海綿城市（LID）的內(nèi)涵、途徑與展望

仇保興

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海綿城市（LID）的內(nèi)涵、途徑與展望

仇保興

城鎮(zhèn)化的大背景下，我國每年有一千多萬人進(jìn)城，新建成的建筑相當(dāng)于世界建筑總量的一半。在這種情況下，如果不引進(jìn)海綿城市的建設(shè)模式，我國的城市地表徑流量就會(huì)大幅度增加，從而引發(fā)洪澇積水、河流水系生態(tài)惡化、水污染加劇等問題。海綿城市就像一塊海綿那樣，能把雨水留住，讓水循環(huán)利用起來，把初期雨水徑流的污染削減掉。本文介紹海綿城市的基本內(nèi)涵、實(shí)現(xiàn)海綿城市途徑、并對深化海綿城市建設(shè)的新技術(shù)作了展望。

LID；雨水徑流；建筑總量；城市公園；地表徑流量；河流水系；文介；中水回用；城市建設(shè)；水文特征

來源出版物：給水排水， 2015， 41（3）： 1-7

智慧化海綿城市的探討與展望

李運(yùn)杰，張弛，冷祥陽，等

摘要：海綿城市和智慧城市都是新一代的城市管理理念，都是為了讓城市變得更加美好。將智慧城市的智慧化理念融入到海綿城市之中，實(shí)現(xiàn)海綿城市的智慧化，對于加快推進(jìn)海綿城市的建設(shè)步伐和更好更高效地發(fā)揮海綿城市的作用，有很重要的意義。本文首先介紹了海綿城市的智慧化理念，然后從海綿城市的規(guī)劃建設(shè)、運(yùn)行管理和績效評價(jià)三個(gè)階段分別探討了智慧化理念在海綿城市中的應(yīng)用，以期為智慧的海綿城市發(fā)展提供一些借鑒和啟示。

關(guān)鍵詞：海綿城市；智慧化；規(guī)劃建設(shè)；運(yùn)行管理；績效評價(jià)

來源出版物：南水北調(diào)與水利科技， 2016， 14（1）： 161-164

基于“海綿城市”建設(shè)的城市濕地景觀設(shè)計(jì)

孟永剛，王向陽，章茹

摘要：為了應(yīng)對城市雨洪問題，推進(jìn)海綿城市建設(shè)，提出充分利用城市濕地景觀設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行雨洪管理。首先分析了城市濕地在海綿城市建設(shè)中的作用，然后提出城市濕地雨洪管理的策略，最后論述了城市濕地雨水管理的景觀設(shè)計(jì)途徑。指出城市濕地景觀設(shè)計(jì)要依據(jù)雨水在源區(qū)—遷移—匯流域尺度上的過程，應(yīng)用低影響開發(fā)技術(shù)，設(shè)計(jì)集水、輸水、匯水景觀，對這一全過程中的雨水進(jìn)行匯集、滲透、過濾及存貯等處理，實(shí)現(xiàn)對雨水水量、水質(zhì)的高效管理。

關(guān)鍵詞：海綿城市；城市濕地；景觀設(shè)計(jì)；低影響發(fā)展；雨洪管理

來源出版物：生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)， 2016， 32（4）： 224-227

海綿城市理論與技術(shù)發(fā)展沿革及構(gòu)建途徑

車生泉，謝長坤，陳丹，等

摘要：為實(shí)現(xiàn)中國生態(tài)文明的發(fā)展及生態(tài)城市的建設(shè)，海綿城市技術(shù)的應(yīng)用是我國城市自然式雨洪管控的核心手段。首先對國外發(fā)達(dá)國家的雨洪管理和技術(shù)應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了論述，然后，對海綿城市及其相關(guān)理論（最佳管理措施、低影響開發(fā)和綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）進(jìn)行了辨識(shí)，在此基礎(chǔ)上對海綿城市建設(shè)的目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容和途徑進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的分析，并借鑒國外的實(shí)踐案例，結(jié)合我國城市建設(shè)的特點(diǎn)，提出了適于我國海綿城市建設(shè)的發(fā)展策略，以指導(dǎo)我國海綿城市的建設(shè)，推動(dòng)生態(tài)文明的發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：風(fēng)景園林；海綿城市；低影響開發(fā)；綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

