安徽 王玉峰(特級(jí)教師)
從典型考題解讀定語從句考點(diǎn)
安徽 王玉峰(特級(jí)教師)
定語從句是歷年高考試題中的重要考點(diǎn),無論是在單選、短文填空、短文改錯(cuò),甚至在完形填空中都有其蹤跡,更不用說在書面表達(dá)中了。以下結(jié)合典型例題解讀定語從句的重要考點(diǎn)。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語,關(guān)系副詞在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作狀語。決定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵不是先行詞,而是關(guān)系詞在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中所作的成分。如:
1.This is the factory where we worked ten years ago.(關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾指地點(diǎn)的先行詞“factory”,其本身在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作不及物動(dòng)詞work的狀語)
2.This is the factory in which we worked ten years ago.(定語從句的先行詞是指物的“factory”,介詞后跟關(guān)系代詞which,in which=where)
3.This is the factory that/which we visited ten years ago.(先行詞是指物的名詞,關(guān)系代詞that/ which作從句及物動(dòng)詞 visit的賓語,此處也可以省去that/ which)
【解題技巧】1.先根據(jù)主句成分是否齊全,從句是否修飾名詞、代詞或者句子判定是否為定語從句;2.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),看表時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的先行詞在定語從句中是作狀語,還是作主語或賓語;3.看定語從句中的動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞,或是“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
【典題1】(2016全國卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
【答案與解析】when。橫線后面的句子主要成分完整,從句修飾時(shí)間名詞“mid-1980s”,用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
【典題2】(2014全國卷Ⅰ)Maybe you leave a habit 67is driving your family crazy.
【答案與解析】that/which?!癮 habit”是指物的先行詞,其后是一個(gè)定語從句,從句缺少主語,所以用關(guān)系代詞that/which。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞指物的有that,which;指人的有who,whom,whose,其中口語中也可用that指人。在從句中作主語的關(guān)系詞有that,which,who; 作賓語的有that,which,whom,口語中也可以用who代替whom,但是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”中的關(guān)系代詞不用who和that;作表語用that;作定語用whose,也可用which。如:
1.She may fall ill,in which case she will have to be taken to the hospital at once.她可能病了。如果是這樣,就得馬上送她上醫(yī)院。(which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,in that case是介詞短語“那樣情況下”,可以看出此處是關(guān)系代詞which代替作定語的指示代詞that)
2.She is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.她是那些姑娘中唯一一個(gè)樂意參加補(bǔ)考的人。(who在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語,不能換成whom或whose,先行詞“one”指人,不用which)
3.She was the only woman of the three whose face was free of make-up.在三個(gè)女性里面,她是唯一沒有使用化妝品的。(whose作定語,相當(dāng)于“the face of whom”)
【解題技巧】1.通過關(guān)系詞在句中所作成分確定用關(guān)系代詞;2.根據(jù)先行詞確定指人還是指物;3.綜合先行詞和其所在從句中的作用確定具體的關(guān)系代詞;4.注意關(guān)系代詞的具體用法和特殊情況。
【典題1】(2015全國卷Ⅰ)I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River64are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
【答案與解析】that/which。先行詞是“the limestone mountain tops and dark waters”,關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語,故應(yīng)用指物的關(guān)系代詞that/which。
【典題2】(2011廣東卷)Behind him were other people to 21 he was trying to talk,but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me,looking annoyed.
【答案與解析】whom。根據(jù)介詞to可看出是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu),不能用who和that。定語從句的先行詞“people”指人,所以應(yīng)用作賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom。
【典題3】(改編自2016北京卷,22)I live next door to a couple________children often make a lot of noise.
【答案與解析】whose。定語從句的主語children前面缺少作定語的限定詞,根據(jù)句子意思可看出是“their children”,因此用連接定語從句的關(guān)系代詞 whose。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有 when,where,why 等,先行詞分別是指時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因的名詞或代詞,其在先行詞的后面起引導(dǎo)作用,同時(shí)在定語從句中分別充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語。關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中相當(dāng)于“介詞+which ”。先行詞是way時(shí)后面跟in which或that(也可以省略),在定語從句中作方式狀語。如:
1.Computer scientists rushed in great numbers onto the stage where the game was being played and began to type many instructions into the keyboard to rouse the computer system again.電腦科學(xué)家們一批批急忙趕到比賽現(xiàn)場(chǎng)并敲擊鍵盤輸入很多命令以使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)再次啟動(dòng)。(從句成分完整,先行詞“stage”指地點(diǎn),后跟where引導(dǎo)的定語從句)
2.I fail to see any reason why(for which)we should worry ourselves about those people.我真不懂我們?yōu)槭裁匆婺切┤藫?dān)憂。(先行詞是“reason”,定語從句不缺主要成分,用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo),也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成for which)
3.I like the way in which he talks.=I like the way that he talks.=I like the way he talks.
