湖南 劉 景

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)十大高頻考點(diǎn)聚焦

湖南 劉 景

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是高考頻繁考查的重要考點(diǎn)之一，在復(fù)習(xí)備考中，需要突出針對(duì)性，明確命題規(guī)律，掌握答題技巧，這樣才能科學(xué)高效備考。

一、基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)

類 別 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu) __________例 句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 主語(yǔ)+ am/ is/ are + done Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 游客請(qǐng)勿觸____________________________摸陳列品。_______________一般過(guò)去時(shí)________________________主語(yǔ)+ was/ were + done The house was destroyed in the earthquake.房子在地震中被毀。一般將來(lái)時(shí)①主語(yǔ)+ shall/ will be + done②主語(yǔ)+ am/ is/ are going to+be +done③主語(yǔ)+ am/is/are to +____________________________be_+done A football match is going to be held between China and France.中法之間將舉行一場(chǎng)足球賽。Your job will be kept open for your return.你的工作將保留到你回來(lái)。________________過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)①主語(yǔ)+ would be+done②主語(yǔ)+ was/ were going to+be+done③主語(yǔ)+ was/were to+ be +done I knew the boy would be taken good care of there.我知道孩子在那里將會(huì)得到很好的照顧。She said she was going to be sent abroad.她說(shuō)她將被派往國(guó)外?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)A new teaching building is being built in our school.我們學(xué)_____________________________校正在興建一棟新的教學(xué)樓。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主語(yǔ)+ am/ is/ are + being +done主語(yǔ)+ was/were+being+ done The road was being widened when I passed by the village.當(dāng)我經(jīng)_____________________________過(guò)那個(gè)村莊時(shí)，道路正在加寬?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主語(yǔ)+have/has been+ done The construction of the two new railway lines has been completed.兩個(gè)新鐵路線的建_____________________________設(shè)已完工。________________過(guò)去完成時(shí) 主語(yǔ)+ had been+done He told me that he had been admitted by a famous university.他告訴我他已被一所著名大_____________________________學(xué)錄取。__________________情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be+ done If heated，water can be turned into vapour.如果受熱，水會(huì)____________________________變成蒸汽。_______________虛擬語(yǔ)氣使用“be+done”的適當(dāng)形式If I were given a second chance，I would work even harder.如果再給我一次機(jī)會(huì)，____________________________________________________________________________我會(huì)更加努力工作。

二、十大高頻考點(diǎn)

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）（2016·四川卷）The giant panda（love） by people throughout the world.

（4）（2014·大綱卷，單選改編）Unless some extra money（f nd），the theatre will close.

【解析】

（1）is loved。題干描述的是客觀事實(shí)，主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，故填一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（2）is equipped。空格處與主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，結(jié)合空格后的語(yǔ)境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（3）is called。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（4）is found。主語(yǔ)“money”是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-prof t Panda Base， where ticket money helps pay for research. I（allow） to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.

（2）（2015·廣東卷）He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what（leave）.

【解析】

（1）was allowed。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，且空格處是過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（2）was left。what與空格處之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，結(jié)合空前的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（3）were told。主語(yǔ)“we”是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合空后的過(guò)去完成時(shí)和語(yǔ)境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）（2015·北京卷，單選改編）If accepted for the job，you（inform） soon.

（2）（2015·安徽卷，單選改編）It is reported that a space station（build）on the moon in years to come.

（3）（2015·四川卷，單選改編）More expressways（build） in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.

【解析】

（1）will be informed。主語(yǔ)“you”是動(dòng)作的承受者，空格處是將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，故用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（2）will be built。主語(yǔ)“a space station”是承受者，根據(jù)空后的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)境可知，空格處是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，故用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（3）will be built。主語(yǔ)“expressways”是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合標(biāo)志性狀語(yǔ)“soon”和語(yǔ)境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

4.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）（2007·天津卷，單選改編）He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting（hold） the next day.

（2）Tom said that the science f ction_______（return）to the library the next Friday.

【解析】

（1）would be held。主語(yǔ)“meeting”是動(dòng)作的承受者，且空格處是過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，故空格處應(yīng)用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（2）would be returned。主語(yǔ)“science f ction”是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合句尾的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)境可知，空格處應(yīng)用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）（2013·湖北卷·完成句子）It is reported in the newspaper that several new subway lines________（build）in Wuhan. 據(jù)報(bào)紙報(bào)道，武漢正在建設(shè)幾條新的地鐵線路。

（2）（2012·四川卷，單選改編）They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house（rebuild）.

（3）（2010·上海卷，單選改編）The church tower which（restore） will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost f nished.

【解析】

（1）are being built?？崭裉幍膭?dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，且主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，故填現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（2）is being rebuilt。主語(yǔ)“their own house”是動(dòng)作的承受者，空格處的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，故填現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（3）is being restored。關(guān)系詞which指代先行詞“The church tower”，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)，且是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知，空格處的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）（2012·安徽卷，單選改編）After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading，only to be told that it（decorate）.

（2）She felt very anxious while her husband_______（operate） on in the operating room.

