楊朝東,李守峰,姚蘭,艾訓(xùn)儒,蔡小東,張霞*
(1.長(zhǎng)江大學(xué)園藝園林學(xué)院, 湖北 荊州 434025;2.湖北省??悼h林業(yè)局, 湖北 ???41600;
3.湖北民族學(xué)院林學(xué)園藝學(xué)院,湖北 恩施445000)
天胡荽的解剖和屏障結(jié)構(gòu)特征研究
楊朝東1,李守峰2,姚蘭3,艾訓(xùn)儒3,蔡小東1,張霞1*
(1.長(zhǎng)江大學(xué)園藝園林學(xué)院, 湖北 荊州 434025;2.湖北省保康縣林業(yè)局, 湖北 ???41600;
3.湖北民族學(xué)院林學(xué)園藝學(xué)院,湖北 恩施445000)
摘要:利用光學(xué)顯微鏡和熒光顯微鏡對(duì)天胡荽進(jìn)行了解剖學(xué)和組織化學(xué)研究,結(jié)果表明,1)天胡荽不定根為初生結(jié)構(gòu),具二原型維管柱、內(nèi)皮層、皮層、外皮層和表皮。2)莖、花柄和葉主要為初生結(jié)構(gòu),除了莖和花柄維管束具次生結(jié)構(gòu),具表皮、厚角組織、皮層、內(nèi)皮層、維管束和髓;莖具誘導(dǎo)型通氣組織。3)天胡荽不定根的屏障結(jié)構(gòu)包括內(nèi)側(cè)的有凱氏帶且栓質(zhì)化的內(nèi)皮層,外側(cè)的有凱氏帶且栓質(zhì)化的外皮層和緊鄰?fù)鈧?cè)具擴(kuò)散狀栓質(zhì)層的表皮細(xì)胞;匍匐莖、花柄和葉柄具相似的質(zhì)外體屏障結(jié)構(gòu),一是內(nèi)側(cè)的有凱氏帶且栓質(zhì)化的內(nèi)皮層,二是外側(cè)的表皮外角質(zhì)層,但花柄和葉柄有凱氏帶的細(xì)胞,并不栓質(zhì)化;葉片的僅為表皮外角質(zhì)層。4)天胡荽的解剖和屏障結(jié)構(gòu)特征是其適應(yīng)多種水濕環(huán)境的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)。該研究為今后選擇濕地生態(tài)修復(fù)植物提供線索。
關(guān)鍵詞:天胡荽;解剖結(jié)構(gòu);質(zhì)外體屏障結(jié)構(gòu);組織化學(xué);初生結(jié)構(gòu)
DOI:10.11686/cyxb2014246
Yang C D, Li S F, Yao L, Ai X R, Cai X D, Zhang X. A study of anatomical structure and apoplastic barrier characteristics ofHydrocotylesibthorpioides. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2015, 24(7): 139-145.
楊朝東, 李守峰, 姚蘭, 艾訓(xùn)儒, 蔡小東, 張霞. 天胡荽的解剖和屏障結(jié)構(gòu)特征研究. 草業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2015, 24(7): 139-145.
http://cyxb.lzu.edu.cn
收稿日期:2014-05-16;改回日期:2014-06-10
基金項(xiàng)目:湖北省教育廳項(xiàng)目(Q2014310)資助。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:楊朝東(1971-),男,湖北巴東人,副教授,博士。E-mail:chaodongyang@aliyun.com
通訊作者*Corresponding author. E-mail:zhang.yang07@aliyun.com
Abstract:The anatomy and histochemistry of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides were investigated under light and fluorescence microscopy in this research. The findings were: 1) The adventitious root of H. sibthorpioides consisted of proto-xylem and proto-phloem, superceded by diarch primary vasculature of metaxymlem and metaphloem, surrounded by endodermis, then cortex, exodermis and epidermis. 2) Stolon, pedicel and leaf were primary structures with epidermis, collenchyma, cortex, endodermis, vascular bundle and pith, except that vasculature of the stolon and pedicel had secondary structures, and stolon had induced aerenchyma. 3) The apoplastic barriers in adventitious roots of H. sibthorpioides included the inner layers of endodermis with Casparian bands and suberin, the outer layers of exodermis with Casparian bands and suberin and the epidermis with suberin. The stolons, pedicels and petioles had similar apoplastic barriers, including the inner layer of endodermis with Casparian bands and suberin, and the outer layer of the cuticle, but the endodermis had no suberin in pedicels and petioles; leaf blades had only a cuticular apoplastic barrier. 4) The anatomical structure and apoplastic barrier characters are important structural determinants of adaptation of H. sibthorpioides to variably-moist environments. The implications of this research for selection of plant species to restore degraded wetlands are discussed.
