陳志均

閱讀部分要求能理解文章的基本內(nèi)容；能歸納文章的主旨大意；能推測文章中的隱含意思；能根據(jù)上下文正確理解詞語和句子；能運用閱讀技能完成不同文體的閱讀任務(wù)?？梢婇喿x題遠非停留在理解詞句和看懂內(nèi)容上。為了增加閱讀理解題的區(qū)分度，考查綜合理解能力，拉開差距，近年高考閱讀題中概括主旨題和推斷題明顯增加。

主旨大意題題目類型：1. 概括文章大意；2. 選出最佳題目（標題）；3. 概括人物特點；4. 識辨作者語氣、態(tài)度等；5. 推斷文章出處；6. 推斷文章或作者意圖；7. 推斷文章的結(jié)局或結(jié)論、下文內(nèi)容等。

解答主旨大意題要先看問題， 是否有和主旨大意題有關(guān)的題目，了解題目類別和提問方式。再看文章首尾，或各段的開頭，找出主題句，或通過瀏覽全文，抓住關(guān)鍵字眼，把握文章主旨。以掌握文章主旨為前提，處理推斷作者語氣或意圖等其它深層理解的問題。

主旨大意題常見提問方式：

The passage mainly focuses on _________.

The purpose of this article is to _________.

In writing the passage， the author intends to ________.

Both the doctor and the lawyer in this passage are very ________.

It can be concluded that the passage is most probably part of a （an） __________.

What would most probably happen next？

What might be the best title for this passage？

What will the author probably discuss after the last paragraph？

Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage？

[主題句在開頭或結(jié)尾]

①It was assumed generally that behavior was “caused” and that the causes of and the cures for crime would be discovered. Sick societies and sick individuals were the causes of crime. The traditional criminal justice system could be described as a band-aid and an ineffective “home remedy”. The new， scientific approach， however， would cure the underlying causes of crime rather than concentrate on the symptom： criminal behavior.

②But does poverty cause crime？（Q1） It is certainly true that there is a very close link between low socioeconomic status and the sort of violent street crime that worries urban America so much. Furthermore， we must agree with Judge Bazelon that persons of low socioeconomic status probably find it easier than others to true to violent street crime for money， excitement， or release. Yet it is also true that the majority of poor people are not violent criminals. Judge Bazelon is simply wrong in his belief that poverty “causes” crime. （Q2）

③People sometimes think of crime as a combination of poverty and bad characteristics of a criminal. （Q1） But this is hard to predict， and sometimes we observe some criminals are rich enough but they may still have the desire for more wealth. In this aspect， crime seems no more related with poverty than with the behavioral features of the person involved in a case. Cyber-crimes and white-collar crimes can serve as good examples， the criminals are not short of money， they simply need more than they can gather and they will be happy to get more without having to work.

④Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of crime. （Q1）（Q2） Poverty may make the choice to obey the law more difficult， but the poor have choice whether to engage in crime， and the majority choose to obey the law. Is it true that no poverty， no crime？ Improvement in the economic conditions of poor persons does not reduce the level of violent panics in periods of rising wealth. The “poverty cure” does not work. Attempting to get rid of poverty is a worthy social goal， but it is one that should be cherished （珍愛） for its own sake and not in the belief that it will cure crime.

1. The most appropriate title for the essay would be .

A. Economics and Crime

B. Wealth and Violence

C. Causes and Cures for Crime

D. Poverty and Crime

2. Which of the following statements is a summary of the authors ideas？ .

A. Crime is a consequence of a low economic status.

B. Poverty should be cured before law and order can be kept.

C. Poverty does not necessarily cause crime.

D. Poor people are more likely to turn to violence.

解析 本文為議論文。選定篇名題考查的是對文章主旨的把握。我們先看文章首尾或各段開頭找主題句。

第一段（起始段）：落后的社會和個人會導(dǎo)致犯罪。消除犯罪的科學(xué)方法在于徹底消除引起犯罪的根源。

第二段：開頭提出問題Does Poverty cause crime？并指出：落后的經(jīng)濟狀況與犯罪之間有密切聯(lián)系。

第三段：人們認為犯罪是貧困和個人不良品行的結(jié)合。

第四段（結(jié)尾段）：貧困并非犯罪的充分或必要條件。窮人中大多數(shù)人還是守法的。消滅貧窮并不意味著消除犯罪。

從分析的第一段和結(jié)尾段以及各段開頭可判斷，文章論述的是貧窮和犯罪的關(guān)系。主題句為Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of crime.

