汪敏 雙東思 蘇晞
急性冠狀動脈綜合征合并2型糖尿病患者應用氯吡格雷與替格瑞洛后殘余血小板高反應性及對預后影響的比較
汪敏 雙東思 蘇晞
目的 比較急性冠狀動脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)合并2型糖尿病患者應用氯吡格雷和替格瑞洛的殘余血小板高反應性及對預后的影響。方法選取武漢亞洲心臟病醫(yī)院2013年3月至2015年3月住院的ACS合并2型糖尿病患者175例,入院后均給予標準雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療,分為氯吡格雷組(153例)和替格瑞洛組(22例)。采用光比濁法測量腺苷二磷酸誘導的血小板聚集率。定義血小板最大聚集率>46.0%為殘余血小板高反應性。比較兩組殘余血小板高反應性的差異及殘余血小板高反應性對3個月預后的影響。結果氯吡格雷組殘余血小板高反應性的發(fā)生率顯著高于替格瑞洛組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義[64.7%(99/153)比36.4%(8/22),P=0.011]。隨訪3個月,殘余血小板高反應組發(fā)生支架內血栓事件3例(2.8%,3/107),均發(fā)生于使用氯吡格雷患者,殘余血小板正常反應組無一例發(fā)生,兩組的差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.016);兩組患者的主要事件復合終點、全因死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、出血事件等發(fā)生率分別比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P>0.05)。結論 ACS合并2型糖尿病患者應用替格瑞洛較氯吡格雷顯著降低治療后的殘余血小板高反應性,殘余血小板高反應性增加支架內血栓風險。
急性冠狀動脈綜合征; 2型糖尿病; 氯吡格雷; 替格瑞洛; 殘余血小板高反應性
急性冠狀動脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是心血管疾病的急危重癥。血小板在ACS中發(fā)揮重要的作用,抗血小板治療可有效降低急性冠狀動脈事件發(fā)生率,減少心血管事件死亡率[1-4]。氯吡格雷是目前ACS抗血小板治療的基石[5],但是氯吡格雷需要經肝代謝后轉化為活性藥物。血小板功能測試研究顯示,氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集存在很大的個體變異性[6-7]。
替格瑞洛是一種新型抗血小板藥物,不需要肝代謝激活,比氯吡格雷能更有效地抑制腺苷二磷酸(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)誘導的血小板聚集。糖尿病是冠心病患者發(fā)生殘余血小板高反應性的獨立影響因素[8-9]。合并糖尿病的患者心血管事件風險更高。替格瑞洛較氯吡格雷理應有更大的心血管獲益。但PLATO研究[10]的亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者應用替格瑞洛能顯著獲益,但是跟非糖尿病患者相比,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,其機制不明,是否與殘余血小板高反應性相關,尚未明確。本研究比較ACS合并2型糖尿病患者應用氯吡格雷與替格瑞洛后殘余血小板高反應性及對預后的影響。
1.1 研究對象
選取武漢亞洲心臟病醫(yī)院2013年3月至2015年3月住院的ACS(包括不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、急性ST段抬高心肌梗死、急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死)合并2型糖尿病患者175例。2型糖尿病按照2010年美國糖尿病學會(American diabetes association,ADA)糖尿病診斷標準[11]:(1)糖化血紅蛋白≥6.5%; (2)空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L,空腹定義為至少8 h內無熱量攝入;(3)口服糖耐量試驗時2 h血糖≥11.1 mmol/L;(4)在伴有典型的高血糖或高血糖危象癥狀的患者,隨機血糖≥11.1 mmol/L;在無明確高血糖時,應通過重復檢測來證實標準(1)~(3)。
納入標準:(1)ACS;(2)2型糖尿病。排除標準:(1)對氯吡咯雷禁忌,入選前24 h行溶栓治療,未行起搏器植入增加心動過緩風險,聯(lián)合使用細胞色素P4503A的強效抑制劑或誘導劑;(2)1型糖尿病;(3)酮癥酸中毒;(4)乳酸酸中毒;(5)慢性腎病4期以上[估算的腎小球濾過率 (estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)<30 ml/(min· 1.73 m2)];(6)紐約心臟病協(xié)會(new york heart association,NYHA)心功能Ⅳ級,血流動力學不穩(wěn)定,不能平臥24 h以上;(7)需口服抗凝藥。
1.2 方法
患者入院時均先頓服阿司匹林300 mg和氯吡格雷300 mg或者替格瑞洛180 mg,之后用氯吡格雷75 mg、每日1次(氯吡格雷組,153例)或者替格瑞洛90 mg、每日2次(替格瑞洛組,22例)的維持劑量治療12個月。于清晨服藥前采集肘靜脈血檢測血小板聚集功能,使用2支3.8 mg/dl枸櫞酸鈉抗凝管采血3 ml。
血小板聚集功能檢測(光比濁法):采用美國Helena Laboratories公司生產的血小板聚集儀(AggRAM)進行檢測分析,誘導劑為ADP,ADP最終誘導濃度為5 μmol/L,定義血小板最大聚集率>46.0%為殘余血小板高反應性。
其他檢測項目:入院后第2天查糖化血紅蛋白,空腹血糖;左心室射血分數(shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF);肝功能(谷丙轉氨酶);血液分析(紅細胞計數(shù)、白細胞計數(shù)、血小板計數(shù)),電解質(K+、Na+、Cl-);血脂,甲狀腺功能(游離 T3、游離T4、促甲狀腺激素);血清肌鈣蛋白I。以上生化檢驗均使用本院檢驗科設備。