來源出版物：中國園林， 2015， 6： 11-15

“海綿城市”理論與實(shí)踐

俞孔堅(jiān)，李迪華，袁弘，等

摘要：當(dāng)今中國正面臨著水資源短缺，水質(zhì)污染，洪澇災(zāi)害，水生物棲息地喪失等多種水問題。這些水問題綜合癥是系統(tǒng)性、綜合的問題，亟需一個(gè)更為綜合全面的解決方案?！昂＞d城市”理論的提出正是立足這一背景。文章基于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)、景觀安全格局等理論，結(jié)合北京市、六盤水市以及哈爾濱群力國家濕地公園等案例，詳細(xì)闡述了“海綿城市”概念的源起、發(fā)展、內(nèi)涵和構(gòu)建方法體系，指出“海綿城市”有別于傳統(tǒng)的工程依賴性治水思路和“灰色”基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，它作為一種生態(tài)途徑，其構(gòu)建核心在于建立跨尺度的水生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以綜合解決中國城鄉(xiāng)突出的水問題，并對未來“海綿城市”的研究方向提出了展望。

關(guān)鍵詞：海綿城市；水生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)；景觀安全格局；理論

來源出版物：城市規(guī)劃， 2015， 39（6）： 26-36

海綿城市建設(shè)指南解讀之基本概念與綜合目標(biāo)

車伍，趙楊，李俊奇，等

摘要：《海綿城市建設(shè)技術(shù)指南——低影響開發(fā)雨水系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建（試行）》中涉及一系列新的基本概念、參數(shù)和方法，其控制目標(biāo)也與傳統(tǒng)排水系統(tǒng)有很大差異。對這些基礎(chǔ)問題、關(guān)系與要點(diǎn)的透徹理解和把握，是落實(shí)海綿城市建設(shè)的重要基石。作為系列解讀文章的第一篇，結(jié)合編制過程中的深入思考及長期研究和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，著重闡述海綿城市的基本概念與內(nèi)涵、狹義與廣義低影響開發(fā)雨水系統(tǒng)與海綿城市的關(guān)系，以及綜合目標(biāo)的構(gòu)建與各子目標(biāo)之間的關(guān)系等基礎(chǔ)問題，以期更清晰、科學(xué)地指導(dǎo)后續(xù)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)工作的推進(jìn)。

關(guān)鍵詞：海綿城市；狹義與廣義低影響開發(fā)；解讀；基本概念；綜合目標(biāo)

來源出版物：中國給水排水， 2015， 31（8）： 1-5

海綿城市建設(shè)指南解讀之城市徑流總量控制指標(biāo)

王文亮，李俊奇，車伍，等

摘要：基于我國目前城市規(guī)劃體系，提出了城市徑流總量控制指標(biāo)及其量化分解方法，并通過案例，利用SWMM模型對該方法進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證，典型年的連續(xù)模擬結(jié)果表明，利用該方法對規(guī)劃區(qū)域內(nèi)各地塊進(jìn)行控制指標(biāo)分解，很好地達(dá)到了城市總體規(guī)劃提出的年徑流總量控制目標(biāo)，可用于指導(dǎo)我國實(shí)施徑流總量控制。

