陸剛
(武夷學(xué)院人文與教師教育學(xué)院,福建武夷山354300)
主體意識(shí)與新形勢(shì)背景下翻譯的認(rèn)同——以政治文本英譯為例
陸剛
(武夷學(xué)院人文與教師教育學(xué)院,福建武夷山354300)
政治文本英譯是一種基于對(duì)政治、政策、事實(shí)的全面分析,準(zhǔn)確表述原文的學(xué)術(shù)行為。政治話語(yǔ)體系是對(duì)外話語(yǔ)體系的核心,集中體現(xiàn)黨和政府的執(zhí)政理念和治國(guó)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。因此,要求譯者時(shí)刻注意體現(xiàn)主體的地位和角度,維護(hù)主體的形象和利益,遵循主體的思維和邏輯,最終達(dá)到融通中外之傳播效果。
主體意識(shí);話語(yǔ)體系;翻譯認(rèn)同
習(xí)近平總書記在2013年中央政治局第十二次集體學(xué)習(xí)上提出,“精心構(gòu)建對(duì)外話語(yǔ)體系,增強(qiáng)對(duì)外話語(yǔ)的創(chuàng)造力,感召力和公信力”。[1]這將是今后對(duì)外翻譯工作的重中之重,也意味著翻譯工作進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的歷史時(shí)期。準(zhǔn)確全面地對(duì)外譯介包括領(lǐng)袖著作和重大會(huì)議文件在內(nèi)的政治文本,打造融通中外的新概念、新范疇、新表述,幫助國(guó)際社會(huì)正確理解中國(guó)在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、外交、文化等方面的路線、方針、政策,增強(qiáng)外界對(duì)中國(guó)發(fā)展的理解,提升中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路的認(rèn)同,提高國(guó)家文化軟實(shí)力?!叭谕ㄖ型狻本褪且现袊?guó)國(guó)情,有鮮明的中國(guó)特色,有要與國(guó)外話語(yǔ)體系、表達(dá)方式對(duì)接,這就要求政治文本英譯要“時(shí)刻注意體現(xiàn)主體的地位和角度,維護(hù)主體的形象和利益,遵循主體的思維和邏輯”。[2]習(xí)近平總書記說(shuō)過(guò):“國(guó)家好、民族好,大家才會(huì)好?!备鶕?jù)這一道理,處理“在國(guó)家全面深化改革和現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中,香港、澳門一定會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)更好發(fā)展。”這句就有新的突破:“As China con-tinues to comprehensively deepen reform and modernize itself,Hong Kong and Macao will stand to benefit greatly from this process.”強(qiáng)調(diào)香港、澳門的發(fā)展得益于國(guó)家的發(fā)展。如果按字面譯成Hong Kong and Macao will definitely achieve better development,則有悖這一道理,主體意識(shí)也顯得淡化。又如,李克強(qiáng)總理在2014年政府工作報(bào)告中開篇的話,開宗明義,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)盡量突出總理與聽眾的交流性,應(yīng)體現(xiàn)總理作為翻譯主體的親民形象?!癘n behalf of the State Council,Inow present to you the report on the work of the government for your deliberation,and Iwelcome comments on my report from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference.”譯文選用動(dòng)詞welcome使“李氏風(fēng)格”凸顯,句子更有活力?;诖?,譯者在經(jīng)營(yíng)二元化翻譯主體結(jié)構(gòu)和多元化翻譯主體意識(shí)如何銜接,希望能從中得到一點(diǎn)啟示。
黨政文件從根本上來(lái)說(shuō),就不是給外國(guó)人看的,它有本身固定的“范式”,它的受眾是中國(guó)黨政干部、黨員?!罢賳T有自己的套路和說(shuō)法,有自己的表述方式,翻譯能改變的非常少,能做的只是在忠實(shí)原文的基礎(chǔ)上盡可能做些技術(shù)上的處理,消除一些障礙”。[3]如“三嚴(yán)三實(shí)”,即:嚴(yán)以修身、嚴(yán)以用權(quán)、嚴(yán)以律己;謀事要實(shí)、創(chuàng)業(yè)要實(shí)、做人要實(shí)。其譯法很多,而且在傳遞實(shí)質(zhì)信息方面毫無(wú)效果。對(duì)外傳播時(shí)保留three stricts and three honests譯法,是因?yàn)槲覈?guó)外宣譯文強(qiáng)調(diào)主體意識(shí),這并不意味著這種表達(dá)方式已經(jīng)在英語(yǔ)里扎了根。[4]因此,“融通中外”是對(duì)外翻譯政治文本的難點(diǎn)和關(guān)鍵。翻譯不是兩種文字的簡(jiǎn)單轉(zhuǎn)換,而是一種跨文化傳播。這不單純是翻譯專業(yè)問(wèn)題,也不是翻譯技巧問(wèn)題,而是應(yīng)該從政治話語(yǔ)設(shè)計(jì)角度加以研究的問(wèn)題。需要從體制機(jī)制上理順關(guān)系,加強(qiáng)政治話語(yǔ)對(duì)外傳播的頂層設(shè)計(jì)。
