浙江 范秀琴
一詞多義 義由境生
——關(guān)注2015年高考英語(yǔ)“熟詞生義”現(xiàn)象
浙江 范秀琴
明明非常眼熟的詞,但就是理解不透其含義。因?yàn)樵诖饲榇司爸校@個(gè)熟悉的詞意義“非凡”,抑或被賦予了常用含義之外的“非主流”意義。這就是英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)中常見(jiàn)的“熟詞生義”現(xiàn)象。2015年高考英語(yǔ)卷中“熟詞生義”例題比比皆是。
例1【2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ,完形填空】They had begun to integrate( 融合)the kinds of play and teamwork they had_54_the day before into their_55(game).
54.A.seen B.known
C.heard D.read
【解析】A。句意為:作者的女兒和她的隊(duì)友們將前一天所領(lǐng)會(huì)到的各種打法以及團(tuán)隊(duì)精神融匯到了(今天的)比賽中。see是個(gè)多義詞。此處,see不是常用的“看見(jiàn),看望,會(huì)見(jiàn)”的意思,而是“領(lǐng)會(huì),理解”的含義。再如:I don’t think shesawthe point of the story.我覺(jué)得她沒(méi)有領(lǐng)會(huì)故事的中心意思。see還有“認(rèn)為,確保,經(jīng)歷,見(jiàn)證,護(hù)送”等含義。例如:
Lacking patience is the main problem,as Iseeit.(認(rèn)為,看待)
Seeeverything is ready by noon.(確保,務(wù)必)
My grandpahas seena great deal in his long life.(經(jīng)歷,遭受)
The stadium willseeanother thrilling football game this weekend.(目擊,見(jiàn)證,主語(yǔ)常為事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間或地點(diǎn))
May Iseeyou home?(送,護(hù)送)
例2【2015·北京卷,完形填空】One woman,Mrs.Gilbert,_48_Dario’s mother with a book of piano music by Chopin.
48.A.treated B.presented
C.helped D.served
【解析】B。句意為:Gilbert女士送給Dario的媽媽一本肖邦的鋼琴樂(lè)譜。常見(jiàn)詞present不但一詞多義,還一詞多性。詞性不同,詞義有別。它可以作名詞,意為“禮物,禮品;目前,現(xiàn)在”。也可以作動(dòng)詞,有“授予,贈(zèng)予;提出,提交;出示,展現(xiàn);主持,公演”等含義。還可以作形容詞,表示“當(dāng)前的;出席的”等意思。例如:Apresentcan bepresentedto anyonepresentatpresent.現(xiàn)在每個(gè)在場(chǎng)的人都可贈(zèng)予一份禮物。四個(gè)present分別是名詞(意為“禮物”)、動(dòng)詞(意為“贈(zèng)予”)、形容詞(意為“在場(chǎng)的”)和名詞(意為“當(dāng)前”)。
例3【2015·浙江卷】Studies have shown that the right and left ear__5_sound differently.
A.produce B.pronounce
C.process D.download
【解析】C。句意為:多項(xiàng)研究表明,左耳和右耳處理聲音的方式是不同的。熟詞process作名詞時(shí), 意為“過(guò)程;步驟;做事方法”等,但作動(dòng)詞時(shí),則表示“加工;處理;審核”等含義。例如:
I’m afraid getting things changed will be a slowprocess.(名詞:歷程,進(jìn)程)
It’s a normal part of the learningprocess.(名詞:過(guò)程,步驟)
Most of the food we buyis processedin some way.(動(dòng)詞:處理,加工)
It will take a week for your application tobe processed.(動(dòng)詞:審核,審閱)
由詞性轉(zhuǎn)化而衍生的“熟詞生義”是2015年浙江省高考英語(yǔ)卷的一個(gè)特點(diǎn),除process外,常見(jiàn)的名詞作動(dòng)詞用后,其意義產(chǎn)生變化的“一詞多義”的例子還有:
(1)【2015·浙江卷】One of the most effective ways to reduce_15(stress)is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.此處,stress作名詞,意為“精神壓力,緊張”。作名詞時(shí),stress還有“強(qiáng)調(diào),重要性;重音,重讀”等意思。stress亦可作動(dòng)詞,意為“強(qiáng)調(diào);著重;用重音讀”等含義。例如:The teacherstressedthat in“develop”,thestressfalls on the second syllable,while in “envelope”,westressthe first syllable.老師強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)“develop”一詞重音在第二音節(jié),而“envelope”一詞,第一音節(jié)要重讀。
