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        黃曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素的毒性作用及其診斷、檢測(cè)和控制

        2016-02-03 00:50:58李新一摘譯
        中國(guó)飼料 2016年7期
        關(guān)鍵詞:黃曲霉霉菌肉雞

        李新一(摘譯)

        (全國(guó)畜牧總站中國(guó)飼料工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì),北京朝陽(yáng)100125)

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        黃曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素的毒性作用及其診斷、檢測(cè)和控制

        李新一(摘譯)

        (全國(guó)畜牧總站中國(guó)飼料工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì),北京朝陽(yáng)100125)

        霉菌毒素是真菌的次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物,其種類較多,其中最主要的是黃曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素。赭曲霉毒素主要損傷腎組織故被稱為腎毒素,而黃曲霉毒素則對(duì)肝臟毒害作用最大。本文主要介紹了黃曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素的毒性作用及其診斷、檢測(cè)和控制。

        霉菌毒素中毒;黃曲霉毒素;赭曲霉毒素;檢測(cè)

        1 霉菌毒素的毒性作用

        霉菌毒素以多種形式存在,但其中最主要的是黃曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素(Perrone等,2007)。飼料中存在一種以上的真菌污染物時(shí),污染物間的協(xié)同效應(yīng)會(huì)增加毒素毒性(Huff等,1983)。

        1.1黃曲霉毒素及其毒性作用黃曲霉毒素由黃曲霉菌屬真菌產(chǎn)生(Gugnani,2000)。多種產(chǎn)毒素真菌可以產(chǎn)生黃曲霉毒素,但主要是黃曲霉和寄生曲霉,當(dāng)其遇到適宜的環(huán)境,就能在飼料中產(chǎn)生黃曲霉毒素(Dutta和Das,2001)。

        黃曲霉毒素對(duì)家禽有不良影響,會(huì)導(dǎo)致免疫功能下降甚至死亡。飼喂被黃曲霉毒素污染的飼料后,肉雞出現(xiàn)厭食、精神萎靡、飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率低、體重下降、生長(zhǎng)速度下降等現(xiàn)象,并能造成免疫抑制,對(duì)微生物和環(huán)境的刺激更加敏感。

        黃曲霉毒素引起肝臟腫大、黃肝、膽管體積增大(Ortatali和Oguz,2001),還能損傷腎臟和脾臟組織(Bilgic和Yesildere,1992)。相關(guān)試驗(yàn)證實(shí)黃曲霉毒素能嚴(yán)重?cái)_亂免疫系統(tǒng),如對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞功能的分析試驗(yàn)和綿羊紅血球細(xì)胞的抗體反應(yīng)試驗(yàn)(Khan,2010)。飼喂被黃曲霉毒素污染的飼料的禽類更易患?。∣guz等,2003)。

        黃曲霉毒素會(huì)引起脂肪的改變,肝實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)小空泡(空泡變性),肝門管區(qū)肝管增生,還能影響產(chǎn)生淋巴細(xì)胞的法氏囊。據(jù)報(bào)道,黃曲霉毒素可以導(dǎo)致腎臟的腎小管變性(Ortatali等,2005)。Kumar和Balachandran(2009)描述了感染黃曲霉毒素B1后的臨床和組織病理學(xué)癥狀。宏觀上,可以觀察到肝臟腫大,肝臟上有黃點(diǎn)或者微泛黃的點(diǎn),膽囊腫大,腎臟腫大,變白色,有零星的淤血點(diǎn)。通過(guò)顯微鏡可以觀察到空泡變性,脂肪改變,肝細(xì)胞退化。隨著疾病的發(fā)展,脂肪沉積轉(zhuǎn)換為脂肪囊腫,不同的淋巴細(xì)胞如異嗜細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)浸潤(rùn)現(xiàn)象,肝管出現(xiàn)充血和畸形增生。

        1.2赭曲霉毒素及其毒性作用赭曲霉毒素可由7種曲霉屬真菌和6種青霉菌產(chǎn)生,在這13種真菌中,赭曲霉是主要的產(chǎn)赭曲霉毒素菌種。赭曲霉毒素有多種,通常指赭曲霉毒素A、B、C,但是其中最主要的是赭曲霉毒素A。赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)在谷物、動(dòng)物飼料、肉和人體組織中均有分布。