關(guān)鍵詞：城市規(guī)劃；徑流總量控制；控制指標(biāo)；分解方法；模型驗(yàn)證

來源出版物：中國給水排水， 2015， 31（8）： 18-23

海綿城市建設(shè)指南解讀之城市雨洪調(diào)蓄系統(tǒng)的合理構(gòu)建

車伍，武彥杰，楊正，等

摘要：調(diào)蓄是城市雨洪控制利用系統(tǒng)和排水內(nèi)澇防治規(guī)劃中最重要的組成部分，通過對調(diào)蓄設(shè)施的合理設(shè)計(jì)、應(yīng)用，可以很好地控制徑流污染、削減徑流總量和峰值、緩解洪澇災(zāi)害、利用雨水資源等。針對國內(nèi)在城市雨洪調(diào)蓄的研究、規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)和工程實(shí)施中存在的一些主要問題，首先厘清調(diào)蓄設(shè)施的不同種類及功能特點(diǎn)，進(jìn)而提出調(diào)蓄系統(tǒng)的概念、構(gòu)建城市雨洪調(diào)蓄系統(tǒng)的框架，分析調(diào)蓄系統(tǒng)與城市雨洪控制利用相關(guān)子系統(tǒng)的聯(lián)系及相互銜接關(guān)系，為我國城市雨洪調(diào)蓄系統(tǒng)相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定、規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)與建設(shè)提供更科學(xué)的思路和技術(shù)路線。

關(guān)鍵詞：調(diào)蓄設(shè)施；調(diào)蓄系統(tǒng)；城市雨洪管理

來源出版物：中國給水排水， 2015， 31（8）： 13-17

我國城市雨洪管理及資源化利用研究

吳海瑾，翟國方

摘要：中國城市雨洪管理的理念和技術(shù)相對落后，不符合現(xiàn)代城市雨洪綜合利用和管理的新要求。德國、日本、美國、英國等國家在雨洪管理和資源化利用上取得了一些成效，他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法對我們解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問題有很重要的借鑒意義。現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的城市雨洪管理應(yīng)該以專項(xiàng)規(guī)劃為引導(dǎo)，以先進(jìn)的預(yù)報(bào)、模擬、監(jiān)測、控制等技術(shù)為支撐。在提高城市綜合管理水平的基礎(chǔ)上，通過合理的生態(tài)工程，提高雨洪資源利用率，將城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)、環(huán)境美化與雨洪的防、滯、排、用結(jié)合起來，促進(jìn)生態(tài)文明和親水宜居城市建設(shè)。

關(guān)鍵詞：雨洪災(zāi)害；管理；雨洪資源利用

來源出版物：現(xiàn)代城市研究， 2012（1）： 23-28

城市總體規(guī)劃中雨水利用規(guī)劃探討

石煉

摘要：面臨城市水資源緊缺、城市洪澇災(zāi)害等一系列涉水問題，城市雨水利用規(guī)劃已成為城市規(guī)劃中的重要內(nèi)容之一。在城市總體規(guī)劃中落實(shí)雨水利用理念，是生態(tài)理念在城市規(guī)劃中的實(shí)踐。以中新天津生態(tài)城規(guī)劃為案例，分析了規(guī)劃區(qū)雨水利用的影響因素，結(jié)合規(guī)劃區(qū)自然、環(huán)境等條件確定了城市雨水利用初步方案，探討了在城市規(guī)劃中城市雨水利用與用地布局、綠地景觀、水系、道路、防洪等城市規(guī)劃要素的統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)，基于此，構(gòu)建了城市雨水綜合利用方案，以期實(shí)現(xiàn)城市水系統(tǒng)的良性循環(huán)。

關(guān)鍵詞：城市規(guī)劃；雨水利用；洪澇災(zāi)害；水系統(tǒng)；中新天津生態(tài)城

來源出版物：給水排水， 2012， 38（4）： 13-16

來源出版物：Journal of Hydrology， 2016， 533： 200-212

Evaluating retention capacity of infiltration rain gardens and their potential effect on urban stormwater management in the sub-humid loess region of China

Tang， S； Luo， W； Jia， Z； et al.