【解析】

（1）was being decorated。主語(yǔ)“it”是動(dòng)作的承受者，而空格處的動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行，故空格處用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（2）was being operated?？崭裉幍膭?dòng)作在過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行，且主語(yǔ)“her husband”是動(dòng)作的承受者，故填過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）（2016·上海卷）In recent years，stress（regard） as a cause of a whole range of medical problems，from high blood pressure to mental illness.

（2）（2015·天津卷，單選改編）Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement（reach） so far by the two sides.

（3）（2013·北京卷，單選改編）Shakespeare’s play Hamlet（make） into at least ten dif ferent films over the past years.

【解析】

（1）has been regarded。主語(yǔ)“stress”是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合句首的標(biāo)志性狀語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)境可知，空格處填現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（2）has been reached。主語(yǔ)“agreement”是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合標(biāo)志性狀語(yǔ)“so far”和語(yǔ)境可知，空格處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（3）has been made?？崭袂暗闹髡Z(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，結(jié)合狀語(yǔ)“over the past years”可知，空格處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

8.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）On my recent visit，I held a lively three-month-old twin that________（reject） by its mother.

（2）（2015·湖北卷·完成句子）The professor was delighted to f nd that two thirds of the project（f nish） by the students independently. 教授高興地發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生們已獨(dú)立完成了該項(xiàng)目三分之二的工作。

（3）（2011·北京卷，單選改編）Experiments of this kind（conduct） in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.

【解析】

（1）had been rejected。關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作主語(yǔ)，且是動(dòng)作的承受者，空格處的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“held”之前，故空格處應(yīng)填過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（2）had（already） been f nished。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，空格處是過(guò)去之前的動(dòng)作，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

（3）had been conducted。主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，且空格處的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“the Second World War”之前，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去，故空格處用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

9.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）However，it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must_______（change） frequently.

（2）（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ）Food in small pieces could________（eat）easily with twigs which gradually turned into chopsticks.

（3）（2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ）Truly elegant chopsticks might（make） of gold and silver with Chinese characters.

【解析】

（1）be changed。在題干中，主語(yǔ)“codes”是動(dòng)作的承受者，故空格處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，be changed符合題意。

（2）be eaten。分析題干可知，主語(yǔ)“Food”是動(dòng)作的承受者，故空格處應(yīng)填寫被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。

（3）be made。主語(yǔ)“Truly elegant chopsticks”是動(dòng)作的承受者，故空格處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。

10.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

【典例】

（1）If he_______（tell） that the meeting would be put off till Friday，he wouldn’t have gone to the meeting room yesterday.

（2）（2010·湖北卷）Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention________（discuss） at the meeting.

【解析】

（1）had been told。題干是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用“had done”，且空前的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，故填had been told。

（2）（should） be discussed。insisted意為“堅(jiān)決要求”，所接的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，即“（should）do”，而賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)“problem”是動(dòng)作的承受者，故空格處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。

三、高分技巧點(diǎn)撥

在對(duì)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)進(jìn)行考查時(shí)，高考試題往往把其與其他考點(diǎn)融合起來(lái)，而與動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相結(jié)合是最常見的考查形式。針對(duì)這方面的試題，在推敲題干時(shí)，一方面需要分析好主語(yǔ)是否為動(dòng)作的承受者，另一方面還需要對(duì)空格處所使用的時(shí)態(tài)種類細(xì)致分析，并結(jié)合好被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的相關(guān)句式，這樣才能敲定答案。此外，高考還涉及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查，在分析試題時(shí)，同樣需要全面分析后才能下結(jié)論。

【專題訓(xùn)練】

1. In the spoken English of some areas in the US ，the“r”sounds at the end of the words_______（drop）.

2. So the questions must________（deal） with carefully，the same way you would handle any other hot potato.

3. The f rst Father’s Day________（celebrate） on June 19，1910.

4. It was with great joy that he received the news that his lost daughter________（f nd）.

5. It is reported that many a new house_______（build）at present in the disaster area.

6. We are conf dent that the environment_______（improve） by our further efforts to reduce pollution.

7. Had I known about this computer program ，a huge amount of time and energy would_______（save）.

8. We won’t start the work until all the preparations_______（make）.

9. To the customers’ satisfaction，teas of the same high quality_______（serve） in each shop every day.

10. In the last few years thousands of films________（produce） all over the world.

11. I’m so sorry，but sometimes the bus can_______（delay） for some reasons.

12. By the end of last year，another new gymnasium________（complete） in Beijing.

13. In the near future，more advances in the robot technology________（make） by scientists.

14. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people________（persuade） to eat more fruit and vegetables.

15. The leader，f nding the rule unfair for women，suggested it________（ban）.

16. This coastal area_______（name） a national wildlife reserve last year.

17. Don’t worry. The hard work that you do now________（repay） later in life.

18. It’s a custom in China to have some tea or other drinks before the meal________（serve）.

19. I have to go to school by bus today because my bike_______（repair）.

20. At minus 130℃，a living cell can_______（preserve）for a thousand years.

【參考答案】1. are dropped 2. be dealt 3. was celebrated 4. had been found 5. is being built 6. will be improved 7. have been saved 8. have been made 9. are served 10. have been produced 11. be delayed 12. had been completed 13. will be made 14. are persuaded 15. be banned 16. was named 17. will be repaid 18. is served 19. is being repaired 20. be preserved

（作者單位：湖南省長(zhǎng)沙縣星沙中心學(xué)校）