(2)【2015·浙江卷,完形填空】In a society that tends to__38(measure_)everything in terms of dollars and cents,we learn from a young age to consider the costs of our _39(decisions_)in financial terms.由語(yǔ)境可知,measure意為“衡量;估量”。作動(dòng)詞用時(shí),常用意思為“測(cè)量;量度為”,例如:Theymeasuredthe tall pine tree and itmeasuredas high as 20 meters。若作名詞時(shí),通常指“方法;措施”,例如:We are totake immediate measures(采取措施)to solve the problem。此外,measure還有“尺度;計(jì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn);衡量”等含義。
(3)【2015·浙江卷,閱讀理解B篇】A line graph looks similar to a bar graph,but instead of bars,itplotspoints and connects them with a line.此處,plot作動(dòng)詞用,意為“標(biāo)出;繪制”,而它的常用法是作名詞,意為“故事情節(jié);密謀”等。
(4)【2015·浙江卷,閱讀理解C篇】Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night:We’veengineeredit to receive us by filling it with light....In most cities the sky looks as though ithas been emptiedof stars,leaving behind a vacant haze(霾)thatmirrorsour fear of the dark.常見(jiàn)名詞engineer(工程師)和mirror(鏡子)在這里都作了動(dòng)詞,分別意為“精心安排”和“反映;映照”。
(5)【2015·浙江卷,閱讀理解D篇】While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots,toscheduleher vet appointments,to feed and clean her,Misty knew this on day one....The walk in the morning before Iheadedto the hospital was a quiet,peaceful time to gather my thoughts or to just be before the day’s medical drama unfolded.句中“schedule”和“head”都作動(dòng)詞用,意為“安排;預(yù)定”和“朝(某方向)行進(jìn)”。作動(dòng)詞用的“head”還有“領(lǐng)導(dǎo);主管;排在前頭”等意思。例如:
She has been appointed toheadthe research team.(領(lǐng)導(dǎo))
Italyheadsthe table after two games.(位于排行之首)
(6)【2015·浙江卷,任務(wù)型閱讀】You’ll get in more questions,the discussionwill be tailoredto what you need most help on,and two-party communication is almost always more productive than committee work.作動(dòng)詞用的“tailor”是“專(zhuān)門(mén)制作;定做”的意思。
If you’re lucky enough tolandsuch an accommodation,though,be sure you’re 100 percent on time.動(dòng)詞“l(fā)and”在這里可不是“著陸;降落”的意思,而是意為“成功得到;贏得”。
例4【2015·福建卷】The failure was a big_24_to him,but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.
A.blow B.issue
C.excuse D.factor
【解析】A。句意為:這次失敗對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)是一次沉重的打擊,但是他并沒(méi)有氣餒,而是很快就像以前那樣充滿(mǎn)熱情了。blow作名詞,本意為“吹;猛擊”。此處是引申義“打擊;挫折”。多義詞blow作動(dòng)詞用時(shí),多層意思會(huì)淋漓盡致地體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。例如:
Itwas blowinghard.The doorblewopen and the little girlwasalmostblownover.(刮;吹)
At the very moment,the refereeblewhis whistle.(吹奏)
They attempted toblowup the government building.(炸開(kāi))
You had your chance and youblewit.(浪費(fèi))
One mistake couldblow your cover.(暴露身份)
Blow it! We’ve missed the bus.(感嘆語(yǔ)。表示生氣、吃驚或不在乎)
例5【2015·天津卷】—Sorry,Liz.I think I was a bit rude to you.
—_1_,but don’t do that again!
A.Go ahead B.Forget it
C.It depends D.With pleasure
【解析】B?!安缓靡馑迹琇iz。我剛才對(duì)你有些粗魯?!薄八懔税桑虏粸槔?!”“Forget it”此處用來(lái)回答道歉,意為“算了吧;沒(méi)關(guān)系”。其實(shí),日常情景交際用語(yǔ)“Forget it”在不同的語(yǔ)境中,表達(dá)不同的含義。例如:
①—Thank you so much for your timely help.
—Forget it.(沒(méi)關(guān)系;不用謝。用來(lái)回答感謝)
②—How much do I owe you?