其他基本情況如年齡、性別、體重、身高、血壓等,既往病史如高血壓病、卒中、高脂血癥、心力衰竭、經皮冠狀動脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)、冠狀動脈旁路移植術(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)、外周血管疾病等,心血管危險因素如吸煙、高血壓病、血脂異常等被記錄,同時所有患者進行臨床隨訪,記錄3個月主要事件(包括全因死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、支架內血栓)和出血事件的發(fā)生情況。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(ˉx±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(百分率)表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 兩組患者的基線資料比較
氯吡格雷組患者的白細胞計數(shù)顯著低于替格瑞洛組[(7.72±2.51)×109/L比(9.21±3.68)×109/L,P=0.016],血清 Na+濃度顯著高于替格瑞洛組[(139.48±2.16)mmol/L比(138.25±2.49)mmol/ L,P=0.015],差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義。兩組患者的性別、年齡、身高、體重、收縮壓、舒張壓、既往史、血液分析、血脂、甲狀腺功能、肝功能、左心室舒張末期內徑、左心室射血分數(shù)等其他指標比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P>0.05,表1)。
2.2 兩組患者殘余血小板高反應性比較
氯吡格雷組殘余血小板高反應性患者99例,占64.7%。按本院常規(guī),血小板最大聚集率>46.0%給予氯吡格雷劑量翻倍或替換為替格瑞洛。替格瑞洛組殘余血小板高反應性患者8例,占36.4%,顯著低于氯吡格雷組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.011)。
2.3 殘余血小板高反應性和3個月隨訪事件的關系
根據(jù)血小板最大聚集率>46.0%為殘余血小板高反應性,將患者分為殘余血小板高反應組(107例)和殘余血小板正常反應組(68例)。隨訪3個月,殘余血小板高反應組發(fā)生支架內血栓事件3例(2.8%),殘余血小板正常反應組無一例發(fā)生,兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.016);3例支架內血栓均發(fā)生于氯吡格雷組。兩組患者3個月的主要事件復合終點、全因死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、出血事件等發(fā)生率分別比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均 P>0.05,表2)。
表1 兩組患者的基線資料比較
表2 殘余血小板高反應性和3個月隨訪事件的關系[例(%)]
2.4 主要事件及臨床特點
殘余血小板高反應組共5例患者發(fā)生主要事件,其中3例心肌梗死合并支架內血栓,1例猝死,1例心力衰竭合并腎衰竭死亡。殘余血小板正常反應組共3例患者發(fā)生主要事件,其中1例心肌梗死,1例卒中,1例室性心動過速、心室顫動死亡。8例主要事件及其臨床特點見表3。
表3 8例主要事件及其臨床特點
2.5 出血事件及臨床特點
殘余血小板高反應組和殘余血小板正常反應組各2例患者發(fā)生出血事件,均分別為消化道出血或血尿。4例出血事件及其臨床特點見表4。
表4 4例出血事件及其臨床特點
ACS是心血管疾病的急危重癥。血小板在ACS中發(fā)揮重要的作用,抗血小板治療可有效地降低急性冠狀動脈事件,減少心血管事件死亡率。氯吡格雷是ACS抗血小板治療的基石,可是氯吡咯雷需要經肝代謝后轉化為活性藥物才能發(fā)揮抗血小板效果,而大約85%的氯吡格雷被水解為無活性的產物,只有小部分轉為活性產物,CYP2C19基因在這個過程中起著關鍵作用[12]。但是,氯吡格雷反應的變異性是多因素的,CYP2C19基因僅僅只解釋5%~12%的總變異性[8-9,13]。血小板功能測試顯示,氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集表現(xiàn)了很大的個體變異性。糖尿病是增加殘余血小板高反應性的另一個主要危險因素[8-9]。評估殘余血小板高反應性的檢測方法比較多,光比濁法是血小板聚集功能檢測的“金標準”,雖然可重復性差,非ADP受體特異性,但其價格低廉、易于普及,是目前國內使用最為普遍的檢查方法之一,有很好的實用性。本研究選擇該方法評估殘余血小板高反應性。
多項研究顯示,即使給予負荷劑量氯吡格雷,仍有5%~44%的患者不能獲得充足的抗血小板效應[14-18]。不同檢測方法、不同誘導劑濃度決定了殘余血小板高反應性的閾值。Cuisset等[19]使用10 μmol/L ADP作為誘導劑,將研究人群四等分,其中25%的研究對象表現(xiàn)為低反應,確定ADP誘導的血小板最大聚集率>70%作為臨界值。最近的一項共識[20]在殘余血小板高反應性的定義中指出,采用光比濁法測定5 mmol/L ADP誘導的血小板最大聚集率>46%的患者常合并嚴重不良心臟事件。
影響氯吡格雷殘余血小板高反應性的因素包括細胞因素(降低的CYP3A代謝活性,增加ADP暴露,P2Y12路徑的上調等)、基因因素(如CYP450基因多態(tài)性)、臨床因素(如依從性差,ACS、糖尿病、心力衰竭、腎衰竭,體重指數(shù)增加,高齡)以及藥物代謝性因素[如吸收差、代謝下降、劑量不足、藥物相互作用(鈣離子拮抗藥、質子泵抑制藥)]。Saad等[21]研究顯示,采用5 mmol/L ADP誘導,糖尿病患者的平均血小板最大聚集率為22%,非糖尿病患者為11%,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。Mylotte等[22]研究顯示,采用5 mmol/L ADP誘導,糖尿病患者的平均血小板最大聚集率為(56.0±11.1)%。由此可見,糖尿病是殘余血小板高反應性的危險因素。Mobley等[23]研究顯示,糖尿病組抗血小板無反應的發(fā)生率高達40%,非糖尿病組為23%;并且,氯吡格雷治療0~3 d后殘余血小板高反應性患者所占比例仍高達40%。本研究的研究對象為ACS合并糖尿病患者,同時存在氯吡格雷用藥時間過短、給予負荷劑量不足、合并使用質子泵抑制藥及他汀類藥物等多種因素的影響,導致氯吡格雷組的殘余血小板高反應性發(fā)生率增加。殘余血小板高反應性比血小板低反應性增加了缺血并發(fā)癥的風險。RECLOSE 2-ACS研究[24]顯示,氯吡格雷的殘余血小板高反應性發(fā)生率為14%,即使增加氯吡格雷劑量或更改為噻氯匹定,血小板高反應性的發(fā)生率仍保持將近40%;殘余血小板高反應組中,心臟病死亡的一級終點發(fā)生率是血小板低反應組的2倍以上,支架內血栓的發(fā)生率絕對風險增加3.2%。
