文/五花肉

以規(guī)矩鑄就巔峰

Achieve the Summit with Rules

文/五花肉

游泳對人類而言，歷史久遠(yuǎn)。遠(yuǎn)古人類為了生存捕獵，學(xué)會(huì)了游泳。從最初模仿水棲動(dòng)物姿勢，到現(xiàn)代游泳競技，是人類征服自然的體現(xiàn)?？v觀游泳競技發(fā)展，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)推動(dòng)貫穿始終。

Swimming has a long history for humans. Primitive humans learned how to swim in order to hunt for survival. The evolution from the initial imitation of aquatic animals' postures to modern competitive swimming is a manifestation of human conquest of nature. Throughout the history of competitive swimming, standards always play an important role in development.

快速發(fā)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)支撐

Rapid Development of the Standards

游泳競技在1896年第一屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)上就被列入正式比賽項(xiàng)目。彼時(shí)，游泳比賽規(guī)則尚未健全，對泳姿也沒有統(tǒng)一要求，決定勝負(fù)的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是速度。運(yùn)動(dòng)員千奇百怪的泳姿，嚴(yán)重影響了競技比賽的公平性。Competitive swimming was included as one of the formal events in the first modern Olympics in 1896. At that time, the rules of swimming were not yet perfect and there were no uniform requirements for the swimming strokes. The sole criteria to judge the result was speed. Various swimming strokes, especially some exceedingly strange ones, seriously affected thefairness of this competitive game.

此后，游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)開始針對不同泳姿出臺(tái)相應(yīng)的約束標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并逐步細(xì)化。從第16屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)開始，自由泳、蛙泳、蝶泳、仰泳4種泳姿成為游泳比賽的正式項(xiàng)目，游泳競技自此邁入“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”的發(fā)展快車道，成為奧運(yùn)會(huì)上設(shè)置獎(jiǎng)牌數(shù)量僅次于田徑的項(xiàng)目。

From then on, standards for different swimming strokes were developed and gradually refined. Since the 16th Olympics, freestyle, breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke became the formal events of competitive swimming. Since then, competitive swimming entered a stage of fast standardization development, and became the event whose number of medals was second only to track and field in the Olympic Games.

技術(shù)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)互相促進(jìn)

Mutual Promotion of Technique and Standards

游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員成績的提高，往往源于個(gè)人技術(shù)的突破。而游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)整體水平的提升，則始于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對新技術(shù)的規(guī)范。

In most cases, the improvement of the swimmer's performance results from the breakthroughs of personal technique. However, the overall enhancement of this sport’s level results from standards-based specification for new techniques.

以蛙泳為例，歷史上先后經(jīng)歷了3次重要的泳姿標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變革。50年代初，運(yùn)動(dòng)員為了提高泳速，曾采用潛水蛙泳，以減少水對人體的阻力。1956年第16屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)，日本運(yùn)動(dòng)員古川勝就采用這一技術(shù)獲得200米冠軍。當(dāng)時(shí)的國際泳聯(lián)認(rèn)為，過度潛水會(huì)危害運(yùn)動(dòng)員安全并影響比賽觀賞性，宣布此后禁止“潛水蛙泳”。

Take breaststroke as an example, its stroke standards changed three times in the history. In the early 1950s, in order to improve swimming speed, athletes adopted "underwater breaststroke" to reduce the water resistance. In 16th Olympics in 1956, Masaru Furukawa, a Japanese athlete received a gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke by adopting this technique. But, at that time, FINA believed that swimming underwater in excess would jeopardize the athletes’safety and influence competition's ornamental value, therefore they announced the prohibition of "underwater breaststroke".

1957—1960年間，我國運(yùn)動(dòng)員戚烈云、穆祥雄及莫國雄利用自己腿部有利條件，創(chuàng)造了“高航”“半高航”和“平航”式技術(shù)，先后五次打破世界紀(jì)錄。

From 1957 to 1960, Chinese athletes Qi Lieyun, Mu Xiangxiong and Mo Guoxiong made use of their favorable conditions in their legs, invented "high sail", "half high sail" and "flat sail" techniques, and broke the world record for five times.

1987年2月，國際游聯(lián)再次修訂規(guī)則：“允許頭部有下潛動(dòng)作，但每次配合后必須露出水面”。這種姿勢可使身體盡量保持直線，最大限度減小阻力，讓競技成績大幅提高，接近2米/秒。至今，蛙泳仍然沿用了這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)姿勢。

In February 1987, FINA once again revised the rules, allowing swimmer's head underwater but requiring the head to come out of the water during each complete cycle. This position can make the body maintain a straight line as far as possible, minimize the resistance to the greatest extent, and increase the athletic performance substantially, which is close to 2 m/s. So far, this standard is still used in breaststroke swimming.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的科學(xué)訓(xùn)練

Standardized Scientific Training

長期以來，身高臂長是游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員選材的第一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。隨著理念革新和技術(shù)發(fā)展，人們開始更多地關(guān)注體能訓(xùn)練和技巧提升。

For a long time, height and arm length are the primarycandidate selection criteria in competitive swimming. With conceptual innovation and technological development, people began to pay more attention to physical training and skills upgrading.

近幾年，我國涌現(xiàn)出了孫楊、寧澤濤、葉詩文等優(yōu)秀游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員，這與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的科學(xué)訓(xùn)練理念密不可分。傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為，游泳需要大密度、超強(qiáng)度的水中訓(xùn)練來激發(fā)運(yùn)動(dòng)員原始的“洪荒之力”，而新的理念則更加側(cè)重有氧耐力和技巧訓(xùn)練，通過長跑提高耐力、健身提高爆發(fā)力，相比機(jī)械式水中訓(xùn)練更符合人的肌肉記憶。

Thanks to the modernized concept of standardized scientific training, outstanding Chinese athletes spring up including Sun Yang, Ning Zetao, Ye Shiwen and so on. The traditional concept believes that swimming requires high-intensity aquatic training to stimulate the swimmers' original "prehistorical powers". Meanwhile, the new concept emphasizes aerobic endurance and skills training, which aim to improve endurance through long-distance running and increase explosive force through fitness. Compared with the mechanical water training, it is more in line with the muscle memory pattern.

結(jié) 語

Conclusion

“沒有規(guī)矩，不成方圓?！睆挠斡卷?xiàng)目發(fā)展，到游泳技術(shù)突破，再到游泳訓(xùn)練理念，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的專業(yè)支撐始終發(fā)揮著不可忽視的重要作用，在兼顧技術(shù)、安全和觀賞性的基礎(chǔ)上，幫助游泳項(xiàng)目形成了成熟的運(yùn)動(dòng)體系，走向競技發(fā)展的巔峰。

"Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards". From the development of swimming events to the breakthroughs of swimming techniques then to the swimming training philosophy, the technical support of standardization has always played an important role, which cannot be ignored. On the basis of taking into account the techniques, safety and ornamental value, it helps swimming events form a mature sports system and achieve the summit of competitive development.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）