Abstract: Recognized as an effective l ow impact development （LID） practice， rain gardens have been widely advocated t o b e bu ilt w ith ur ban la ndscaping f or stormwater r unoff r eduction through the retention a nd infiltration pr ocesses； bu t the f ield pe rformance a nd regional effect of rain gardens have not been thoroughly investigated. I n this paper， we presented a four-year monitoring study on the performance of a rain garden on stormwater retention； hydrological models were proposed to p redict the p otential effect o f r ain g ardens on r unoff reduction unde r d ifferent storms and the f uture ur ban development scenarios. The experimental rain garden was constructed in a sub-humid loess region in Xi’an， China； it has a contributing area ratio of 20：1 and depth of 15 c m. During the study period， we observed 28 large storm events，but only 5 o f them caused overflow from the rain garden. The flow r eduction r ate for the o verflow events r anged from 77% to 94%. The runoff coefficient f rom the contributing area （RC） was reduced to less than 0.02 on annual basis， and 0.008 over the four years average. Field observations a lso s howed that infiltration r ate r emained stable during the operation period. The predictions based on t he future landuse and storm v ariability of t he s tudy area showed that by converting a small fraction of the city land area into rain gardens， the negative hydrological effect from e xpansion of im pervious a rea c an be reduced significantly. The challenge， however， lies in how to plan and bu ild r ain g ardens as a n integral p art of the ur ban landscape.

Keywords: rain g arden； stormrunoff； d esign storm；infiltration； overflow； LID

來源出版物：Water Resources Management， 2016， 30（3）：983-1000

Hydrological effect of typical low impact development approaches in a residential district

Zhang， Xingqi； Guo， Xinya； Hu， Maochuan

Abstract: Understanding how low impact de velopment approaches （LIDs） r educe ur ban stormwater r unoff a nd increase baseflow is significant for urban water resources management. The SCS model and baseflow equation were employed to evaluate the performance of green roofs （GRs），permeable pavement （PP） and rain barrels （RBs） as retrofitting te chnologies i n a high-density r esidential community in Nanjing， C hina. I n a ddition， the f actors relevant t o t he performance of LIDs w ere explored b y estimating runoff variations at different rainfall frequencies. The f indings are that the application of GR， PP and RB resulted in reduction in surface runoff by 0.6%-36.8% and increased in b aseflow b y 2.68×103-60.93 × 103m3. In addition， there is a negative linear correlation between runoff depth and effective storage， and the effectiveness of RB on runoff reduction is greater than that of PP. The baseflow generated by 1 00% LID i mplementation is 1.94 times greater than that generated by 50% LID implementation. For PP， g enerated b aseflow increased w ith the increase i neffective s torage. The ba seflow ge nerated by G R i s 1.16 times greater than that generated by RB in the same roof area.

Keywords: Green r oofs； Permeable p avement； R ain barrels； Low impact development； Runoff； Baseflow

來源出版物：Natural Hazards， 2016， 80（1）： 389-400

Low-impact development practices to mitigate climate change effects on urban stormwater runoff: Case study of New York City

Zahmatkesh， Zahra； Burian， Steven J；Karamouz， Mohammad； et al.

Abstract: Urban stormwater runoff management systems are usually designed to meet performance standards based on h istorical climate d ata， w hich are as sumed to b e stationary. B ased o n the evidence f rom climate ch ange impact studies， in the near future， stormwater management systems， within the built environment， may need to meet performance expectations under climatic conditions different from historical climate. Considering the impacts of c limate c hange on rainfall i ntensities a nd s tormwater runoff peak flow and volumes， and in turn the effectiveness of mitigation， practices for urban stormwater management are desirable. This paper presents the results of a climate change impact study on ur ban stormwater r unoff i n t he Bronx River watershed， New York City. Considering the impacts of climate change on watershed r unoff， the potential f or l ow-impact d evelopment （LID） controls to mitigate the impacts was investigated. Stormwater runoff and LID controls were modeled using the U.S. EPA Storm Water Management Model version 5 （EPA SWMM5）. The simulations w ere d riven b y h istorical p recipitation modified to r epresent f uture pr ojections u sing a change factor methodology b ased on precipitation f rom the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5）. Using the c hange f actor m ethod， h istorical pr ecipitation was perturbed to obtain future data， based on three climate scenarios projecting maximum， mean， and minimum values for rainfall. Results of frequency analysis performed on the simulated p eak f low r ates， w ith d ifferent recurrence intervals， showed a noticeable increase in the frequency of occurrence of extreme storm events and their peak values，under future extreme climate conditions. An LID control scenario consisting of r ainwater ha rvesting， por ous pavement， a nd b ioretention w as d esigned and e valuated using the SWMM model. The results showed that， while average increase in historical annual runoff volume under climate change impacts was approximately 48%， the LID controls could pr ovide a n average r eduction of 41% in annual runoff volume. Application of the LID controls also reduced peak flow rates by an average of 8% to 13%. LID implementation decreased watershed runoff corresponding to 2-year and 50-year r eturn p eriods， b y 28% and 14%，respectively. In conclusion， retrofits with LID controls may provide no t only their i nherent benefits （e.g.， runoff volume and w ater quality）， b ut also additional c limate impact mitigation benefits for stormwater runoff.

