吳素珍
賓語從句是初中英語最重要的語法內(nèi)容之一,在中考試題中頻頻出現(xiàn)。學(xué)好賓語從句也可為將來的高中學(xué)習(xí)主語從句、表語從句以及同位語從句打下良好的基礎(chǔ)??v觀全國各省市的英語中考試題,發(fā)現(xiàn)賓語從句在其中仍占有相當(dāng)大的比例。現(xiàn)把關(guān)于賓語從句的考查點進行分類歸納,以方便大家學(xué)習(xí)、參考。
賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有以下三種:
1. 引導(dǎo)詞 that只起連接作用,在從句中不作句子成分,在口語中或非正式文體中常省略。
例如:He knew (that) he should work hard.
2. 引導(dǎo)詞 if/ whether,意為“是否”在口語中常用if,連詞if/ whether不能省略。
例如:Tom didn’t know if/ whether his grandpa liked the present.
3. 由疑問代詞和疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。疑問代詞有:what,who,whom,whose,which等,在賓語從句中主要充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語和表語等。疑問副詞有:when, where, why, how, 在賓語從句中充當(dāng)時間、地點、原因、方式狀語。
例如:1) We don’t know who will win the match. (who作從句的主語)
2) The teacher asked the new student which class he was in? (which作從句的定語)
【例1】
—Excuse me, could you tell me ________?
—Go along this street until you see some buildings with golden roofs.
A. how I can go to Tianning Temple
B. how often you go to Tianning Temple
C. how soon you will go to Tianning Temple
D. how many times you have been to Tianning Temple
【例2】
—Excuse me, do you know ________?
—About five minutes’ walk.
A. where the hospital is
B. how far the hospital is
C. how I can get to the hospital
【解析】
1) 第一題根據(jù)答語“沿著這條街走直到你看見帶有金色屋頂?shù)臉欠俊笨梢耘袛嗲啊币痪涫窃谠儐枴霸鯓拥竭_天寧寺”,而“how often”意為“多久一次”,“how soon”意為“多久以后”,“how many”意為“多少”,故該題最佳答案為答案為A。
2) 第二題根據(jù)答語“大約五分鐘的步行”可知是在詢問“距離”,而“where”詢問地點,“how”詢問方式,只有“how far”用于詢問距離,故該題最佳答案為答案為B。
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賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序,即主語在前,謂語動詞(包括助動詞、系動詞和情態(tài)動詞)在后。
例如:
(×) Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?
(√) Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?
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賓語從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài),常常受主句謂語時態(tài)的制約,這種現(xiàn)象稱為“時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)”。注意:
1. 若主句是一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的時態(tài)不限,可根據(jù)句意使用所需的任何時態(tài)。
例如:I hear that you are going to Shanghai tomorrow.
2. 若主句是一般過去時,從句必須是過去的某一種時態(tài)。
例如:She asked me if I was reading a book this time yesterday.
3. 若從句敘述的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或規(guī)律時,從句不受主句時態(tài)的限制,仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。
例如:The teacher told us light travels much faster than sound.
在考題中,一般是把賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序結(jié)合起來進行考查。
【例3】
—Do you know ________ the Capital Museum?
—Next Friday.
A. when will they visit
B. when they will visit
C. when did they visit
D. when they visited
【例4】
I didn’t know ________.
A. when would the train arrive
B. where could I get the book
C. what has been done
D. who left the message
【例5】
Her mother didn’t tell her ________ then.
A. where is the MH370 flight B. where the MH370 flight is
C. where was the MH370 flight D. where the MH370 flight was
【例6】
—I don’t understand ________.
—I’m sorry. But I was doing my homework.
A. why you didn’t watch the football match
B. why didn’t you watch the football match
C. why you don’t watch the football match
D. why don’t you watch the football match
【解析】
1) 第三題根據(jù)答語得知是將來的時間,因此需用一般將來時,所以排除掉C和D,又由于賓語從句用陳述語序,故該題最佳答案為B。
2) 第四題也是考查時態(tài)和語序,主句為一般過去時,得知從句應(yīng)該用過去時,加之用陳述語序,故該題最佳答案為D。
3) 第五題的主句為一般過去時,那么由此可判定從句也應(yīng)用過去的某種時態(tài),所以先排除A、B,根據(jù)從句用陳述語序,故該題最佳答案為D。
4) 第六題考查疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句用陳述語序,根據(jù)答語得知時態(tài)為一般過去時,故該題最佳答案為A。
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( )1. —Do you know ________ the meeting?
—Tomorrow morning.
A. when they had
B. when they are going to have
C. when did they have
D. when are they going to have
( )2. —Could you tell me ________?
—At 9:20 tomorrow morning.
A. what time you arrived
B. who you are coming with
C. when will you be here
D. what time you are arriving
( )3. —So, can you tell me ________ here today?
—Well, I was walking down Centre Street when a UFO landed.
A. what did you see
B. what you saw
C. when did you see it
D. when you saw
( )4. —Do you know ________?
—8,844.43 meters. It’s a popular place with mountain climbers.
A. how high is Qonolangma
B. how long is Qonolangma
C. how high Qomolangma is
D. how long Qonolangma is
( )5. —Excuse me, could you please tell me ________?
—Sure. It’s about ten minutes’ walk.
A. how long it takes to go to the zoo
B. how far it is from here to the zoo
C. how far is it from here to the zoo
D. how long it is to go to the zoo
【解析】
1. 該題考查賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序,由于答語是“明天上午”,加之要用陳述語序,故該題最佳答案為B。
2. 該題由答語得知要用“what time”提問具體時間,“明天上午9點20分”,故該題最佳答案為D。
3. 該題由回答可以得知是在“做某事”,所以先排除掉A和B,因為賓語從句用陳述語序,故該題最佳答案為B。
4. 該題考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞和語序,由題意可知在詢問珠穆朗瑪峰的高度,因此用how high進行提問,加之用陳述語序,故該題最佳答案為C。
5. 根據(jù)賓語從句用陳述語序這條規(guī)則,先排除掉C,回答是“10分鐘的步行”,應(yīng)當(dāng)用how far進行提問,故該題最佳答案為B。
以上三點是歷年中考試題中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的考點,大家在平時不妨精練這方面的練習(xí)題,掌握解題思路和策略,靈活運用解題技巧。其中,牢記以“wh-”開頭的一些疑問代詞(what、which、who、whom、whose)和疑問副詞(where、when、why、how),以及以how組成的特殊疑問詞組(how long、how far、how much、how often、how soon、how old、how many等),是很有必要的。另外,整體把握語境,很好地理解語義對做題也很有幫助。再者,注意觀察主句中動詞和助動詞的時態(tài)也是一種有效手段。同學(xué)們也要學(xué)會捕捉關(guān)鍵詞尋找突破口。由于賓語從句需要大家注意的地方較多,所以有些同學(xué)在實際運用時容易發(fā)生一些錯誤,只要同學(xué)們注意“一連詞,二時態(tài),三語序”,再將下列“順口溜”記住,相信會取得事半功倍的效果。