□楊進(jìn)山
被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)
□楊進(jìn)山
同學(xué)們都知道,“be+過去分詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)既可能是被動語態(tài),也可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu),盡管二者形式相同,但意義卻不一樣。被動語態(tài)是就動作而言的,強調(diào)動作。但有時be后面的過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞時,在句中作表語,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),表示主語的特點或所處的某種狀態(tài)。那么大家該如何辨別它們呢?
英語中的被動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動作的承受者,動作的執(zhí)行者一般由介詞by引導(dǎo)的短語來表示。因此,當(dāng)句中含有“be+過去分詞+by短語”結(jié)構(gòu)時,通常作為被動語態(tài)看待;而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞則說明主語的特征或狀態(tài)。試比較:
The door was closed by my brother.門被我弟弟關(guān)上了。(被動語態(tài))
The door was closed.門關(guān)著。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
一般地,被動語態(tài)可以有多種時態(tài)以表示動作發(fā)生的不同時間,可用于一般時,將來時,進(jìn)行時和完成時等8種時態(tài)。如:
It’s said that the long bridge will be built up in two months.據(jù)說那座長橋?qū)⒃趦蓚€月后建成。
而系表結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時、一般將來時或一般過去時,說明主語現(xiàn)在、將來或過去某時刻所處的狀態(tài)。如:
I’m not quite used to the weather here yet.我還不太習(xí)慣這里的天氣。
再比較:
New products are being made.新產(chǎn)品正在制造中。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài))
The book has already been translated into many languages.這本書已被翻譯成多種語言。(現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài))
The meeting will be put off.會議將延期。(一般將來時的被動語態(tài))
John and a singer were married.約翰和一位歌唱家結(jié)婚了。(一般過去時的系表結(jié)構(gòu))
I am interested in that story book.我對那本故事書感興趣。(一般現(xiàn)在時的系表結(jié)構(gòu))
若“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時,我們可以根據(jù)句子的狀語來區(qū)別是被動語態(tài)還是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
1.“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)是一般現(xiàn)在時,且句子中有usually,always,often等表示頻度的副詞說明動作反復(fù)發(fā)生,則為被動語態(tài)。如:
He’s often asked to come here.他經(jīng)常被請到這兒來。
All questions were always answered in English by Mary.瑪麗一直用英語回答所有的問題。
2.當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)是一般過去時,且句中有表示時間、地點、方式的狀語,多為被動語態(tài)。如:
The factory was built in 1980’s.這家工廠是20世紀(jì)80年代建的。
有些由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化而成的過去分詞在運用中實際上已變成了形容詞,在句中用作表語,且后面往往還有固定的介詞搭配或構(gòu)成固定的動詞短語形式。如:
Anna’s father is worried about her lessons.安娜的父親擔(dān)心她的課程。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
英語中類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有:be supposed to do sth.表示“應(yīng)該做某事”,be filled with...表示“用……裝滿……”,be interested in...表示“對……感興趣”,be surprised to∕at...表示“……使驚奇∕使驚訝”,be known as∕to表示“為……所知”等。
被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞必須是由及物動詞或用作及物動詞的短語動詞構(gòu)成;而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的由過去分詞演變成的形容詞可以由不及物動詞構(gòu)成的,如:gone,retired,covered,broken,married等。如:
The small boy was taken to the hospital by him.小男孩被他送到了醫(yī)院。(被動語態(tài))
When I came back,I found my book was gone.當(dāng)我返回時,我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的書不見了。
His house was fallen down because of the earthquake.由于地震,他的房子倒塌了。
一、判斷下列句子是“被動語態(tài)”還是“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”。
1.The window was broken.
2.The book is written in English.
3.English is the most widely spoken language in the world.
4.All of the students are supposed to hand in their homework on time.
5.Mary was married to a driver last Saturday.
6.The new teacher was given a warm welcome by the students.
7.The beautiful days are gone.
8.An old machine is being mended by the workers.
二、用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
9.It is(know)to all that Guilin is famous for its beautiful scenery.
10.The bowl was(fill)with hot water.
11.they(see)to get off the bus by their teacher yesterday?
12.The PRC(found)on October 1,1949.
13.The supermarketusually(open)at seven o’clock.
14.—Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?—No,I(not invite).
15.She(not use)to staying up late.
16.Some of my classmates are(interest)in Bill Gates.
一、1.系表結(jié)構(gòu)2.被動語態(tài)3.被動語態(tài)4.系表結(jié)構(gòu)5.系表結(jié)構(gòu)6.被動語態(tài)7.系表結(jié)構(gòu)8.被動語態(tài)
二、9.known10.filled11.Were,seen12.was founded13.is, opened14.wasn’t invited15.isn’t used16.interested