A study of anatomical structure and apoplastic barrier characteristics ofHydrocotylesibthorpioides
YANG Chao-Dong1, LI Shou-Feng2, YAO Lan3, AI Xun-Ru3, CAI Xiao-Dong1, ZHANG Xia1*
1.TheCollegeofGardeningandHorticulture,YangtzeUniversity,Jingzhou434025,China; 2.BaokangCountryForestryBureau,Baokang441600,China; 3.TheCollegeofForestryandHorticulture,HubeiMinzuUniversity,Enshi445000,China
Key words:Hydrocotylesibthorpioides; anatomy; apoplastic barriers; histochemistry; primary structure
天胡荽(Hydrocotylesibthorpioides)為傘形科天胡荽屬植物,廣泛分布于我國(guó)南方。天胡荽為較細(xì)小的多年生雙子葉植物,能在干旱、濕地和完全水淹條件下正常生活,對(duì)水濕具很強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力,既作為新型草坪,也有很高的藥用價(jià)值[1-2],但其適應(yīng)各種水濕條件的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和質(zhì)外體屏障結(jié)構(gòu)尚無(wú)研究報(bào)道。
濕地植物適應(yīng)濕地缺氧環(huán)境必須具備兩類重要結(jié)構(gòu),即通氣組織和質(zhì)外體屏障結(jié)構(gòu)[3-7]。屏障結(jié)構(gòu)是由植物體各器官內(nèi)、外皮層初生壁的凱氏帶,或次生壁栓質(zhì)化和木質(zhì)化,以及植物體表角質(zhì)層組成的保護(hù)組織[3,8-16]。質(zhì)外體屏障和細(xì)胞膜水孔蛋白是控制植物內(nèi)部以及與環(huán)境的水、離子和氧氣擴(kuò)散和交換的重要結(jié)構(gòu)[4,8,10-14]。濕地植物體內(nèi)氣腔主要包括根中通氣組織,莖中髓腔和皮層通氣組織,保障植物淹沒脅迫時(shí)儲(chǔ)藏和輸導(dǎo)氧氣[16-18]。
經(jīng)典植物形態(tài)解剖學(xué)主要在光學(xué)顯微鏡和電鏡下,觀察植物細(xì)胞組織結(jié)構(gòu)和胞內(nèi)細(xì)胞器超微構(gòu)造,也有染色,其目的是便于觀察胞壁和細(xì)胞器的形態(tài)和邊界[19-21]。近些年,隨著組織化學(xué)、熒光顯微鏡的應(yīng)用、植物細(xì)胞發(fā)育及其分子機(jī)理的研究,植物解剖學(xué)取得了以下幾方面的重要進(jìn)展,植物的皮層、內(nèi)皮層、外皮層和皮下層的概念與經(jīng)典植物解剖學(xué)所指的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完全不同。一是根尖細(xì)胞發(fā)育生物學(xué)及其基因表達(dá)等的研究結(jié)果表明,擬南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)根尖內(nèi)皮層和皮層具有共同的原始細(xì)胞(CEI),表皮具獨(dú)立來(lái)源的原始細(xì)胞;水稻(Oryzasativa)根尖皮層、內(nèi)皮層、外皮層和表皮具共同的原始細(xì)胞(CEEI)[22]。二是擬南芥根內(nèi)皮層凱氏帶形成過(guò)程中,有凱氏帶膜蛋白家族(CASPs)參與,同時(shí)說(shuō)明凱氏帶中具有蛋白質(zhì),該蛋白與凱氏帶在初生壁上也構(gòu)成類似于動(dòng)物上皮組織細(xì)胞間僅蛋白質(zhì)參與的緊密連接,具有保護(hù)作用[23-24]。