張娜
摘 要: 農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障制度是擴(kuò)大農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)需求,促進(jìn)我國(guó)內(nèi)需增長(zhǎng)型經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題,對(duì)于促進(jìn)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。本研究運(yùn)用我國(guó)1983—2013年的全國(guó)數(shù)據(jù),在協(xié)整檢驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)構(gòu)建向量誤差修正模型分析我國(guó)農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障制度對(duì)農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)行為的影響。研究表明,農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障支出與農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)存在長(zhǎng)期的協(xié)整關(guān)系,但社會(huì)保障制度對(duì)農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)行為的影響力度較為微弱,且短期內(nèi)社會(huì)保障支出對(duì)農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)產(chǎn)生抑制作用。因此,農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障制度的完善需要長(zhǎng)期推行,以營(yíng)造一個(gè)有利于農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)的制度環(huán)境。
關(guān)鍵詞:社會(huì)保障制度;農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)行為;制度變遷;向量誤差修正模型
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):F323.89 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI 編碼:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2016.02.017
An Empirical Analysis on Impact of Social Security to China Rural Consumer's Behavior
ZHANG Na
(College of Economics and Management,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China)
Abstract: Rural social security is the point of expanding consumer demand in rural areas and promoting the growth of domestic demand for economic development. It has important practical significance for promoting the transformation of economic growth mode in China. Therefore, the paper used the national date from 1983 to 2013 on empirical analysis, construction the Vector Error Correction Model to research the relationship between rural social security and rural consumer behavior based on co-integration analysis. The result showed that rural social security expenditure and rural consumer behavior had a long-term co-integration relationship, but the influence was relatively weak, and in the short term, the social security expenditure had a restraining effect on the consumption of rural residents. Therefore, the perfection of the rural social security system needed to be carried out for a long time, to create a good environment for rural residents' consumption.
Key words: social security; consumption of peasants; institutional change; vector error correction model
式中,方括號(hào)內(nèi)為t統(tǒng)計(jì)量,圓括號(hào)內(nèi)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。可以看出各變量均在5%的顯著性水平下顯著,方程擬合優(yōu)度為0.572 5,F(xiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)量為6.882 4,在5%的顯著性水平下顯著。是誤差修正項(xiàng),它的系數(shù)是用來(lái)估計(jì)變量之間的均衡關(guān)系偏離長(zhǎng)期均衡狀態(tài)的調(diào)整力度及方向,其系數(shù)為-0.423 5,即當(dāng)短期均衡關(guān)系偏離長(zhǎng)期均衡時(shí)會(huì)以0.423 5大小的力度將其調(diào)整回長(zhǎng)期均衡,反映了變量之間的短期關(guān)系具有向長(zhǎng)期均衡調(diào)整的自我修正機(jī)制,但該調(diào)整的速度較慢。相比之下,從D(lnSSWt-1)的系數(shù)可以看出,在短期內(nèi)農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障支出并沒(méi)有增加農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi),但其抑制作用較為微弱。
3 結(jié)論與政策啟示
本研究采用1983—2013年的全國(guó)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)我國(guó)農(nóng)村居民社會(huì)保障支出變動(dòng)給農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)行為帶來(lái)的影響進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究,結(jié)合協(xié)整檢驗(yàn)和向量誤差修正模型的估計(jì)結(jié)果可知,在長(zhǎng)期內(nèi),我國(guó)農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障支出對(duì)農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)有一定的促進(jìn)作用,而短期內(nèi)社會(huì)保障支出不僅沒(méi)有增加農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)支出反而抑制了消費(fèi)的增長(zhǎng),農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)更多依賴于收入和家庭存量資產(chǎn)。由于社會(huì)保障制度的變化是通過(guò)影響居民的轉(zhuǎn)移性收入,進(jìn)而影響居民消費(fèi)的,加之近年來(lái)我國(guó)社會(huì)保障制度不斷改革變遷容易導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)未來(lái)支出的不確定性因素的增加,從而增加儲(chǔ)蓄,減少現(xiàn)期消費(fèi)。
基于以上研究結(jié)論,提出以下政策建議:(1)繼續(xù)加快發(fā)展和完善農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障制度體系,進(jìn)一步完善農(nóng)村醫(yī)療、低保、教育等方面的制度建設(shè),穩(wěn)定農(nóng)民對(duì)社會(huì)保障的積極預(yù)期,優(yōu)化農(nóng)民的支出結(jié)構(gòu)。我國(guó)現(xiàn)階段正處于經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,社會(huì)保障制度很不完善,尤其是農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障制度,而農(nóng)村又是擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需刺激消費(fèi)的關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域,所以必須理清影響農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)的關(guān)鍵因素,擴(kuò)大農(nóng)村消費(fèi)需求;(2)在社會(huì)保障費(fèi)用分擔(dān)比例方面,對(duì)農(nóng)民設(shè)定合理的社會(huì)保障負(fù)擔(dān)比例,減輕農(nóng)民的社會(huì)保障費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān),例如在農(nóng)村醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)方面,應(yīng)降低農(nóng)民的費(fèi)用交納比例,這既緩解了農(nóng)民收入負(fù)擔(dān)又降低了農(nóng)民對(duì)未來(lái)支出的不確定性,從而提高農(nóng)民的實(shí)際消費(fèi)水平;(3)逐步擴(kuò)大農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障的覆蓋面,針對(duì)農(nóng)村居民的收入水平狀況分階段、分批次地納入城鄉(xiāng)均等的社會(huì)保障體系中,在社會(huì)保障上給全民公平的國(guó)民待遇,建立長(zhǎng)效的社會(huì)保障機(jī)制,積極推進(jìn)收入分配制度改革,探索農(nóng)民增收的長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制,促進(jìn)農(nóng)民收入的大幅增長(zhǎng)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 盧鋒.“新常態(tài)”與“非常態(tài)”—中國(guó)失衡調(diào)整期的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)走勢(shì)[J].財(cái)經(jīng),2014(30):10.