—Forget it.(忘了它吧;別提了;別放在心上。表示不想提及或無(wú)關(guān)緊要)
③—I’ll take the small truck.
—And leave me to drive the other one?Forget it.(不行;休想;不可能;別抱什么希望。表示否定或拒絕)
“一詞多義”通常是同屬一個(gè)基本意義的轉(zhuǎn)義、引申、派生或衍生意義。但在下列情境中,“熟”詞卻有著迥然不同的“生”義。
1.詞性不同,意思迥異
(1)Left isrightandrightis wrong.You arerighton the wrong side.左邊是對(duì)的,右邊錯(cuò)了。你恰巧在錯(cuò)的一邊。第一個(gè)“right”是形容詞,意為“正確的,對(duì)的”;第二個(gè)“right”是名詞,意為“右邊”;而第三個(gè)“right”則是副詞,意為“(位置、時(shí)間等)準(zhǔn)確地”。
(2)Theminethey’llmineismine.他們將開(kāi)采的礦是我的。第一個(gè)“mine”是名詞(意為“礦”);第二個(gè)“mine”是動(dòng)詞(意為“采礦”);第三個(gè)“mine”是物主代詞(意為“我的”)。
(3)Heplantsmanyplantsaround theplantevery other year.每隔一年他就會(huì)在那工廠(chǎng)周?chē)N植許多植物。三個(gè)“plant”分別是動(dòng)詞(意為“種植”)、名詞(意為“植物”)和名詞(意為“工廠(chǎng)”)。
新課標(biāo)詞匯中此類(lèi)詞還有很多。如:
Tom said he couldn’tbear(v.容忍;承受)to part with the babybear(n.熊).
Can(modal v.能;會(huì))youcan(v.制罐頭)a fishcan(n.罐子;聽(tīng))?
You’ll have to getclose(adj.靠近的)enough toclose(v.關(guān)閉;閉合)the curtains.
Toddy was afraid ofbeing deserted(v.遺棄;舍棄)on thatdesert(n.沙漠;荒原)island.
Leavesfall(v.落下;掉下)in thefall(n.秋天).
The boylying(v.躺)in the corner is always tellinglies(n.謊言).
You mustn’tpark(v.停車(chē))your car in the nearbypark(n.公園).
What apatient(adj.有耐心的)doctor to treat such a demandingpatient(n.病人)!
Why notpost(v.張貼)your note on thatpost(n.柱;桿)?
Withtears(n.眼淚)in her eyes,shewas tearing(v.撕;扯)the letter into pieces.
2.詞形不同,含義別樣
英語(yǔ)中的不少名詞既可作不可數(shù)名詞,也可作可數(shù)名詞,但詞義卻不一樣。
(1)Doing morningexercisesis a kind ofexercise.做早操是一種鍛煉。(第一個(gè)exercise,意為“體操”,可數(shù)名詞;第二個(gè)exercise,意為“鍛煉”,不可數(shù)名詞)
(2)When hisworkwasn’t going right,he was restless.當(dāng)他的工作不稱(chēng)心時(shí),他會(huì)煩躁不安。(work,意為“工作”,不可數(shù)名詞)
Theworkshave been closed since February.這些工廠(chǎng)是自二月份以來(lái)關(guān)門(mén)的。(works,意為“工廠(chǎng)”,可數(shù)名詞)
Theworksby the writer are popular with young people.這個(gè)作家的作品很受年輕人喜歡。(work,意為“作品”,可數(shù)名詞)
(3)Write your reply in as fewwordsas possible.盡可能用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言回答。(words,意為“話(huà)語(yǔ)”,可數(shù)名詞)
Wordcame that the oil price would go down.有消息傳來(lái)稱(chēng)油價(jià)會(huì)下降。(word,意為“消息”,不可數(shù)名詞)
屬于這類(lèi)詞的還有arm(胳膊)/ arms(武器);brain(大腦)/ brains(智慧);custom(風(fēng)俗)/ customs(海關(guān));glass(玻璃)/ glasses(眼鏡);good(好處)/ goods(貨物);force(力,武力)/ forces(軍隊(duì));manner( 舉止)/ manners(禮貌);pain(疼痛)/ pains(辛苦,努力);spirit(精神)/ spirits(情緒);wood(木頭)/ woods(森林)等。
另外,有些副詞有兩種形式,一個(gè)與形容詞同形,另一個(gè)以-ly結(jié)尾,但它們的含義是不同的。例如:close(靠近地)和closely(仔細(xì)地,密切地);free(免費(fèi)地)和freely(自由地);hard(努力地)和hardly(幾乎不);late(晚,遲)和lately(近來(lái));high(高)和highly(高度地);deep(深)和deeply(深刻地);near(附近)和nearly(幾乎)等。
3.位置不同,其意相異