三是擬南芥根內(nèi)皮層凱氏帶應(yīng)具備凱氏帶結(jié)構(gòu)、圍繞維管束的拓?fù)鋵W(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)和SCR基因的表達(dá)三大要素[25]。四是凱氏帶部位先有凱氏帶膜蛋白家族出現(xiàn),隨后有木質(zhì)素沉積,再有木栓質(zhì)沉積[26]。五是依據(jù)根內(nèi)皮層細(xì)胞初生壁和次生壁出現(xiàn)凱氏帶之前、凱氏帶、栓質(zhì)化和木質(zhì)化的組織化學(xué)出現(xiàn)先后順序,把內(nèi)皮層的發(fā)育分為前內(nèi)皮層階段、第Ⅰ、Ⅱ 和Ⅲ階段,或者停留在某發(fā)育階段[8]。因此,認(rèn)為植物內(nèi)皮層或外皮層一定具有凱氏帶,凱氏帶不僅有木栓質(zhì)和木質(zhì)素,還含有蛋白質(zhì)。植物的內(nèi)皮層、皮層、外皮層和表皮是同等意義結(jié)構(gòu)。皮下層是指表皮下有細(xì)胞形態(tài)分化的結(jié)構(gòu),或含有外皮層或和厚壁層分化的結(jié)構(gòu)。皮層是內(nèi)皮層和外皮層之間的薄壁細(xì)胞組織。
三峽庫(kù)區(qū)消落帶的生態(tài)修復(fù)問(wèn)題,雖然從濕地植物的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)與生理、種群分布格局等方面已取得進(jìn)展,但解決該生態(tài)修復(fù)問(wèn)題還有諸多工作需要開展。本研究試圖從天胡荽的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)、組織化學(xué)特征和質(zhì)外體屏障結(jié)構(gòu),為今后三峽庫(kù)區(qū)消落帶的生態(tài)修復(fù)尋找適合耐水淹植物提供線索。
1材料與方法
天胡荽實(shí)驗(yàn)材料準(zhǔn)備,于2013年3月底采集湖北荊州長(zhǎng)江大學(xué)西校區(qū)附近野生植株,用農(nóng)田土壤栽培于花盆中,置于旱地花盆口部與地面平齊,在自然的光和水分條件下生長(zhǎng),一部分花盆作為旱生處理;另一部分花盆在6月中旬,模擬自然洪水脅迫,將有完整天胡荽植株的花盆沉入自來(lái)水中,8月中旬取出,水中植株未見開花。取旱生和水淹下樣本進(jìn)行解剖學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。取完整不定根約長(zhǎng)75 mm左右,完整匍匐莖約長(zhǎng)350 mm左右,具4~5個(gè)節(jié)。不定根用FAA固定,匍匐莖、花柄和葉采用新鮮材料。
在立體解剖鏡(JNOEC JSZ6, China)下,用雙面刀片切片距根尖10, 30, 50, 70 mm;莖第1節(jié)間和第4節(jié)間,花柄中部,葉柄中部和葉片基部主脈。硫氫酸黃連素-苯氨蘭對(duì)染切片確定細(xì)胞壁木質(zhì)化和凱氏帶,凱氏帶呈現(xiàn)生動(dòng)黃色(vivid yellow), 木質(zhì)化細(xì)胞壁呈現(xiàn)呆滯黃色(stagnant yellow),如木質(zhì)部[12,27],蘇丹紅7B染色切片檢測(cè)栓質(zhì)化細(xì)胞壁, 呈現(xiàn)紅色,具有很強(qiáng)的組織特異性,而蘇丹Ⅲ或Ⅳ常將細(xì)胞內(nèi)的脂肪也染成紅色,特異性差,造成栓質(zhì)化胞壁不易識(shí)別[28]。蘇丹紅7B染色切片在萊卡光學(xué)顯微鏡(Leica DME)下觀察,用數(shù)碼相機(jī)(Nikon E5400, Japan)拍照記錄圖片。硫氫酸黃連素-苯氨蘭對(duì)染切片在熒光顯微鏡(Olympus IX71)藍(lán)色激發(fā)光下觀察,用數(shù)碼相機(jī)(RZ200C-21, China)拍照記錄圖片,有關(guān)其他操作可參考Yang等[16]。圖片主要用 Photoshop 7.0軟件處理,加標(biāo)尺,調(diào)整圖片亮度和對(duì)比度,以及合成圖片等。
2結(jié)果與分析
