文關(guān)心之處,只是如“Oblivion”這樣的曲子中所展現(xiàn)的一派全然不同于傳統(tǒng)tango之熱情或哀怨的沉思意味,與博爾赫斯的故事確有異曲同工之處。在皮亞佐拉的班多鈕手風(fēng)琴(bandoneon)描繪下,生活中的傷感、失望,甚至生命之意義的失落,似乎都隨著音符,像大火后的灰燼,慢慢降落,把這世界和世界上的生物掩埋。因為皮亞佐拉,tango不再熱情似火。其實欲望與失望本來便是一對雙生子,tango也終將有曲終人散之時。
說到英語中的“遺忘”,我知道一動一靜兩個詞: forget和oblivion。動詞forget頗為常用,可以是“記不得過去做過的”,可以是“記不住將來要做的”,甚至可以是“不去想”或“刻意忽略某事或某人”,總之,人是主動者。與之相比,則oblivion就要被動得多了?!杜=蚋唠A英漢雙解詞典》對此詞的釋義有三:“1. a state in which you are not aware of what is happening around you, usually because you are unconscious or asleep. 2. the state in which somebody/something has been forgotten and is no longer famous or important. 3. a state in which something has been completely destroyed.”
雖然好記性被認(rèn)為是一種美德,但是“遺忘”,特別是主動的“forget”,倒也并非全然是壞事。其一就是,因為我們的大腦容量有限,記住太多瑣碎之事,便自然沒有那么多的空間留給更為重要的。所以,像福爾摩斯這樣的“思考機器”,會認(rèn)為刻意忘記那些“無用”的東西是有效率的大腦必備的本事。例如,作為一位現(xiàn)代人,他竟然不知道“地心說”,而當(dāng)華生告訴他這個知識的時候,他卻說:“Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it. You see, I consider that a mans brain originally is like a little empty attic(閣樓), and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose. A fool takes in all the lumber(胡亂堆積的東西)of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best is jumbled up(使混亂)with a lot of other things so that he has a difficulty in laying his hands upon it. Now the skillful workman is very careful indeed as to what he takes into his brain-attic. He will have nothing but the tools which may help him in doing his work, but of these he has a large assortment(分類), and all in the most perfect order. It is a mistake to think that that little room has elastic(有彈性的)walls and can distend(膨脹)to any extent. Depend upon it there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you knew before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowing out(排擠,推出)the useful ones.”(A Study in Scarlet4)
“遺忘”的另一種形式,“oblivion”,便是被動的了。因為種種原因,人們會陷入“oblivion”的狀態(tài)。湯姆·克魯斯(Tom Cruise)有部電影,片名便叫做《遺落戰(zhàn)境》(Oblivion),是關(guān)于地球末日的。不過這電影太過粗暴,把原本應(yīng)該有的“oblivion”那種若隱若現(xiàn)的朦朧曲線全部抹平了。若說這電影的好處,便是它把oblivion這個詞的含義十分充分地發(fā)揮了出來—— 有毀滅,有無知無覺,也有被那更高級的存在忘記和舍棄。而這最后一點,在人類歷史上,是一個一直困擾著我們的問題——我們是否已經(jīng)身陷被上帝遺忘的角落,被oblivion掩埋?
在《等待戈多》(Waiting For Godot)這部戲中,真正讓人痛心的不是兩個流浪漢等啊等的總等不來戈多,而是他們每日都在等,每晚都會得到戈多的使者小童兒同樣的回答,而且每次小童兒都告訴他們,以前從沒有見過他們,這是第一次。那么,他們每日的等啊等還有意義嗎?這便是oblivion的感覺吧。oblivion,并非是因為記性不好,而是許多時候,時間讓原本“天大”的事情,比如約會、愛情、事業(yè),甚至人生都變得不值一提。
在《呼嘯山莊》(Wuthering Heights)中,Catherine在彌留之際緊緊抓住情人Heathcliff不放,哪怕自己的丈夫拎了槍沖進房來,因為她生怕落入“oblivion”——在許多時候,死亡并不可怕,可怕的是“被遺忘”。然而,那些不管多么重要的人或事,被遺忘總是難免。黛玉葬花,感嘆的也是如此。人生如花,燦然枝頭時,眾人艷羨,落到塵埃中,便也一同化作塵埃,落得個“花落人亡兩不知”。有關(guān)英雄豪俠或是美女紅伶的記憶,隨著時間被無限拉長而逐漸淡去,剩下的,不過是細若游絲的嘆息。
然而,沒準(zhǔn)兒哪天誰家充滿好奇心的小狗,會用它尖利的爪子扒開那深藏的記憶,那時,又要有新的故事好講了……
“That corpse(尸體)you planted last year in your garden,
Has it begun to sprout(發(fā)芽)? Will it bloom this year?
Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed?
O keep the Dog far hence, thats friend to men,
Or with his nails hell dig it up again!”
(T. S. Eliot, “The Wasteland”)5
1. 引自詩人T. S. 艾略特的《荒原》第一章“埋葬死者”(“The Burial of the Dead”)開篇處。
2. 引文出自企鵝版(Penguin Books)博爾赫斯短篇小說集《惡棍列傳》(A Universal History of Infamy),英譯者為Norman Thomas di Giovanni。
3. guts除了指“內(nèi)臟、腸子”還有“勇氣”的意思,聯(lián)想那好漢“屠夫”后來被人掏空了“內(nèi)臟”,也便不過是一堆“垃圾”了。
4. A Study in Scarlet :《血字的研究》,英國著名推理小說家阿瑟·柯南·道爾于1887年創(chuàng)作的小說,這也是他第一本以夏洛克·福爾摩斯為主角的作品。
5. 引自詩人T. S. 艾略特的《荒原》第一章結(jié)尾處。