張衛(wèi)寧,李 康,線胤生
710061陜西省西安市,西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤外科
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開(kāi)胸手術(shù)與胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌臨床效果的比較研究
張衛(wèi)寧,李 康,線胤生
710061陜西省西安市,西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤外科
【摘要】目的比較開(kāi)胸手術(shù)與胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌的臨床效果。方法選取西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院2005年1月—2010年2月收治的非小細(xì)胞癌患者180例,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式分為開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組和胸腔鏡手術(shù)組,每組90例。開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組患者行傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù),胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者行胸腔鏡手術(shù)。比較兩組患者手術(shù)情況(術(shù)中出血量、淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、術(shù)后引流量、置管時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間)、復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移情況、5年生存率、FACF-L中文4.0版調(diào)查表評(píng)分、手術(shù)前后免疫功能指標(biāo)(血清IgG、IgA、IgM水平及細(xì)胞分?jǐn)?shù))及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量小于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,置管時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間短于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組(P<0.05);而兩組患者淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率低于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組(P<0.05);而兩組患者復(fù)發(fā)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者5年生存率為44.4%,開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組為41.1%,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者FACF-L中文4.0版調(diào)查表生理狀況評(píng)分、功能狀況評(píng)分、附加肺癌相關(guān)因素評(píng)分及總分高于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組(P<0.05);而兩組患者社會(huì)狀況評(píng)分、情感狀況評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者術(shù)前血清IgG、IgA、IgM水平及細(xì)胞分?jǐn)?shù)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者術(shù)后血清IgG水平及細(xì)胞分?jǐn)?shù)均高于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組(P<0.05);而兩組患者術(shù)后血清IgA、IgM水平比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為12.2%,低于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組的35.6%(P<0.05)。結(jié)論與傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)相比,胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌具有創(chuàng)傷小、住院時(shí)間短、康復(fù)速度快、并發(fā)癥少、對(duì)免疫功能影響小等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在保證淋巴結(jié)清掃效果和生存期的前提下有利于提高患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量,降低術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率及延長(zhǎng)復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間。
【關(guān)鍵詞】癌,非小細(xì)胞;肺外科手術(shù);胸廓切開(kāi)術(shù);胸腔鏡
張衛(wèi)寧,李康,線胤生.開(kāi)胸手術(shù)與胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌臨床效果的比較研究[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2016,24(1):51-54.[www.syxnf.net]
Zhang WN,Li K, Xian YS.Comparative study for clinical effect on non-small cell lung cancer between thoracotomy and thoracoscopic surgery[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2016,24(1):51-54.
近年來(lái),肺癌發(fā)病率在全球范圍內(nèi)呈持續(xù)性升高趨勢(shì)[1]。目前,肺癌位居我國(guó)男性惡性腫瘤首位,女性惡性腫瘤第三位[2],嚴(yán)重威脅居民的生命安全。肺癌包括小細(xì)胞癌與非小細(xì)胞癌兩大類(lèi),其中后者約占80%[3],主要包括腺癌、大細(xì)胞肺癌、鱗癌、腺鱗癌等。外科手術(shù)是早、中期肺癌的最佳治療方式,而胸腔鏡手術(shù)的問(wèn)世為更多的早期肺癌患者帶來(lái)了更大希望,其與傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)相比具有手術(shù)切口小、創(chuàng)傷小、疼痛輕、炎性反應(yīng)輕、肺功能損傷小等優(yōu)點(diǎn),用于治療胸外科疾病安全有效。本研究旨在比較開(kāi)胸手術(shù)與胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌的臨床效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選取西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院2005年1月—2010年2月收治的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者180例,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式分為開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組和胸腔鏡手術(shù)組,每組90例。開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組中男38例,女52例;年齡45~75歲,平均年齡(67.5±7.2)歲;病變部位:左側(cè)53例,右側(cè)37例;病理類(lèi)型:腺癌52例,鱗癌26例,其他12例;臨床分期:Ⅰ期35例,Ⅱ期34例,Ⅲ期21例。胸腔鏡手術(shù)組中男42例,女48例;年齡48~72歲,平均年齡(68.3±6.8)歲;病變部位:左側(cè)56例,右側(cè)34例;病理類(lèi)型:腺癌48例,鱗癌27例,其他15例;臨床分期:Ⅰ期37例,Ⅱ期33例,Ⅲ期20例。兩組患者性別(χ2=0.358)、年齡(t=0.766)、病變部位(χ2=0.208)、病理類(lèi)型(χ2=0.512)及臨床分期(χ2=0.094)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)入院后完善血生化、免疫學(xué)、凝血常規(guī)及尿常規(guī)、心電圖、胸部CT、肺部通氣功能等檢查,并經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查確診;(2)無(wú)手術(shù)禁忌證;(3)行解剖性肺葉切除、系統(tǒng)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù);(4)經(jīng)術(shù)后病理學(xué)檢查證實(shí)屬非小細(xì)胞肺癌;(5)對(duì)本研究知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)臨床資料不全或?qū)Ρ狙芯坎恢榛虿煌鈪⒓颖狙芯浚?2)合并自身免疫性疾病或術(shù)后病理學(xué)檢查證實(shí)為小細(xì)胞肺癌;(3)術(shù)前接受輔助化療[4]。
1.3治療方法