1. D. 概括主旨、選定篇名題，易誤選C。第一段中提到the causes of and the cures for crime would be discovered。有的同學(xué)很容易誤以為這就是文章的主題，而選擇C。然而只要瀏覽全文便可知每一段都談到poverty與crime的關(guān)系，故答案選D。

2. C。概括觀點題，易誤選A。本題是一道概述作者觀點的問題。這類問題一般不能從文中直接找到與答案完全相同的句子，然而題目常用可從文中找到的原句作為選項之一（實為錯誤選項）迷惑同學(xué)們。通過把握主旨，便可排除干擾選項。文中第二段提到It is certainly true that there is a very close link between low socioeconomic status and the sort of violent street crime that worries urban America so much. 但從作者的措辭It is certainly true that ...可判斷這并非作者觀點，而是他人的觀點。而且，第二段第八行yet以及第三段第三行but等轉(zhuǎn)折詞也提示讀者作者持有不同觀點，為最后一段的主題句Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of crime. 作了鋪墊。因此不可選A。只要耐心地看完該題全部選項，仔細推敲便可知C表示的意思就是文章的主題，即作者的觀點。

[主題句在中間]

Right now in schools across the country children are busy selling Pepsi-Cola in the name of education. They are part of Pepsis “Learn and earn Project” a competition set up by Pepsi once a year that encourages students to sell the soft drink at parties， basketball games and other school functions.

Then， each spring， the students write up their Pepsi-selling success stories for a chance at national prizes： shares of stock in the Pepsi-Cola company.

According to materials the company sends the teachers， the project declares “help strengthen students broad understandings of business， particularly its broad marketing and management aspects.”

Whether it fulfills this objective or not， it does succeed in selling Pepsi. （Q1）

The “Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools， （Q1）（Q2） Particularly in the fields of nutrition and home economics， companies send numerous “teaching aids”： highly professional films， shiny workbooks and pamphlets， all available to teachers at well below commercial rates or free.

For example， the Savennach Sugar Refining Corp. put out a book for students called “Sugar through the Ages” which includes the statements such as “Scientists have found that generous amounts of sugar are a valuable part of well-balanced diets for growing children. （Q3）

By far the largest supplier of nutrition-education materials to schools is the National Dairy Council， which provides all sorts of pamphlets addressing questions ranging from “How am I doing socially？” to “How am I doing physically？” These materials are full of things about dairy products， daily calcium requirement， etc. Drink mild， the message seems to be， and you too can be popular. But nutrition and home economics are not the only areas where companies have found a lucrative form of advertising.

1. The main idea of the passage is that .

A. various types of companies extended the selling of their products to school

B. Pepsis “Learn and Earn Project” helps strengthen students broad understanding of business

C. many big companies provide money for schools successfully by carrying out their “Earn and Earn Project”

D. students learn much knowledge of nutrition and home economics through their practice of business

2. In quoting the statement from the book “Sugar Through the Ages”， the authors purpose is to .

A. to explain the educational function of the “teaching aids”

B. to praise the Savennach Sugar Refining Crop. from its scientific point of view

C. to expose the true motives （動機） of those companies in providing their “teaching aids”

D. to show how students and teachers can receive nutrition education more scientifically

3. The authors attitude towards Pepsis practice is .

A. disapproval B. approval

C. optimistic D. none of the above

解析 本文段落多，內(nèi)容較散亂，時而敘述事實，時而發(fā)表觀點。要概括主旨，先從文章首尾入手找主題句。起始段：“百事”公司倡議“Learn and earn Project”活動，鼓勵中學(xué)生在學(xué)校推銷可樂。末尾段：某奶制品公司分發(fā)營養(yǎng)知識小冊子。開頭和結(jié)尾均沒有明顯表達中心思想或作者觀點的句子，因此難以從文章首尾概括主旨，就要通過瀏覽全文來找出主題句或概括中心。

1. A。概括主旨題，易誤選B。第三段概括了“Learn and earn Project”活動的宗旨：加強學(xué)生對市場及經(jīng)濟的了解。有許多同學(xué)會以為這就是主題句，選“B”。其實，瀏覽全文，可發(fā)現(xiàn)第四、五兩段中作者提出了自己的看法，Whether it fulfills this objective or not， it does succeed in selling Pepsi. The “Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools. 作者認為該活動真正目的在于銷售可樂。因此可斷定本文主題句為“Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools. 選A.

2. C. 推斷意圖題。推斷題一般不能直接從文中找到答案，但絕不能只靠主觀猜測。例子的內(nèi)容為：制糖公司“成長中所需的糖分”一書中強調(diào)”學(xué)生成長過程中需大量的糖分”。作者揭示： 該公司表面上目的是讓學(xué)生了解食糖方面的知識，實則向?qū)W生作廣告，增加利潤。這正是論證作者觀點的一個例證。選C。

3. D. 識辨語氣題，易誤選A。識辨作者語氣題首先也要把握文章主旨，其次找出反映作者態(tài)度的措辭。由于文章中心是“Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools. 首先排除B，C。文中雖揭示了某些公司通過這種方法來增加銷售量，但全文表明作者觀點的語句中沒有明顯的表示竭力反對的詞語，故排除A，選D。