        赭曲霉毒素對(duì)腎臟的毒害作用大于肝臟,對(duì)肉雞的腎臟有潛在的嚴(yán)重毒害作用。赭曲霉毒素A具有致畸、致突變和免疫毒害作用(O'Brien和Dietrich,2005),可以導(dǎo)致生長(zhǎng)速度減緩(Verma等,2004)、采食量減少(Elaroussi等,2006)、體增重差(Kumar等,2003)。雞群精神萎靡,出現(xiàn)稀松的水樣糞便(Hassan,2010)。OTA可引起機(jī)體嚴(yán)重的免疫抑制(Politis等,2005),這可以通過(guò)綿羊血紅細(xì)胞的抗體反應(yīng)和碳廓清試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證(Hassan,2010),同時(shí)導(dǎo)致雞群死亡率增加(Elaurossi等,2006)。OTA可以與血液中白蛋白成分結(jié)合,在膽汁和腎臟中進(jìn)行毒素循環(huán),因此OTA可以長(zhǎng)期殘留在體內(nèi)(Marquardt和Frohlich,1992)。

        臨床上,OTA引起腎臟堵塞和腫大,肝臟增生,淋巴器官如脾臟和法氏囊萎縮(Kumar等,2004),但是對(duì)心臟沒有損害(Kumar等,2004)。赭曲霉毒素A會(huì)導(dǎo)致肝實(shí)質(zhì)中的單核細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),外層的肝臟增厚(Elaroussi等,2008)。肝門管區(qū)出現(xiàn)堵塞和間隙內(nèi)出現(xiàn)堵塞和膨大。若是連續(xù)接觸赭曲霉毒素,在中毒后期會(huì)出現(xiàn)肝索個(gè)別肝細(xì)胞壞死,空泡變性(Kumar等,2004)。OTA引起肝管通道變性的同時(shí)也會(huì)導(dǎo)致其上皮組織細(xì)胞的增殖。據(jù)報(bào)道,單個(gè)細(xì)胞變性和DNA加合物生成(高達(dá)30個(gè)單獨(dú)的加合物)是由于氧化應(yīng)激作用導(dǎo)致的(Solcan等,2008)。在腎臟,OTA引起腎小管上皮細(xì)胞壞死,腎小球滲透以及腎小球體積擴(kuò)張(Abidin,2010)。在黏液囊中,OTA會(huì)引起淋巴結(jié)萎縮和骨髓淋巴細(xì)胞團(tuán)的減少,皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)的淋巴結(jié)也出現(xiàn)空泡變性(Kumar等,2004)。在胸腺中,OTA導(dǎo)致胸腺實(shí)質(zhì)中淋巴細(xì)胞團(tuán)的減少以及胸腺局部出現(xiàn)密斑(Kumar等,2004)。

        2 霉菌毒素中毒診斷及檢測(cè)

        一般來(lái)說(shuō),可以通過(guò)觀察特定器官的臨床病變確診霉菌毒素中毒癥。如果出現(xiàn)肝臟腫大,變脆且變性區(qū)蒼白通常就可以確認(rèn)為霉菌毒素中毒。此外腎臟腫大,表面凸出和充血也可以認(rèn)為是霉菌毒素中毒的癥狀。為了測(cè)定霉菌毒素水平,屠宰試驗(yàn)中需要保存所有的胴體進(jìn)行尸體剖檢以及收集飼料樣品。

        測(cè)定霉菌毒素可以采用生物檢測(cè)方法和化學(xué)檢測(cè)方法。如測(cè)定已知霉菌毒素的水平,最適合采用化學(xué)測(cè)定法,因?yàn)楦涌焖?,可重?fù)性好,檢測(cè)限低。常用的兩種測(cè)定法是:(1)色譜分析方法,包括開放式、柱狀、薄層、高性能液體和氣體液相色譜法;(2)免疫化學(xué)方法,包括放射免疫分析法(RIA)和酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)。

        2.1赭曲霉素Biro等(2002)闡述了使用高效液相色譜法(HPLC)和酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)測(cè)定組織中赭曲霉毒素A水平的方法。Frye和Chu(1977)利用放射性技術(shù)檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)蛋雞飼喂真菌毒素污染的飼料后其蛋中含有OTA殘留。Prior等(1980)在公雞和母雞體組織檢測(cè)到OTA殘留。隨后Sizoo和Egmond(2005)提出采用高效液相色譜檢測(cè)組織和蛋中提取的OTA的分析方法。

