莊禾
英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。英語中有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者,即行為動作的對象。被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be +及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。解答被動語態(tài)題目時,首先要判斷主語和動作的關(guān)系。如果主語是動作的執(zhí)行者,就用主動語態(tài);如果主語是動作的承受者,就用被動語態(tài)。助動詞be有時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化,其變化通過連系動詞be的變化來表現(xiàn)。被動語態(tài)否定式為“be not done”。
例如:Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world. (句中主語Chinese是動詞speak的承受者,因此該句使用了被動語態(tài)。)
我們在平常盡量使用英語的主動語態(tài),但在以下幾種情況下,則通常使用被動語態(tài):
1. 行為主體不明確,不必說出或者無法說出動作的執(zhí)行者時;
2. 用以強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者時;
3. 漢語中含有“據(jù)說、據(jù)悉、有人說、大家說”等時;
4. 在新聞報道中,用以表明報道的客觀性而避免主觀性的表達;
5. 在科技文中,用以強調(diào)客觀事實;
6. 某些內(nèi)容或特定場合下的習(xí)慣用法。
例如:
The glass is broken. (玻璃杯破了。)
The bag was taken away by his sister. (那個袋子是她姐姐提走的。)
It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and dropped some money down a chimney. (據(jù)說,有一天他爬到一所房子的屋頂上,往煙囪下面扔了一些錢。)
A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event. (今天早晨高速公路上發(fā)生了一起車禍,三人喪生,傷員馬上被送往了醫(yī)院,并馬上派了警察去處理這一事件。)
When it is cold enough, water will be turned into ice. (當天氣足夠冷時,水就會變成冰。)
He was born in October, 1989. (他出生于1989年10月。)
被動語態(tài)的人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“am/ is/ are+動詞的過去分詞”,通常表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的被動動作。例如:
It is known that healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables promote good health. (眾所周知,水果和蔬菜等健康食物有益人體健康。)
2. 一般過去時的被動語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“was/ were+動詞的過去分詞”, 表示過去某一時刻的被動性動作。例如:
Look, what an old palace!It was built nearly 800 years ago. (看,多么古老的宮殿!它是約800年前被建造起來的。)
3. 一般將來時的被動語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“will/ shall be+動詞的過去分詞”,表示將來某一時刻的被動性動作。例如:
Another new railway station will be built in 2018. (另一個新的火車站將在2018年建成。)
4. 現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“am/ is/ are being+動詞的過去分詞”,表示目前正在被進行的動作。例如:
Please wait while your sound hardware is being tested. (正在測試你的聲音硬件,請稍后。)
5. 過去進行時的被動語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“was/ were being+動詞的過去分詞”,表示過去正在被進行的動作。例如:
One police officer said they were being taken to a nearby school. (一名警官說,他們正被送到附近的一所學(xué)校。)
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“have/ has been+動詞的過去分詞”, 表示到目前為止已經(jīng)完成的某個被動性動作。例如:
His family has been informed. (已經(jīng)通知了他的家人。)
7. 過去完成時的被動語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“had been+動詞的過去分詞”,表示到過去某一時間點為止已經(jīng)完成的某個被動性動作。例如:
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. (我到達劇院時,發(fā)現(xiàn)票已賣完了。)
8. 過去將來時的被動語態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“would be+動詞的過去分詞”,表示從過去的某一時間來看將來要發(fā)生的某個被動性動作。例如:
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. (經(jīng)理說這個工程在年底前將會完成。)
9. 含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“情態(tài)動詞+be+動詞的過去分詞”,常表示具有特定感情色彩的被動性動作。情態(tài)動詞被動語態(tài)否定式為“情態(tài)動詞+not be+動詞的過去分詞”。例如:
They cannot be created overnight. (這些不可能在一夜之間造就。)
在以下幾種情況下不應(yīng)使用被動語態(tài)。
1. 不及物動詞、表示狀態(tài)的動詞等不能用于被動語態(tài)。
例如:
The story happened in London. (√)
The story was happened in London. (×)
The shirt fits him very well. (√)
He is fitted very well by the shirt. (×)
2. 祈使句,或者由“動詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的英語習(xí)語等一般不使用被動語態(tài)。
例如:
Look at the blackboard, please. (√)
The blackboard is looked at by you. (×)
The boy makes faces in class. (√)
Faces are made by the boy in class. (×)
3. 賓語和主語所指的對象相同,或者反身代詞在句中作賓語時,不能使用被動語態(tài)。
例如:
We must help each other. (√)
Each other must be helped by us. (×)
You must look after yourself. (√)
Yourself must be looked after. (×)
4. 動詞不定式和動詞-ing形式,或表示數(shù)量、長度、大小、程度、處所、地點、組織時等的單詞或短語作賓語時,不能使用被動語態(tài)。
例如:
He enjoys listening to the radio. (√)
Listening to the radio is enjoyed by him. (×)
She pays three yuan for the tomatoes. (√)
Three yuan is paid for these tomatoes by her. (×)
He joined the League in 1998. (√)
The League was joined by him in 1998. (×)
1. 語態(tài)與主謂一致結(jié)合
例如:
Everyone in our class _____ to take part in the English Speech Contest. (2015山東煙臺)
A. is encouraged B. encourages
C. are encouraging D. are encouraged
[解析] 主語是Everyone(單數(shù)),排除答案C和D項;又因Everyone是encourage這個動作的承受者,因此該句應(yīng)選用被動語態(tài),排除B項,故選A。
The child without parents _____ good care of by his teachers in this special school. (廣東梅州2013)
A. is taken B. are taken
C. take D. takes
[解析]主語the child為單數(shù),與動詞短語take care of之間是被動關(guān)系,故用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。故選A。
2. 語態(tài)與虛擬語氣結(jié)合
例如:
—Dont you think it necessary that he _____ to Miami but to New York?
—I agree, but the problem is _____ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent; that
B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what
D. should not send; what
[解析] 因為he是動作send的承受者,因此兩者之間是被動關(guān)系,因此排除D項;而it (is) necessary后的that從句的謂語要用“(should+)動詞原形”, 因此排除A項;答句中的表語從句不缺任何句子成分,因此用that,故選B。
3. 語態(tài)與倒裝句結(jié)合
例如:
Only after my friend came _____.
A. did the computer repaired
B. be repaired the computer
C. was the computer repaired
D. the computer was repaired
[解析] 因the computer是動作repair的承受者,因此兩者之間是被動關(guān)系,排除A項;又因only加狀語置于句首,句子部分倒裝,排除D和B項,故選C。
4. 在語境中將語態(tài)與時態(tài)結(jié)合起來命題
例如:
—Your scarf feels soft. Did you buy it in China?
—No, I bought it in France. But it _____ in China. (2015云南昆明)
A. is making B. was made
C. makes D. made
[解析] 本題考查的是一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。It(the scarf)是與動作make的承受者,因此兩者之間是被動關(guān)系,應(yīng)選用被動語態(tài)。而由問句中的“Did”以及答句中的“bought”判斷應(yīng)選用一般過去時,故選B。
Should a teenager _____ to get a driving license? (2013貴州安順)
A. be allow B. allow
C. be allowed D. allowed
[解析] 本題考查的是情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的用法。而情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為“情態(tài)動詞+ be+動詞的過去分詞”,故選C。