旱生和水淹下天胡荽的不定根有相似的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和組織化學(xué)發(fā)育過(guò)程。距天胡荽根尖10和30 mm, 內(nèi)、外皮層開始形成微弱的凱氏帶,部分細(xì)胞壁栓質(zhì)化(圖1A,B),皮層具1~2層細(xì)胞,無(wú)通氣組織,表皮細(xì)胞壁無(wú)擴(kuò)散狀栓質(zhì)層,二原型初生木質(zhì)部?jī)?nèi)有后生木質(zhì)部發(fā)育,其兩側(cè)為韌皮部。距根尖50 mm, 除內(nèi)皮層的通道細(xì)胞外,內(nèi)、外皮層具強(qiáng)烈的凱氏帶,并且細(xì)胞壁栓質(zhì)化;部分表皮細(xì)胞壁開始出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)散狀栓質(zhì)層[29](圖1C,D)。在根基部(距根尖70 mm),內(nèi)、外皮層細(xì)胞具凱氏帶,并強(qiáng)烈栓質(zhì)化,皮層僅具2層細(xì)胞,無(wú)通氣組織,維管柱停留在初生結(jié)構(gòu)階段(圖1E,F);內(nèi)皮層、皮層、外皮層和表皮細(xì)胞不脫落;表皮細(xì)胞壁均具擴(kuò)散狀栓質(zhì)層。在不定根的各發(fā)育階段,已分化的不定根皮層未脫落,維管柱處于初生結(jié)構(gòu)狀態(tài)。不定根中質(zhì)外體屏障結(jié)構(gòu)包括兩部分,一是有凱氏帶且栓質(zhì)化的內(nèi)皮層,二是有凱氏帶且栓質(zhì)化的外皮層和緊鄰?fù)鈧?cè)具擴(kuò)散狀栓質(zhì)層的表皮細(xì)胞。
圖1 天胡荽不定根的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Photomicrographs of H. sibthorpioides adventitious roots 標(biāo)尺=50 μm. A~B. 距根尖10 mm橫切, A. BAB, 內(nèi)皮層凱氏帶(箭頭), 外皮層凱氏帶(箭), B. SR7B, 內(nèi)皮層栓質(zhì)化(箭頭), 外皮層栓質(zhì)化(箭); C~D. 距根尖50 mm橫切, C. BAB, 內(nèi)皮層凱氏帶(箭頭), 外皮層凱氏帶(箭), D. SR7B, 內(nèi)皮層栓質(zhì)化(箭頭), 外皮層栓質(zhì)化(箭); E~F. 距根尖70 mm橫切, E. BAB, 內(nèi)皮層凱氏帶(箭頭), 外皮層凱氏帶(箭), F. SR7B, 內(nèi)皮層栓質(zhì)化(箭頭), 外皮層栓質(zhì)化(箭)。 BAB. 硫氫酸黃連素-苯氨蘭對(duì)染; co. 皮層; ep. 表皮; mx. 后生木質(zhì)部; p. 韌皮部; pc. 通道細(xì)胞; px. 原生木質(zhì)部; SR7B. 蘇丹紅7B染色; sx. 次生木質(zhì)部; vb. 維管束。Scale bars=50 μm. A-B. Transverse sectioned at 10 mm from apex, A. BAB, endodermis (arrowheads), exodermis (arrows), B. SR7B, endodermis (arrowheads), exodermis (arrows); C-D. Sectioned at 50 mm, C. BAB, endodermis (arrowheads), exodermis (arrows), D. SR7B, endodermis (arrowheads), exodermis (arrows); E-F. Sectioned at 70 mm, E. BAB, endodermis (arrowheads), exodermis (arrows), F. SR7B, endodermis (arrowheads), exodermis (arrows). BAB. berberine hemisulfate-aniline blue stained, co. cortex; ep. epidermis; mx. metaxylem; p. phloem; pc. passage cell; px. protoxylem; SR7B. Sudan red 7B stained; sx. secondary xylem; vb. vascular bundle.