[2] KHAN A R, CARL R. Income inequality in China: composition, distribution and growth of household income , 1988 to1995[J].China Quarterly , 1998,154(154):221-253.
[3] 李實(shí),趙人偉.中國(guó)居民收入分配再研究[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,1999(4):5-19.
[4] 林毅夫. 解讀中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)[M].北京.北京大學(xué)出版社,2014.
[5] WOUTER Z. Social security wealth and aggregate consumption: an extended life-cycle mode-l estimated for The Netherlands [M]. De Economist, 1988, 136(1):136-153.
[6] MODIGLIANI F, BRUMBERG R. Utility analysis and the consumption function: An interpretation of cross-section data[M]// KURIHARA K. Post Keynesian Economics. New Brunswick, N J: Rutgers University Press,1954.
[7] FRIEDMAN. The Theory of the Consumption Function[M]. Princeton, N J:Princeton University Press, 1957.
[8] FELDSTEIN M. Social security, induced retirement and aggregate capital accumulation[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1974(82):905-926.
[9] 陳樹(shù)文.社會(huì)保障中基本主體的責(zé)任分析[J].科研管理,2003(1):20-24.
[10] 姜百臣,馬少華,孫明華.社會(huì)保障對(duì)農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)行為的影響機(jī)制分析[J].中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì),2010(11):32-39.
[11] 賈小玫,冉凈斐.農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障制度與消費(fèi)需求增長(zhǎng)的實(shí)證分析[J].科學(xué)·經(jīng)濟(jì)·社會(huì),2004(2):52-55.
[12] 于泳.我國(guó)社會(huì)保障與居民消費(fèi)的實(shí)證性研究[J].財(cái)會(huì)研究,2009(5):72-74.
[13] HUBBARD R G, JUDD K L. Social security and individual welfare: precautionary saving, liquidityconstraints, and the payroll tax[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 1987, 77(4):630-646.
[14] 張繼海.社會(huì)保障養(yǎng)老金財(cái)富對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)居民消費(fèi)支出影響的實(shí)證研究[J].山東大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版),2008(3):105-112.
[15] 劉暢.社會(huì)保障水平對(duì)居民消費(fèi)影響的實(shí)證分析[J].消費(fèi)經(jīng)濟(jì),2008(3):75-77.
[16] LEIMER, LESNOY. Social security and private saving: new time-series evidence[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1982, 90(3):606-629.
[17] PHILLIP C P. The effect of Pension Plans on aggregate saving: evidence from a sample survey [M]. New York: Columbia University Press,1965.
[18] 張治覺(jué),吳定玉.我國(guó)財(cái)政社會(huì)保障對(duì)居民消費(fèi)產(chǎn)生引致還是擠出效應(yīng)[J].消費(fèi)經(jīng)濟(jì),2010(3):67-69,88.
[19] 王曉霞,孫華臣.社會(huì)保障支出對(duì)消費(fèi)需求影響的實(shí)證研究[J].東岳論叢,2008(6):47-50.
[20] 謝文,吳慶田.農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障支出對(duì)農(nóng)村居民消費(fèi)的影響的實(shí)證研究[J].財(cái)經(jīng)理論與實(shí)踐,2009(5):27-32.
[21] 楊天宇,王小婷.我國(guó)社會(huì)保障支出對(duì)居民消費(fèi)行為的影響研究[J].探索,2007(5):63-66.
[22] 吳慶田,陳孝光.農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障消費(fèi)效應(yīng)的協(xié)整分析與誤差修正模型[J].統(tǒng)計(jì)與決策,2009(18):79-80.