1.3.1開(kāi)胸手術(shù)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組患者行傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù):經(jīng)雙腔支氣管插管行靜脈復(fù)合全身麻醉,對(duì)健側(cè)肺予以輔助通氣;取健側(cè)臥位,于第5或6肋間作一長(zhǎng)15~20 cm切口,開(kāi)胸并探查病灶情況,明確病灶部位、大小、周?chē)Y(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系等;游離支氣管、肺靜脈及動(dòng)脈分支,采用絲線進(jìn)行縫扎、結(jié)扎后切斷;切除病變組織并進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性縱隔、肺門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃;放置胸腔閉式引流管,關(guān)閉胸腔。
1.3.2胸腔鏡手術(shù)胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者行胸腔鏡手術(shù):麻醉方式同開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,對(duì)健側(cè)肺予以輔助通氣;取健側(cè)臥位,于第7或8肋間與腋中后線交叉處作一長(zhǎng)1 cm切口作為觀察孔,置入胸腔鏡探查病灶;明確病灶后依次做主操作孔、輔助操作孔,在胸腔鏡直視下游離相關(guān)組織;采用內(nèi)鏡直線縫合切開(kāi)器沿肺葉裂分裂不全部位切除病變組織并由主操作孔取出;進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性縱隔、肺門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃,采用滅菌純化水沖洗胸腔,采用生物蛋白膠噴涂支氣管殘端、葉間裂創(chuàng)面并包埋、止血;最后行雙肺通氣檢查確保無(wú)漏氣、活動(dòng)性出血后放置胸腔閉式引流管,其中行肺上葉切除術(shù)者分別經(jīng)觀察孔、輔助操作孔各置入引流管1枚,行肺中葉或肺下葉切除術(shù)者經(jīng)觀察孔置入引流管1枚。
2結(jié)果
2.1手術(shù)情況胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量小于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,置管時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間短于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見(jiàn)表1)。
表1 兩組患者手術(shù)情況比較±s)
2.2復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移情況胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率低于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者復(fù)發(fā)率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見(jiàn)表2)。
2.35年生存率胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者5年生存率為44.4%,開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組為41.1%,兩組患者5年生存率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.183,P>0.05)。
表2兩組患者腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移情況比較
Table 2Comparison of tumor recurrence and metastasis between the two groups
組別例數(shù)復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間(x±s,月)復(fù)發(fā)率〔n(%)〕遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率〔n(%)〕開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組9016.5±2.26(6.67)8(8.89)胸腔鏡手術(shù)組9018.3±2.77(7.78)4(4.44)χ2(t)值4.903a0.0821.420P值<0.01>0.05<0.05
注:a為t值
2.4FACF-L中文4.0版調(diào)查表評(píng)分胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者生理狀況評(píng)分、功能狀況評(píng)分、附加肺癌相關(guān)因素評(píng)分及總分高于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者社會(huì)狀況評(píng)分、情感狀況評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見(jiàn)表3)。
2.6并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者出現(xiàn)肺部感染4例、活動(dòng)性出血3例、切口感染3例、低氧血癥1例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為12.2%;開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組患者出現(xiàn)肺部感染6例、活動(dòng)性出血9例、切口感染8例、低氧血癥5例、心律失常2例、肺栓塞2例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為35.6%;胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=13.400,P<0.01)。
表3 兩組患者FACF-L中文4.0版調(diào)查表評(píng)分比較±s,分)
表4 兩組患者手術(shù)前后免疫功能指標(biāo)比較±s)
3討論
近年來(lái),肺癌發(fā)病率不斷增高,并已成為我國(guó)惡性腫瘤患者死亡的首要原因[2];據(jù)WHO預(yù)測(cè),至2025年我國(guó)每年新增因肺癌死亡患者數(shù)量將超過(guò)100萬(wàn),將位居全球首位[6]。目前,臨床已基本形成包括放療、化療、外科手術(shù)、免疫治療、中醫(yī)藥物、射頻熱療及腫瘤靶向物治療等在內(nèi)的肺癌治療方案,其中外科手術(shù)應(yīng)用最為廣泛。肺癌外科手術(shù)的治療原則是最大限度地切除肺部病灶并清掃縱隔淋巴結(jié),盡量保留健康肺組織,而手術(shù)切除范圍則與病灶大小、部位、病灶與周?chē)M織關(guān)系等密切相關(guān)。外科手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展及腔鏡外科的誕生為胸外科手術(shù)開(kāi)辟了新的途徑,其與傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)相比具有切口小、疼痛輕、對(duì)肺功能和免疫功能影響小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量小于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,置管時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間短于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,而兩組患者淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目間無(wú)明顯差異,提示胸腔鏡手術(shù)在保證淋巴結(jié)清掃效果的同時(shí)有助于減少非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者術(shù)中出血量及術(shù)后引流量,縮短置管時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間。
趙文鵬等[7]研究表明,采用胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療的非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者長(zhǎng)期生存質(zhì)量更好。本研究結(jié)果顯示,胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者5年生存率為44.4%,開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組為41.1%,兩組患者5年生存率間無(wú)明顯差異;進(jìn)一步比較FACF-L中文4.0版調(diào)查表評(píng)分發(fā)現(xiàn),胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者生理狀況評(píng)分、功能狀況評(píng)分、附加肺癌相關(guān)因素評(píng)分及總分高于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,提示胸腔鏡手術(shù)有利于改善非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者術(shù)后生理狀況、功能狀況及肺癌相關(guān)因素,提高患者生活質(zhì)量,與多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[8],分析其原因與胸腔鏡手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、對(duì)機(jī)體免疫功能影響輕微、患者術(shù)后康復(fù)速度快等有關(guān)[9]。