研究顯示,亞急性支架內血栓患者血小板反應性顯著升高[25]。Müller等[14]的隊列研究共納入105例行PCI的患者,結果顯示,氯吡格雷無反應者的支架內血栓發(fā)生風險更高。Cuisset等[26]的研究結果證實了該現(xiàn)象。CREST研究[27]結果證實,殘余血小板高反應性以及不完全的P2Y12受體抑制是亞急性支架內血栓的危險因素。2007年的一項觀察性研究顯示,對行藥物洗脫支架置入的PCI患者,給予600 mg負荷劑量的氯吡格雷后,隨訪6個月發(fā)現(xiàn),殘余血小板高反應性增加支架內血栓風險[28]。
替格瑞洛是一種新型抗血小板藥物,不需要經肝代謝激活,比氯吡格雷能更有效地抑制ADP誘導的血小板聚集。本研究證實了對于ACS合并糖尿病患者,替格瑞洛顯著降低血小板高反應性的發(fā)生率,并且證實了對于ACS合并糖尿病患者,殘余血小板高反應性同樣增加支架內血栓風險。但本研究樣本量偏小,同時為觀察性研究,需要更多樣本的隨機對照研究證實。
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High residual platelet reactivity in patients with acute coronary syndrome and diabetes mellitus receiving dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel or ticagrelor and its influence on prognosis
WANG Min,SHUANG Dong-si,SU Xi.
Department of Cardiology,Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital,Wuhan 430022,China
SHUANG Dong-si,Email:sds97@163.com
ObjectiveTo observe high residual platelet reactivity in patients with acute coronary syndrome and diabetes mellitus receiving dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel or ticagrelor and its influence on prognosis.MethodsA total of 175 patients with acute coronary syndrome and diabetes mellitus in Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital were included in this retrospective study,and all patients were divided into two groups:ticagrelor group(n=22)and clopidogrel group(n=153).The platelet aggregation function was tested by light transmission platelet aggregation(LTA).The high residual platelet reactivity was defined as maximum platelet aggregation rate>46.0%.The differences of high residual platelet reactivity and the effect of high residual platelet reactivity on cardiovascular events were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe number of patients with high residual platelet reactivity in the clopidogrel group were 99 patients(64.7%),and 8 patients(36.4%)in the ticagrelor group(P=0.011).For stent thrombosis developed in three months,3 patients were from the high residual platelet reaction group(n= 107),none from the normal residual platelet reaction group(n=68)(P=0.016).For bleeding events at 3 months,there were 2 patients(1.9%,2/107)from the high residual platelet reaction group and 2 patients (2.9%, 2/68) were from the normal residual platelet reaction group (P=0.631).ConclusionsTicagrelor significantly decreases high residual platelet reactivity than clopidogrel.High residual platelet reactivity increases stent thrombosis risk for ACS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Acute coronary syndrome; Diabetes mellitus; Clopidogrel; Ticagrelor; High residual platelet reactivity
R541.4
2016-05-18)
10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2016.12.004
武漢市衛(wèi)計委課題(WX14C78)
430022 湖北武漢,武漢亞洲心臟病醫(yī)院心內科
雙東思,Email:sds97@163.com