Keywords: climate ch ange； c limate ad aptation； change factor； green infrastructure； urban runoff

來源出版物：Journalof Irrigation and Drainage Engineering， 2015， 141（1）： 04014043

An overview of hybrid water supply systems in the context of urban water management: Challenges and opportunities

Sapkota， Mukta； Arora， Meenakshi； Malano， Hector； et al.

Abstract: This p aper p resents a cr itical r eview o f the physical impacts of decentralized water supply systems on existing centralized w ater infrastructures. T his p aper highlights the combination of centralized and decentralized systems， w hich is r eferred to a s h ybrid w ater supply systems. The s ystem is hypothesized t o generate m ore sustainable an d r esilient u rban w ater systems. T he b asic concept is to use decentralized water supply options such as rainwater t anks， s torm w ater harvesting and l ocalized wastewater treatment and reuse in combination with centralized systems. Currently the impact of hybrid water supply technologies on the operational performance of the downstream infrastructure and existing treatment processes is yet to be known. T he p aper identifies a nu mber of significant r esearch g aps r elated to interactions be tween centralized an d d ecentralized u rban w ater s ervices. I t indicates that an improved understanding of the interaction between t hese s ystems i s ex pected t o provide a better integration of hybrid systems by improved sewerage and drainage d esign， as w ell as f acilitate op eration and maintenance planning. The paper also highlights the need for a f ramework t o better understand the interaction between d ifferent c omponents of h ybrid w ater s upply systems.

Keywords: hybrid water supply systems； wastewater；stormwater； water infrastructures

來源出版物：Water， 2015， 7（1）： 153-174

Optimizing low impact development （LID） for stormwater runoff treatment in urban area，Korea: Experimental and modeling approach

Baek， Sang-Soo； Choi， Dong-Ho； Jung， Jae-Woon； et al.

Abstract: Currently， continued urbanization and development result in an increase of impervious areas and surface runoff including pollutants. Also one of the greatest issues in pollutant emissions is the first flush effect （FFE），which implies a greater discharge rate of pollutant mass in the early part in the storm. Low impact development （LID）practices have been mentioned as a promising strategy to control urban stormwater runoff and pollution in the urban ecosystem. However， this requires many experimental and modeling efforts to test LID characteristics and propose an adequate guideline for optimizing LID management. In this study， w e pr opose a nove l m ethodology to op timize the sizes of d ifferent types of L ID b y c onducting intensive stormwater monitoring and numerical modeling in a commercial site in K orea. T he methodology pr oposed optimizes L ID s ize in a n a ttempt to moderate F FE on a receiving w aterbody. T hereby， the main obj ective of the optimization is to minimize mass first flush （MFF）， which is an indicator for quantifying FFE. The optimal sizes of 6 different LIDs ranged from 1.2 mm to 3.0 mm in terms of runoff depths， which significantly moderate the FFE. We hope that the new proposed methodology can be instructive for establishing LID strategies to mitigate FFE.

Keywords: stormwater treatment； low impact development （LID）； first flush effect （FFE）； mass first flush （MFF）； LID optimization

來源出版物：Water Research， 2015， 86： 122-131

Optimal spatial design of capacity and quantity of rainwater harvesting systems for urban flood mitigation

Huang， Chien-Lin； Hsu， Nien-Sheng；Wei， Chih-Chiang； et al.