旱生天胡荽匍匐幼莖的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)自外向內(nèi)依次由表皮、皮層、維管束、髓射線和髓構(gòu)成。束狀初生維管束相互獨(dú)立,之間為薄壁細(xì)胞,呈輪狀排列;維管束可見初生木質(zhì)部導(dǎo)管。皮層細(xì)胞暫無(wú)分化,表皮下為1~2層細(xì)胞的厚角組織,表皮外有角質(zhì)層(圖2A,B)。
圖2 天胡荽匍匐莖、花柄和葉柄的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.2 Photomicrographs of H. sibthorpioides stolon, pedicel, petiole and leaf blade 標(biāo)尺=100 μm. A~B. 幼莖橫切, 厚角組織(星號(hào)), A. BAB, B. SR7B; C~D. 老莖橫切, C. BAB, 內(nèi)皮層凱氏帶(箭頭), D. SR7B, 內(nèi)皮層栓質(zhì)化(箭頭), 厚角組織(星號(hào)); E~F. 水下老莖橫切, E. BAB, 內(nèi)皮層凱氏帶(箭頭), 厚角組織(星號(hào)), 插入圖為內(nèi)皮層(箭頭), F. SR7B, 內(nèi)皮層栓質(zhì)化(箭頭), 擴(kuò)大型通氣組織(箭), 厚角組織(星號(hào)); G~H. 花柄橫切, G. BAB, 內(nèi)皮層凱氏帶(箭頭), 厚角組織(星號(hào)), H. SR7B, 厚角組織(星號(hào)); I~J. 葉柄橫切, I. BAB, 內(nèi)皮層凱氏帶(箭頭), J. SR7B, 厚角組織(星號(hào)). K. 葉片主脈橫切, SR7B, 厚角組織(星號(hào)), 角質(zhì)層(箭)。BAB. 硫氫酸黃連素-苯氨蘭對(duì)染; co. 皮層; cu. 角質(zhì)層; vb. 維管束; pi. 髓部; px. 原生木質(zhì)部; SR7B. 蘇丹紅7B染色; sx. 次生木質(zhì)部。Scale bars=100 μm. A-B. Transverse sectioned at the first internode of young stolon, collenchyma (asterisk), A. BAB, B. SR7B; C-D. Transverse sectioned at the 4th internode of aged stolon, C. BAB, endodermis (arrowheads), D. SR7B, endodermis (arrowheads), collenchyma (asterisk); E-F. Transverse sectioned at the 4th internode of aged stolon submerged, E. BAB, endodermis (arrowheads), collenchyma (asterisk), inset is endodermis (arrowheads), F. SR7B, endodermis (arrowheads), expansigeny aerenchyma (arrows), collenchyma (asterisk); G-H. Transverse sectioned the middle of pedicel, G. BAB, endodermis (arrowheads), collenchyma (asterisk), H. SR7B, collenchyma (asterisk); I-J. Transverse sectioned the middle of petiole, I. BAB, endodermis (arrowheads), J. SR7B, collenchyma (asterisk); K. Transverse sectioned the base main vein of leaf blade, SR7B, collenchyma (asterisk), cuticle (arrows). BAB. berberine hemisulfate-aniline blue stained, co. cortex; cu. cuticle; vb. vascular bundle; pi. pith; px. protoxylem; SR7B. Sudan red 7B stained; sx. secondary xylem.