(一)靈活
主體意識(shí)與信息對(duì)受眾的作用(即受眾的感受),即受眾從中所獲得的一切理解和感受,包括主要精神、具體事實(shí)、意境氣氛三大要素。靈活就顯得十分重要。
例1.改善人民生活,增進(jìn)人民福祉,完成時(shí)代賦予的光榮而艱巨的任務(wù)。
We should improve the people’s lives so as to complete the glorious and arduous tasks bestowed on us by the times.
例2.以創(chuàng)造性的內(nèi)容為馬克思主義寶庫(kù)增添了新的財(cái)富。[5]
原譯;making new and creative contributions to enriching Marxism
分析:中文表述有虛幻的一面,英文如照字表述,就顯得文字拖沓。用enriching Marxism就能較好地把前面的話語(yǔ)彰顯的淋漓盡致。
例3.在國(guó)際事務(wù)中的代表性和話語(yǔ)權(quán)進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。
We have secured more representation and a greater say for China in international affairs.
例4.農(nóng)村扶貧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大幅度提高。
Rural poverty line was raised by a bigmargin.
例5.基本公共服務(wù)水平均等化程度明顯提高。
Access to basic public services has become much more equitable.
例6.大道至簡(jiǎn),有權(quán)不可任性。
Governance should be simple in exercise:power should not be used arbitrarily
例7.環(huán)境污染是民生之患、民心之痛,要鐵腕治理。
Environmental pollution is a blight on people’s quality of life and a trouble thatweighs on their heart.
例8.對(duì)新形勢(shì)下實(shí)現(xiàn)什么樣的發(fā)展,怎樣發(fā)展等重大問(wèn)題作出了新的科學(xué)回答。
This theory provides new scientific answer to the major questions of what kind of development China should achieve in a new environment and how the country should achieve it.
(二)精準(zhǔn)
精準(zhǔn)要求譯者首先要搞清楚待譯文件屬于哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域,文體有何特點(diǎn),有哪些特殊要求,有無(wú)可查的參考資料等。在思想上,必須高度重視;行動(dòng)上,必須充分準(zhǔn)備。弄清了題材,翻譯就有了主心骨,就可以做到有的放矢。
例9.立國(guó)之道,唯在富民。
The only way to build a country is to enrich its people.
例10立德樹人。
We need to foster virtue through education.
例11.解放思想、實(shí)事求是、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)、求真務(wù)實(shí),是科學(xué)發(fā)展觀最明顯的精神實(shí)質(zhì)。
Freeing up the mind,seeking truth from facts, keeping up with the times and being realistic and pragmatic—these are the essential features of the Scientific Outlook on Development.
例12.我們要胸懷理想、堅(jiān)定信念,不動(dòng)搖、不懈怠、不折騰,頑強(qiáng)奮斗、艱苦奮斗、不懈奮斗。
We should remain true to our ideal,be firm in our conviction,never vacillate in or relax our efforts or actrecklessly,and we should forge ahead with tenacity and resolve.
例13.絕不允許以言代法、以權(quán)壓法、徇私枉法。
No one in a position of power is allowed in any way to take his own words as the law,place his own authority above the law or abuse the law.
例14.實(shí)踐發(fā)展永無(wú)止境,認(rèn)識(shí)真理永無(wú)止境,理論創(chuàng)新永無(wú)止境。
There is no end to practice,to seeking truth,or to making theoretical innovation.