Abstract: This study adopts rainwater harvesting systems （RWHS） i nto a s tormwater r unoff m anagement m odel （SWMM） for the spatial design of capacities and quantities of rain barrel for urban flood mitigation. A simulation-optimization model is proposed for effectively identifying the optimal design. First of all， we particularly classified t he c haracteristic z onal subregions for s patial design by u sing f uzzy C-means c lustering w ith the investigated da ta of ur ban r oof， land u se a nd d rainage system. In the simulation method， a series of regular spatial arrangements specification are designed by using statistical quartiles analysis for rooftop area and rainfall frequency analysis； accordingly， the corresponding reduced flooding circumstances can be simulated by SWMM. Moreover， the most e ffective s olution f or the s imulation m ethod is identified f rom the c alculated n et b enefit， w hich i s equivalent to the subtraction of the facility cost from the decreased i nundation l oss. It serves as t he i nitially identified s olution for t he op timization model. I n the optimization m ethod， ba ckpropagation n eural ne twork （BPNN） a re f irst applied f or d eveloping a w ater level simulation model of urban drainage systems to substitute for SWMM to conform to newly considered interdisciplinary multi-objective optimization model， and a tabu s earch-based a lgorithm is u sed with t he e mbedded BPNN-based S WMM to optim ize the p lanning s olution. The developed method is applied to the Zhong-He District，Taiwan. R esults demonstrate t hat t he application of t abu search a nd t he B PNN-based simulation m odel into t he optimization m odel can e ffectively， acc urately a nd fast search o ptimal d esign co nsidering economic net b enefit. Furthermore， the optimized spatial rain barrel design could reduce 72% of inundation losses according to the simulated flood events.

Keywords: rainwater h arvesting s ystem； stormwater runoff management model； backpropagation neural network；tabu search； s patial design of capacity and quantity；optimization； urban flood mitigation

來源出版物：Water， 2015， 7（9）： 5172-5202

Critical review of technical questions facing low impact development and green infrastructure: A perspective from the great plains

Vogel， Jason R； Moore， Trisha L； Coffman， Reid R； et al.

Abstract: Since its inception， L ow I mpact D evelopment （LID） has become part of urban stormwater management across the United States， marking progress in the gradual transition from centralized to distributed runoff management infrastructure. The ultimate goal of LID is full，cost-effective implementation to maximize watershed-scale ecosystem services and enhance resilience. To reach that goal in the Great Plains， the multi-disciplinary author team presents this c ritical r eview b ased o n thirteen technical questions within the c ontext of r egional c limate a nd socioeconomics across increasing complexities in scale and function. A lthough s ome pr ogress ha s be en made， much remains to be done including continued basic and appliedresearch， development of local LID design specifications，local demonstrations， and identifying funding mechanisms for these solutions. Within the Great Plains and beyond， by addressing these technical questions within a local context，the goal of widespread acceptance of LID can be achieved，resulting in m ore effective a nd r esilient stormwater management.

來源出版物：Water Environment Research， 2015， 87（9）：849-862

Review and research needs of bioretention used for the treatment of urban stormwater

Liu， Jia； Sample， David J； Bell， Cameron； et al.

Abstract: The c ontinued de velopment of ur ban a reas in recent decades has caused m ultiple i ssues af fecting t he sustainability of urban drainage systems. The increase of impervious surface areas in urban regions alters watershed hydrology and water quality. Typical impacts to downstream hydrologic regimes include higher peak flows and r unoff vo lumes， s horter lag times， and r educed infiltration and b ase f low. U rban r unoff increases the transport of po llutants a nd nutrients a nd thus d egrades water bodie s down stream fro m urban areas. On e o f the most frequently used practices to mitigate these impacts is bioretention. D espite its w idespread u se， research on bioretention systems remains active， particularly in terms of mix d esign and nitr ogen treatment. Recent r esearch focusing on bior etention is r eviewed h erein. The us e of mesocosms p rovides the a bility t o isolate p articular treatment processes and replicate variability. Computational models have been adapted and applied to simulate b ioretention， offering po tential improvements to their ope ration， maintenance， a nd d esign. Maintenance practices a re important for s ustained ope ration and h ave also been reviewed. Predicting maintenance is essential to assessing lifecycle costs. Within these research areas， gaps are explored， and recommendations made for future work.