老莖中,表皮外角質(zhì)層增厚;表皮下厚角組織細(xì)胞壁進(jìn)一步加厚,細(xì)胞層數(shù)增加;皮層內(nèi)側(cè)有具凱氏帶的內(nèi)皮層分化,內(nèi)皮層且栓質(zhì)化;維管束有次生木質(zhì)部出現(xiàn)(圖2C,D)。水淹下老莖與旱生的比較,在皮層和髓部出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)大型通氣組織(圖2E,F),而旱生老莖內(nèi)無(wú)通氣組織?;ū慕馄式Y(jié)構(gòu)和組織化學(xué)與老莖的類似,但內(nèi)皮層未栓質(zhì)化;厚角組織下數(shù)層細(xì)胞含葉綠體(圖2G,H)。
旱生和水淹下天胡荽的葉解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和組織化學(xué)相似,葉柄由外而內(nèi)及其特點(diǎn)依次為:表皮外有角質(zhì)層,表皮下為厚角組織;厚角組織下數(shù)層細(xì)胞含葉綠體,皮層,皮層內(nèi)方為3個(gè)相互獨(dú)立的維管束,內(nèi)部為髓部(圖2I,J);每個(gè)維管束鞘細(xì)胞具凱氏帶,但未栓質(zhì)化。葉片主脈中間為維管束,維管束上下兩側(cè)為厚角組織,最外為角質(zhì)層,主脈兩側(cè)葉片為葉肉細(xì)胞(圖2K)。
天胡荽匍匐莖、花柄和葉具相似的質(zhì)外體屏障結(jié)構(gòu),一是有凱氏帶且栓質(zhì)化的內(nèi)皮層,二是表皮外角質(zhì)層,但花柄和葉柄有凱氏帶的細(xì)胞,并不栓質(zhì)化;葉片的質(zhì)外體屏障僅為表皮外角質(zhì)層。
3討論
在天胡荽的各發(fā)育階段,不定根、匍匐莖、花柄和葉的結(jié)構(gòu)以初生結(jié)構(gòu)為主,除了匍匐莖和花柄維管束具次生結(jié)構(gòu)。不定根的結(jié)構(gòu)為二原型維管柱,具有表皮,皮層內(nèi)側(cè)細(xì)胞分化為內(nèi)皮層,外側(cè)為外皮層。莖和花柄的結(jié)構(gòu)為表皮、皮層,皮層外側(cè)為厚角組織、皮層內(nèi)側(cè)分化為內(nèi)皮層,初、次生維管束環(huán)狀排列,內(nèi)部有髓?;ū窠墙M織下數(shù)層細(xì)胞具葉綠體。葉柄的維管束散生,厚角組織下數(shù)層細(xì)胞具葉綠體。葉片主脈中間為維管束,上下兩側(cè)為厚角組織,葉片具葉肉細(xì)胞。天胡荽與海邊生長(zhǎng)的藥用同屬植物H.umbellate[30],在莖、花柄和葉片的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)相似。
常見雙子葉植物老根的維管柱后期有次生結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)育,皮層脫落,由維管柱鞘細(xì)胞發(fā)育而來(lái)的木栓層代替皮層的保護(hù)功能。而天胡荽不定根的皮層僅2層細(xì)胞,皮層不脫落,無(wú)通氣組織;也不同于常見濕地植物的根皮層具發(fā)達(dá)通氣組織,如水稻、蘆葦(Phragmitesaustralis)等[4,7,11-14,16-18]。