本研究進(jìn)行的隨訪結(jié)果顯示,胸腔鏡手術(shù)組患者復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于開(kāi)胸手術(shù)組,而兩組患者復(fù)發(fā)率間無(wú)明顯差異,提示胸腔鏡手術(shù)有利于降低非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率、延長(zhǎng)患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間,且并發(fā)癥少,安全性較高。
綜上所述,與傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)相比,胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌具有創(chuàng)傷小、住院時(shí)間短、康復(fù)速度快、并發(fā)癥少、對(duì)免疫功能影響小等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在保證淋巴結(jié)清掃效果和生存期的前提下有利于提高患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量,降低術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率及延長(zhǎng)復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間,患者生存獲益更大。
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(本文編輯:鹿飛飛)
Comparative Study for Clinical Effect on Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Between Thoracotomy and Thoracoscopic Surgery
ZHANGWei-ning,LIKang,XIANYin-sheng.
DepartmentofOncologicalSurgery,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofXi′anJiaotongUniversity,Xi′an710061,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo compare the clinical effect on non-small cell lung cancer between thoracotomy and thoracoscopic surgery.MethodsA total of 180 patients with non-small cell lung cancer were selected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University from January 2005 to February 2010,and they were divided into A group and B group according to surgical procedures,each of 90 cases.Patients of A group received traditional thoracotomy,while patients of B group received thoracoscopic surgery.Operation related index(including intraoperative blood loss,number of lymphnode cleaning,postoperative drainage volume,catheter-retaining time,hospital stays),tumor recurrence and metastasis,five-year survival rate,Chinese version of FACF-L 4.0 scale score,immune function index before and after operation(including serum levels of IgG,IgA and cell cell percentage and cell percentage)and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.ResultsIntraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage volume of B group were statistically significantly lower than those of A group,catheter-retaining time and hospital stays of B group were statistically significantly shorter than those of A group(P<0.05),while no statistically significant differences of number of lymphnode cleaning was found between the two groups(P>0.05).Tumor recurrent time of B group was statistically significantly longer than that of A group,tumor distant metastasis rate of B group was statistically significantly lower than that of A group(P<0.05),while no statistically significant differences of tumor recurrence rate was found between the two groups(P>0.05).The five-year survival rate of A group was 41.1%,that of B group was 44.4%,the difference was not statistically significantly different(P>0.05).Physiological status score,functional status score,affiliated lung cancer associated factors score and total Chinese version of FACF-L 4.0 scale score of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group(P<0.05),while no statistically significant differences of social condition score or emotional condition score was found between the two groups(P>0.05).No statistically significant differences of serum level of IgG,IgA or cell cell percentage or cell percentage was found between the two groups before operation,nor was serum level of IgA or IgM between the two groups after operation(P>0.05),while serum IgG cell cell percentage and cell percentage of B group were statistically significantly higher than those of A group after operation(P<0.05).The incidence of complications of B group was 12.2%,was statistically significantly lower than that of A group of 35.6%(P<0.05).ConclusionCompared with traditional thoracotomy,thoracoscopic surgery has some advantages of less damage and complications,shorter hospital stays and recovery course,small impact on immune function,on condition of insurance of lymphnode cleaning effect and survival time,thoracoscopic surgery is helpful to improve the patients′quality of life,reduce tumor distant metastasis rate and lengthen tumor recurrent time.
【Key words】Carcinoma,non-small-cell lung;Pulmonary surgical procedures;Thoracotomy;Thoracoscopes
(收稿日期:2015-08-10;修回日期:2015-12-12)
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】R 732.26
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】B
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2016.01.014
通信作者:線胤生,710061陜西省西安市,西安交通大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤外科;E-mail:xianyinsheng1899@163.com
·療效比較研究·