        2.2黃曲霉毒素Fermandez等(1994)將薄層液相色譜技術(shù)應(yīng)用于肉雞組織黃曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)的檢測(cè)。Hussain(2010)采用高效液相色譜法測(cè)定口服AFB1后的雞組織中AFB1含量。Khan(2010)也使用了同樣的方法測(cè)定黃曲霉毒素。Omurtag等(2002)、Micco等(1988)使用高效液相色譜法測(cè)定黃曲霉毒素的檢測(cè)水平比薄層色譜法測(cè)定高出1 μg/kg。

        3 霉菌毒素中毒的預(yù)防

        3.1霉菌毒素的去除如飼料中霉菌毒素含量水平高,應(yīng)優(yōu)先選擇對(duì)其中的毒素進(jìn)行解毒或去除,但是這種方法很難去除飼料中受污染的部分。有人建議通過(guò)氨化作用凈化谷物,但目前還沒有方法來(lái)解除飼料中的霉菌毒素。相關(guān)報(bào)道分別介紹了化學(xué)、生物、物理法去除飼料中霉菌毒素的方法(Lopez-Garcia和Park,1998)。已有研究從細(xì)菌的純菌株提取并鑒定了去環(huán)氧化酶(Binder等,2000)。

        3.2霉菌毒素結(jié)合劑的使用毒素結(jié)合劑可以通過(guò)結(jié)合毒素防止毒素的不良作用,阻止消化道吸收毒素。毒素結(jié)合劑的預(yù)防作用遠(yuǎn)大于治療效果。

        許多結(jié)合劑都是有效的,如活性炭、不能消化的復(fù)雜碳水化合物(如纖維素、甘露聚糖、肽聚糖)、高分子合成聚合物(如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、消膽胺),以及鋁硅酸鹽(如膨潤(rùn)土、粘土、沸石、蒙脫石和硅酸鹽)(Avantaggiato等,2005)。

        活性炭因?yàn)楸砻娣e大而有很好的吸附力,對(duì)存在于消化系統(tǒng)中的各種毒素都有一定的吸附作用。有關(guān)活性炭的試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其可以減輕黃曲霉毒素對(duì)山羊的危害(Hatch等,1982)?;钚蕴恳部梢越档团D讨悬S曲霉毒素的殘留(Galvano等,1996)。活性炭發(fā)揮作用的前提是需要較高的質(zhì)量(Diaz等,2004)。硅酸鹽也是一種較好的霉菌毒素結(jié)合劑(Phillips等,1991)。硅酸鹽粘結(jié)劑的作用機(jī)理是粘土材料中的自由金屬離子螯合黃曲霉毒素的β-羧基基團(tuán)(Phillips等,1991)。Santin等(2002)研究證明,水合鈉鈣硅酸鋁鹽可以結(jié)合毒素以抵消赭曲霉毒素對(duì)肉雞的危害。使用細(xì)胞壁酵母作為在肉雞飼料中的霉菌毒素吸附劑,可以消除OTA的影響(Santin等,2003)。鈉基膨潤(rùn)土可以結(jié)合肉雞飼料中的黃曲霉毒素,減輕由于黃曲霉毒素中毒產(chǎn)生的癥狀(Kermanshahi等,2009)。

        3.3水飛薊素、L-肉堿和維生素的使用水飛薊素、L-肉堿和維生素等產(chǎn)品可以抵抗霉菌毒素危害并且增強(qiáng)雞群的免疫系統(tǒng)。

        水飛薊素具有多種功效,包括促進(jìn)DNA和RNA的合成以及肝組織的修復(fù)(Fraschini等,2002)。據(jù)報(bào)道,水飛薊素可以刺激免疫狀態(tài)(Wilasrusmee等,2002),并能抑制由OTA誘導(dǎo)的從被分離的枯否細(xì)胞和散在肝臟細(xì)胞中腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α的釋放(Al-Anati等,2009)。水飛薊素還可以抵消肉雞因AFB1引發(fā)的毒副作用(Tedesco等,2004)。