常見雙子葉植物莖的次生木栓層代替皮層的保護(hù)功能,天胡荽莖維管束具次生結(jié)構(gòu),皮層內(nèi)側(cè)有內(nèi)皮層分化,表皮下有厚角組織。天胡荽莖在水淹脅迫條件下出現(xiàn)通氣組織,而濕地植物莖中通氣組織為組成型[7,9,16-17,30]。
天胡荽不定根的質(zhì)外體屏障由兩部分組成,內(nèi)側(cè)為具凱氏帶且栓質(zhì)化的內(nèi)皮層,外側(cè)為具凱氏帶且栓質(zhì)化的外皮層和具擴(kuò)散狀栓質(zhì)層的表皮細(xì)胞。植物根中內(nèi)皮層都為單層細(xì)胞,而外皮層隨物種不同有單層、2層和多層細(xì)胞之分[6,12]。天胡荽、紅樹林和亞馬遜雨林耐淹植物幼根等的外皮層為單層細(xì)胞[31-32],而水稻、玉米(Zeamays)、蘆葦、狗牙根(Cynodondactylon)等的外皮層為2層和多層細(xì)胞[11-14,16,18]。此外天胡荽與雙穗雀稗(Paspalumdistichum)、玉米、菰(Zizanialatifolia)等的不定根表皮具擴(kuò)散狀栓質(zhì)層[18,29,33-34]。盡管天胡荽不定根的外側(cè)屏障結(jié)構(gòu)為單層細(xì)胞外皮層和具栓質(zhì)層的表皮細(xì)胞,對(duì)天胡荽適應(yīng)各種水濕環(huán)境具有重要的保護(hù)作用。
天胡荽匍匐莖和花柄具相似的質(zhì)外體屏障結(jié)構(gòu)為內(nèi)側(cè)的內(nèi)皮層和表皮的角質(zhì)層,葉柄的維管束鞘細(xì)胞具凱氏帶,花柄和葉柄具凱氏帶的細(xì)胞不栓質(zhì)化,葉片的僅為角質(zhì)層。雙穗雀稗、牛鞭草(Hemarthriaaltissima)、狗牙根和菰莖的屏障結(jié)構(gòu)為外側(cè)的角質(zhì)層和表皮下栓質(zhì)化和木質(zhì)化的周緣厚壁層,或者有內(nèi)側(cè)栓質(zhì)化和木質(zhì)化的厚壁組織,雙穗雀稗表皮下具凱氏帶[7,16,18]。天竺葵莖的屏障結(jié)構(gòu)為具凱氏帶的木栓層[10],香蒲屬植物莖具內(nèi)皮層[9],水生毛茛的莖具內(nèi)皮層,葉柄散生維管束鞘細(xì)胞具凱氏帶[15],水稻中胚軸為散生維管束鞘細(xì)胞具凱氏帶、第一節(jié)莖的內(nèi)皮層和其厚壁組織內(nèi)散生維管束鞘細(xì)胞具凱氏帶[35]。天胡荽匍匐莖、花柄和葉的屏障結(jié)構(gòu)是其忍耐多種水濕環(huán)境的重要特征。
天胡荽解剖結(jié)構(gòu)主要為初生結(jié)構(gòu),除了匍匐莖和花柄維管束具次生結(jié)構(gòu),水淹誘導(dǎo)莖中形成通氣組織。屏障結(jié)構(gòu)包括不定根的內(nèi)、外皮層和表皮栓質(zhì)層;莖和花柄的內(nèi)皮層、葉柄具凱氏帶的維管束鞘細(xì)胞和角質(zhì)層。天胡荽的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和屏障結(jié)構(gòu)特征是其適應(yīng)多種水濕環(huán)境的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),是篩選適合用于三峽庫(kù)區(qū)消落帶生態(tài)修復(fù)植物的重要依據(jù)。
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