(三)到位
翻譯要充分體現(xiàn)作者的意圖,即使在譯文中反映得多么全面細(xì)致,如果其中有一部分是讀者無(wú)法體會(huì)到的,那么這一部分就是沒(méi)有完成翻譯的過(guò)程,“雖譯猶不譯也”。
例15.對(duì)反腐行為,無(wú)論出現(xiàn)在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān),還是發(fā)生在群眾身邊,都必須嚴(yán)加懲治。
We will see to it that every instance of corruption, should it be committed higher up or lower down,is severely punished.
例16.中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十八次全國(guó)代表大會(huì),是在我國(guó)進(jìn)入全面建成小康社會(huì)決定性階段召開的一次十分重要的大會(huì)。
The 18th National Congress is one of great importance being held when China has entered the decisive stage of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.
分析:“全面建成小康社會(huì)”與十八大之前一直沿用的“全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)”僅一字之差,內(nèi)涵深刻。其英文表述為completing the building of.
例17.我們對(duì)黨和人民創(chuàng)造的歷史偉業(yè)倍加自豪,對(duì)黨和人民確立的思想信念倍加堅(jiān)定,對(duì)黨肩負(fù)的歷史責(zé)任倍加清醒。
We are all themore proud of the historic achievements of the Party and the people,we are all themore firm in the ideal and conviction of the Party and the people,and we are all the more aware of the historic responsibility of the Party.
例18.建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義,總依據(jù)是社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段,總布局是五位一體,總?cè)蝿?wù)是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化和中華民族偉大復(fù)興。
In building socialism with Chinese characteristics, we base ourselves on the basic reality that China is in the primary stage of socialism.Our overall approach is to promote economic,political,culture,social,and ecological progress.
分析:“五位一體”英譯時(shí),必須讓外國(guó)受眾了解什么是“五位一體”即“落實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會(huì)建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)”。
例19.堅(jiān)持工業(yè)反哺農(nóng)業(yè)、城市支持農(nóng)村和多予少取放活方針,加大強(qiáng)農(nóng)惠農(nóng)富農(nóng)政策力度。
We should give more to farmers,take less from them and lift restrictions over their economic activities. We should increase policy support to boost agriculture, benefit farmers and increase rural prosperity.
分析:2012年溫家寶總理在《政府工作報(bào)告》提出:“必須堅(jiān)持把解決好“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題作為各項(xiàng)工作的重中之重,進(jìn)一步加大強(qiáng)農(nóng)惠農(nóng)富農(nóng)的政策力度,鞏固和發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村好形勢(shì)”。其譯文是:
Wemust continue tomake solving problems related to agriculture,rural areas,and farmers a top priority in all of our work;increase policy support to strengthen agriculture,benefit farmers,and enrich rural areas.
比較之下,十八大譯文所表述的內(nèi)涵更加明確、達(dá)意。
外交部翻譯處的張?jiān)h(yuǎn)大使(曾任新西蘭、比利時(shí)大使)認(rèn)為政治文本和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的言辭與其他文本有著本質(zhì)的不同,譯文會(huì)在不同程度上讓外國(guó)受眾對(duì)文本涵義理解的偏差,只有翻譯工作者把握好政治文本翻譯的精準(zhǔn)性,才能達(dá)到良好的傳播效果。他特別強(qiáng)調(diào)十八大報(bào)告第一時(shí)間發(fā)給外國(guó)記者,他們都能閱讀自如,是前幾屆所不能相比的。
“認(rèn)同”(identification)是由當(dāng)代美國(guó)著名修辭學(xué)家肯尼斯·伯克(Kenneth Burke)提出的,是西方修辭學(xué)中一個(gè)影響深遠(yuǎn)的重要觀點(diǎn)之一。伯克認(rèn)為:“說(shuō)服是認(rèn)同的結(jié)果”,“只有當(dāng)我們能夠講另外一個(gè)人的話,在言辭、姿勢(shì)、語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)序、形象、態(tài)度、思想等方面做到和他并無(wú)二致,也就是說(shuō),只有當(dāng)我們認(rèn)同這個(gè)人的言談方式時(shí),我們才能說(shuō)得動(dòng)他”。[6]修辭者必須贏得受眾的善意,使受眾覺(jué)得他認(rèn)同于他們喜聞樂(lè)見的各種話語(yǔ)成分,這是成功進(jìn)行任何說(shuō)服的必要條件之一。[7]信息的內(nèi)容可以“以我為主”,語(yǔ)言和形式則必須“以受眾為主”,這是以翻譯為主要渠道的對(duì)外宣傳文本所決定的。例如,“四個(gè)全面”(全面建成小康社會(huì),全面深化改革,全面依法治國(guó),全面從嚴(yán)治黨)Four Comprehensives,Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, the 4Cs Strategic Blueprint后者基本成為定譯。因此,要考慮用什么樣的語(yǔ)言和形式傳遞信息才能為受眾所理解,達(dá)到交流的目的。在這個(gè)層面上,“認(rèn)同”可以給我們富有價(jià)值的啟示,促使我們進(jìn)行思考和實(shí)踐,最終使政治文本或國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人言辭的意圖在翻譯中得到最大的轉(zhuǎn)換。比如:
例20.中國(guó)夢(mèng)
the Chinese dream
例21.行大道,民為本,利天下。
Follow the fundamental truth,work for public good and bring benefits to all the people.