【解題技巧】1.確定關(guān)系詞在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作狀語;2.根據(jù)先行詞確定是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因還是方式;3.注意where并不總是指地點(diǎn),還可以是situation,case,point,stage等。
【典題1】(2014廣東卷)The next day,my brother and I went to the beach 24 we watched some people play volleyball.
【答案與解析】where。本句是一個(gè)定語從句,先行詞是“the beach”,后面的定語從句“we watched some people play volleyball”句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整,所以要使用關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞beach是指地點(diǎn)的名詞,故用where。
【典題2】(改編自2016天津卷,9)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ______the weather may be better.
【答案與解析】when。先行詞是指時(shí)間的名詞“next week”,從句是完整的主系表結(jié)構(gòu),所以應(yīng)用作時(shí)間狀語的關(guān)系副詞when。
非限制性定語從句與主句之間在形式上通常由一個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開,但有時(shí)也不用逗號(hào),這要視具體情況而定。一般能用限制性定語從句修飾的先行詞也可以用非限制性定語從句修飾,但先行詞是獨(dú)一無二的人或物、專有名詞、整個(gè)句子或句子的一部分時(shí)宜用非限制性定語從句。that和why通常不用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,而且非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞一般不省略。如:
1.Shanghai,which lies in the south of China,is a beautiful city.
2.His father,who went to France ten years ago,died of cancer.
【解題技巧】1.跟限制性定語從句一樣確定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞;2.考慮到非限制性定語從句與限制性定語從句的不同,排除不用于非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞;3.考慮as與which的區(qū)別;4.注意從句中插入成分的干擾作用,避免與限制性定語從句混淆。
【典題1】(2016全國卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 67 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,influenced the development of chopsticks.
【答案與解析】who。由逗號(hào)可看出是非限制性定語從句,先行詞“Confucius”指人,考慮到雖然that可以指人,但是不用于非限制性定語從句,而且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,所以用who。
【典題2】(改編自2016浙江卷,11)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of________have been proved.
【答案與解析】which。根據(jù)prove可看出空白處應(yīng)該指代前面的“theories”,確定是定語從句,結(jié)合逗號(hào)確定是非限制性定語從句,關(guān)系代詞that不可以用于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”或非限制性定語從句中,what不引導(dǎo)定語從句,whom指人,which指物。
定語從句從結(jié)構(gòu)上看有時(shí)候跟同位語從句、并列句、狀語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、主語從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型等極為相似,這類題極具迷惑性,憑印象選擇很容易出錯(cuò)。如:
1.Nobody believed his reason for being absent from class that he had to meet his uncle at the airport.(that后的從句說明reason的內(nèi)容,且句子成分完整,that只起連接作用,引導(dǎo)同位語從句。如果將其看做是定語從句,則從句內(nèi)容表示結(jié)果,用why引導(dǎo),如:The reason why he was absent from class was that he had to meet his uncle at the airport.)
2.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80% of which are sold abroad.(這是非限制性定語從句,若在80%前加and,它就會(huì)變成并列句,那就要用代詞them代替which,即:80% of which=and 80% of them)
3.His plan was such a good one that we all agreed to accept it.(從句中成分完整,因此是such引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句。如果從句中無it,則為定語從句,那就要用引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞as代替引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的that)
4.You can only be sure of what you have at present;you can’t be sure of something you might get in the future.(what引導(dǎo)賓語從句,且作賓語從句中have的賓語,若of后有all,則用that引導(dǎo)定語從句,即all that=what)
5.—Mom,what did your doctor say?
—He advised me to live where the air is fresher.(沒有先行詞,說明它是連接副詞where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句,不可以轉(zhuǎn)化成引導(dǎo)定語從句的in which。類似的還有where引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,如:That’s where I disagree.)
6.As is known to everybody,Taiwan is part of China.(句子中間有逗號(hào),說明它是非限制性定語從句,而且引導(dǎo)詞置于句首,as不可以換成which。該句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成主語從句,即:It is known to everybody that Taiwan is part of China.)
7.It was at eight o’clock that we arrived at the foot of the mountain.(“It be...that...”是強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu),即使被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分指時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)也不可以用when或where。比較:It was in the park where we met ten years ago that we met again yesterday.)
【解題技巧】1.根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意確定是何種句型;2.根據(jù)相關(guān)句型確定合適的連詞。
【典題1】(2014全國卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 62 some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
【答案與解析】and。橫線前后均是一個(gè)完整的句子,兩個(gè)分句之間沒有連詞,也沒有分號(hào)或句號(hào),故應(yīng)填連詞;根據(jù)句意和兩句之間的邏輯關(guān)系可看出是遞進(jìn)的并列關(guān)系,用and。其中and some of them= some of whom。
【典題2】(改編自2015湖南卷,21)It was when we were returning home_______I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
【答案與解析】that。此句是“It was...”開頭且去掉“It was”后可以還原成一個(gè)意義完整的句子,故判斷此句是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)“when we were returning home”。不要誤以為是定語從句而誤用where。
(作者單位:安徽省蚌埠市懷遠(yuǎn)第一中學(xué))