Keywords: urban stormwater； f ield study； l ow i mpact development； bioretention； computational modeling；mesocosm simulation

來源出版物：Water， 2014， 6（4）： 1069-1099

Urban recharge beneath low impact development and effects of climate variability and change

Newcomer， Michelle E； Gurdak， Jason J；Sklar， Leonard S； et al.

Abstract: Understanding low impact d evelopment （L ID）planning and best management practices （BMPs） effects on recharge is important because of the increasing use of LID BMPs to reduce storm water runoff and improve surfacewater q uality. L ID B MPs ar e microscale， d ecentralized management te chniques s uch a s vegetated systems，pervious pavement， a nd i nfiltration t renches t o c apture，reduce， filter， and slow storm w ater runoff. Some B MPs may enhance recharge， which has often been considered a secondary management benefit. Here we report results of a field and HYDRUS-2D modeling study in San Francisco，California， USA to quantify urban recharge rates， volumes，and efficiency beneath a LID BMP infiltration trench and irrigated l awn c onsidering historical E l Nino/Southern Oscillation （ENSO） variability and future climate change using simulated precipitation from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory （GFDL） A1F1 climate scenario. We find that in situ and modeling methods are complementary，particularly f or simulating h istorical a nd f uture r echarge scenarios， a nd t he i n situ data a re c ritical f or accurately estimating r echarge unde r c urrent c onditions. O bserved （2011-2012） and future （2099-2100） recharge rates beneath the infiltration trench （1750-3710 mm yr（-1）） were an order of m agnitude gr eater t han be neath t he ir rigated la wn （130-730 m m yr（-1））. Beneath t he infiltration tr ench，recharge rates ranged from 1390 to 5840 mm yr（-1） and averaged 3410 mm yr（-1） for El Nino years （1954-2012）and from 1540 to 3330 mm yr（-1） and averaged 2430 mm yr（-1） for La Nina years. We demonstrate a clear benefit for recharge and local groundwater resources using LID BMPs.

Keywords: low impact d evelopment； r echarge； cl imate change； E NSO； ur ban gr oundwater； m anaged aquifer recharge

來源出版物：Water R esources Research， 2014， 50（2）：1716-1734

編輯：衛(wèi)夏雯

Developing a stochastic conflict resolution model for urban runoff quality management: Application of info-gap and bargaining theories Ghodsi， Seyed Hamed； Kerachian， Reza；

Estalaki， SM； et al.

In this pa per， t wo deterministic a nd s tochastic multilateral， multi-issue， non-cooperative bargainingmethodologies a re p roposed f or u rban r unoff q uality management. I n t he proposed m ethodologies， a c alibrated Storm W ater M anagement Model （SWMM） i s u sed t o simulate stormwater runoff quantity and quality for different urban stormwater runoff management scenarios， which have been defined considering several Low Impact Development （LID） techniques. In the deterministic methodology， the best management scenario， representing location and area of LID controls， i s i dentified using t he bargaining m odel. In t he stochastic methodology， uncertainties of some key parameters o f S WMM are an alyzed u sing t he i nfo-gap theory. F or each w ater q uality management s cenario，robustness and opportuneness criteria are determined based on utility functions of different stakeholders. Then， to find the best solution， the bargaining model is performed considering a combination of robustness and opportuneness criteria for each scenario based on utility function of each stakeholder. T he r esults of applying the pr oposed methodology in the Velenjak urban watershed located in the northeastern part of Tehran， the capital city of Iran， illustrate its p ractical u tility f or c onflict r esolution i n urban w ater quantity a nd quality m anagement. I t i s shown t hat t he solution o btained using t he de terministic model c annot outperform the result of the stochastic model considering the robustness and opportuneness criteria. Therefore， it can be concluded that the stochastic model， which incorporates the main uncertainties， could provide more reliable results.

urban runoff； low impact development （LID）；SWMM； uncertainty analysis； info-gap theory； bargaining theory