        L-肉堿(LC)是一種季銨(微溶于水)化合物,是蛋氨酸和賴氨酸的天然合成物。LC可以在脂質(zhì)分解過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生能量,用來(lái)將脂肪酸從細(xì)胞質(zhì)運(yùn)送到線粒體。LC具有抗氧化特性,可以防止脂肪過(guò)氧化(Kopple等,2002)。LC也可以結(jié)合AFB1,因此可以限制霉菌毒素與組織蛋白質(zhì)和DNA的相互作用(Yatim和Sachan,2001)。霉菌毒素的不良作用之一是氧化應(yīng)激,可以通過(guò)在飼料中添加LC降低氧化危害(Citil等,2005)。LC對(duì)雞群肝臟紊亂疾病有著有益的影響(Yapar等,2007),對(duì)其免疫應(yīng)答和淋巴器官也有長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)的影響(Deng等,2006)。LC可以緩解白來(lái)航肉仔雞因赭曲霉毒素導(dǎo)致的毒理變化,同時(shí)可以增強(qiáng)免疫應(yīng)答能力(Bhatti,2010),也可能具有改善肉雞代謝紊亂的功能(Buyse等,2001)。

        維生素E是一種很好的抗氧化劑,主要用于防止脂類氧化。雞群霉菌毒素中毒后出現(xiàn)免疫抑制,維生素E可以增強(qiáng)雞群的免疫能力。它可以提高雞群的整體生產(chǎn)性能(Hossain等,1998),消除OTA的細(xì)胞毒性作用,同時(shí)防止毒素-DNA加成物的形成。

        4 霉菌毒素中毒的控制措施

        霉菌毒素中毒控制措施應(yīng)在飼料收獲前、收獲中、收獲后三個(gè)階段加以實(shí)施。生產(chǎn)鏈中可以應(yīng)用危害分析和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)控制點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)控制霉菌毒素風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Bricknell等,2006)。Chulze(2010)從食物鏈的角度闡述了霉菌毒素控制方法。收獲前階段,在作物中使用抗真菌肽來(lái)抑制飼料中的黃曲霉毒素污染是最有前景的方法(Rajasekaran等,2009)。

        一般有物理法、化學(xué)法、生物學(xué)法三種主要的方式控制霉菌毒素(Huwig等,2001)。物理方法包括去除谷物中受污染部分和使用紫外線或γ輻射,還包括使用霉菌毒素結(jié)合劑(Huwig等,2001)。

        化學(xué)法包括用臭氧、酸性物質(zhì)和堿性物質(zhì)、氨以及抗氧化劑處理飼料。臭氧、氨和有機(jī)酸都可以起到有效對(duì)抗黃曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素的作用(Marin等,2000)??寡趸瘎┤缍』u基茴香醚(BHA)、二丁基羥基甲苯(BHT)、聚丙烯(PP)及其混合物不利于黃曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素的產(chǎn)生(Torres等,2003)。

        生物方法包括利用微生物(益生菌)抑制飼料中的霉菌毒素。這些益生菌與霉菌毒素可形成復(fù)雜的螯合物,防止機(jī)體吸收霉菌毒素(Santillan等,2006)。益生菌如乳酸桿菌(Rawal等,2010)和諾卡氏菌(Tejada-Castaneda等,2008)可以減輕黃曲霉毒素和其他毒素對(duì)肉雞的損害。

        5 結(jié)論

        黃曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素是肉雞養(yǎng)殖主要問(wèn)題的誘因,嚴(yán)重影響家禽業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。為了減少這些毒素的不利影響,應(yīng)采取控制策略,并且采取多種技術(shù)聯(lián)用方式實(shí)現(xiàn)飼料中毒素含量的連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)。霉菌毒素在動(dòng)物組織或動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品中的殘留是霉菌毒素進(jìn)入人體的主要方式,必須監(jiān)測(cè)霉菌毒素的殘留量,消除污染的飼料,從而避免家禽攝入霉菌毒素。

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        (譯自《World’s Poultry Science Journal》2011年,67卷485~496頁(yè))

        Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi.There are many types of mycotoxins,the most important are aflatoxins and ochratoxins.Ochratoxin is known as a nephrotoxin as it damages kidney tissues predominantly,whereas aflatoxin has more adverse effects upon liver.This article reviewed toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin and their diagnosis,determination,control.

        mycotoxicosis toxicity;aflatoxin;ochratoxin;determination

        S816.7

        A

        1004-3314(2016)07-0019-05

        10.15906/j.cnki.cn11-2975/s.20160705

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