下列形容詞既可作前置定語(yǔ),也可作后置定語(yǔ),但意思卻不一樣。
(1)She approached me with aconcernedlook on her face.她神情憂(yōu)慮地向我走近。(前置:憂(yōu)慮的;掛念的)
Peopleconcernedwere all to be punished.所有相關(guān)人員都要受到懲罰。(后置:有關(guān)的)
(2)At thepresenttime we have no best possible solution.目前我們沒(méi)有最好的解決辦法。(前置:目前的)
Everyonepresentwelcomed the final decision.在場(chǎng)的所有人都支持最后的決定。(后置:在場(chǎng)的;出席的)
(3)At the family party,the family ate awholesheep.在家庭會(huì)餐中,全家人吃掉了一整只羊。(前置:整體的,全部的)
The people in Xinjiang like to roast sheepwhole.新疆人喜歡烤全羊。(后置:整個(gè)兒的,不切開(kāi)的)
其他類(lèi)似的形容詞還有:
前置定語(yǔ)
anabsentlook走神的
theadoptedkid收養(yǎng)的
duepunishment應(yīng)得的
aninvolvedlecture難懂的
the bestknownbook有名的
aproperdiet恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>
aresponsibleman有責(zé)任心的
后置定語(yǔ)
studentsabsentfrom class缺席的
the suggestionadopted被采納的
the rentdue到期的
all the teachersinvolved有關(guān)的
the scientistknownto us all已知的
celebrationsproper嚴(yán)格意義上的
the manresponsible應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任的
4.搭配不同,意義有別
(1)ConsideringTom to be fit for the office,the bossconsideredtaking him on.老板認(rèn)為T(mén)om適合這工作,所以考慮錄用他。(consider sb./sth.(to be),意為“認(rèn)為某人(某物)是”;consider doing something意為“考慮做某事”)
(2)Ihappenednot to be there when an earthquakehappened.地震發(fā)生的時(shí)候,我碰巧不在那兒。(前者“happen to do sth.”,不用于進(jìn)行時(shí),意為“碰巧做某事”;后者為不及物動(dòng)詞,不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),意為“(偶然)發(fā)生”)
(3)Marysuggestedwe visit the museum once more,whichsuggestedshe loved the Chinese culture very much.Mary建議我們?cè)賲⒂^(guān)一下那個(gè)博物館,這表明她酷愛(ài)中國(guó)文化。第一個(gè)suggest,意為“建議”,后接虛擬語(yǔ)氣;第二個(gè)suggest,意為“暗示,表明”,后接陳述語(yǔ)氣。動(dòng)詞insist也有類(lèi)似的用法:The boyinsisted(堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,后接陳述語(yǔ)氣)that he was honest andinsisted(堅(jiān)決要求,后接虛擬語(yǔ)氣)that I (should) apologize to him.
還有些常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))后既可接不定式,也可接動(dòng)名詞,但意思差別較大。例如:go on to do sth.(接著做另一件事情)/ go on doing sth.(繼續(xù)做同一件事情);forget/remember to do sth.(忘記/記得做某事)/ forget/ remember doing sth.(忘記/記得做過(guò)某事);mean to do sth.(打算做某事)/ mean doing sth.(意味著做某事);regret to do sth.(遺憾要做某事)/ regret doing sth.(后悔做過(guò)某事);stop to do sth.(停下來(lái),開(kāi)始做某事)/ stop doing sth.(停止做某事);want sb.to do sth.(想要某人做某事)/ want doing (to be done)(需要被)等。
雖然“一詞多義”現(xiàn)象是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)豐富的標(biāo)志,但在一定的上下文語(yǔ)境中,義由境生,一個(gè)詞一般只能解釋為一種語(yǔ)義。這就要求考生在英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)時(shí),摒棄機(jī)械套用熟知含義的做法,而須拓寬視野,豐富知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備,能探尋規(guī)律,依托語(yǔ)境,合理推斷,從而正確猜詞悟義。
(作者單位:浙江省紹興市魯迅中學(xué))