例22.治大國(guó)如烹小鮮。
A big country should be governed with the same care of frying a small fish.
例23.空談?wù)`國(guó),實(shí)干興邦。
Empty talk is harmful to the nation,while doing practical work will make it thrive.
例24.夙夜在公,勤勉工作。
We should fully dedicate ourselves to our work.
例25.反腐敗要老虎、蒼蠅一起打。
In fighting corruption,we should go after both tigers and flies,that is,both the high and low-ranking officials who have benefited from graft.
例26.聚合推進(jìn)改革的正能量。
Build positive energy to promote reform
例27.改革開放沒(méi)有完成時(shí),只有進(jìn)行時(shí)。
Reform and opening up are not a mission accomplished.Rather,they are a dynamic process.
例28.我們要打造中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的升級(jí)版。
We need to upgrade China’s economy.
例29.這是削權(quán),會(huì)很痛,甚至有割腕的感覺(jué),但是我們要有壯士斷腕的決心。
This means cutting one’s power,which is quite painful,like cutting one’s own arm.But we are determined tomake such sacrifice.
類似這樣的句子還有很多。上述例20-29英譯時(shí),譯者要在“形”和“意”的關(guān)系上下功夫?!靶巍敝刚Z(yǔ)言形式,而“意”則為內(nèi)涵。兩者處理好了,傳遞信息的正能量就占上風(fēng),外國(guó)受眾就能更好地理解原文所要表述的深層含義。這是外宣翻譯不可或缺的傳播途徑。
綜上所述,雙語(yǔ)之間實(shí)際上不存在根本無(wú)法翻譯的概念和表現(xiàn)它們的詞、語(yǔ)、句,因?yàn)榉g說(shuō)到底就是一種解釋。根據(jù)克利福德·格爾茨(Clifford Geertz)人類文化學(xué)的相關(guān)論述,在譯文中通過(guò)添加注釋或注解來(lái)表現(xiàn)原文中豐富而深厚的文化語(yǔ)境的翻譯策略,以增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言之間的互補(bǔ)性。我們認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換的實(shí)現(xiàn)有賴于完全擺脫語(yǔ)言形式外殼的束縛,讓兩種純語(yǔ)言在意念上互補(bǔ)相交,將隱藏在字里行間的豐富內(nèi)涵翻譯出來(lái),以實(shí)現(xiàn)翻譯的最高境界。
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(責(zé)任編輯:白琳)
Subject Consciousness and Identification of Translation in a New Environment——Taking C-E translation of political documents for an example
LU Gang
(School of Humanities and Teachers Education,Wuyi University,Wuyishan,Fujian 354300)
C-E translation of political document is based on analysis of the facts of its politics and policy in the all way and it is a kind of academy activity in describing its source text correctly.The system of a political speech is the core to a foreign speech,and it embodies a governing idea and experiment of our Party and Government.Therefore,translators should focus on the status and angles of subject,protect its image and interest,follows its thoughts and logics,and get the best achievement for foreign readers to understand easily.
subject consciousness;speech system;identification of translation
H059
A
1674-2109(2016)10-0025-05
2016-07-10
陸剛(1960-),男,漢族,教授,主要從事時(shí)政文獻(xiàn)英譯研究、英漢對(duì)比與翻譯研究。