唐智中
(江蘇省丹陽(yáng)市人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,江蘇 丹陽(yáng) 212300)
數(shù)字減影CT血管造影對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的診斷價(jià)值
唐智中
(江蘇省丹陽(yáng)市人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,江蘇 丹陽(yáng) 212300)
目的:探討數(shù)字減影CT血管造影(digital subtraction CT angiography,DSCTA)對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的診斷價(jià)值。方法:回顧性分析30例顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤合并自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的臨床及影像學(xué)資料,并行MIP、VR觀(guān)察動(dòng)脈瘤。結(jié)果:30例共37個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤,前交通動(dòng)脈6個(gè),大腦前動(dòng)脈2個(gè),大腦中動(dòng)脈9個(gè),后交通動(dòng)脈16個(gè),基底動(dòng)脈2個(gè),頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈2個(gè)。23例單發(fā),7例多部位動(dòng)脈瘤。DSCTA共發(fā)現(xiàn)35個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤,漏診2個(gè)。動(dòng)脈瘤大小3 mm×2.9 mm~12 mm×10 mm。18例行彈簧鋼圈栓塞。7例行開(kāi)顱夾閉術(shù)。DSCTA檢查的敏感度為94.59%,特異度為100%,準(zhǔn)確率為94.59%。結(jié)論:DSCTA是一種快速準(zhǔn)確診斷顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的非侵襲性檢查方法,對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的檢出具有極高的敏感性和特異性,為臨床治療方案的選擇提供了可靠依據(jù),有極高的臨床價(jià)值。
顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤;血管造影術(shù),數(shù)字減影;體層攝影術(shù),X線(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)
顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈壁上的異常膨出,發(fā)病率1%~14%[1],是導(dǎo)致自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)的主要原因。動(dòng)脈瘤再次破例出血的致殘率和致死率均較高,約70%[2]。故早期診斷、早期治療對(duì)預(yù)后非常關(guān)鍵?,F(xiàn)回顧性分析我院2013年1月至2014年10月30例顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤合并SAH患者的臨床及影像學(xué)資料,對(duì)比其數(shù)字減影CT血管造影(digital subtraction CT angiography,DSCTA)與DSA或手術(shù)結(jié)果,探討DSCTA對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的臨床診斷價(jià)值。
1.1一般資料本組30例,CT平掃證實(shí)為SAH,后經(jīng)DSA或開(kāi)顱手術(shù)證實(shí)為顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤,其中男13例,女17例;年齡40~76歲,平均58.8歲。Hunt-Hess分級(jí)Ⅱ~Ⅳ級(jí)。主要癥狀有突發(fā)性頭昏、頭痛、嘔吐、頸項(xiàng)強(qiáng)直甚至意識(shí)不清?;颊呦刃蠨SCTA檢查,再行DSA檢查。18例行彈簧鋼圈栓塞,7例行開(kāi)顱夾閉術(shù),3例自動(dòng)出院,2例轉(zhuǎn)上級(jí)醫(yī)院治療。
1.2儀器與方法
1.2.1CTA檢查方法采用Siemens Definition AS 64排128層螺旋CT掃描機(jī)?;颊呷⊙雠P位,頭顱妥善固定于檢查床上,先平掃,增強(qiáng)掃描使用高壓注射器經(jīng)肘正中靜脈注入優(yōu)維顯(370 mgI/mL)80~100 mL,流率4 mL/s。采用對(duì)比劑自動(dòng)追蹤技術(shù),在頸動(dòng)脈處設(shè)置閾值,當(dāng)CT值超過(guò)100 HU,自動(dòng)觸發(fā)并延遲4 s掃描。掃描范圍從C3下緣至顱頂。掃描參數(shù):120 kV,400 mA,螺距1.5,矩陣512×512,掃描層厚6 mm,層距6 mm,重建層厚0.75 mm,重建層距0.7 mm,將原始數(shù)據(jù)傳入Syngo Workplace工作站進(jìn)行后處理。應(yīng)用Neuro-DSA軟件,行減影處理,再行MIP和VR,采用不同角度和方向觀(guān)察圖像。
1.2.2DSA檢查方法采用Philips FD20大型DSA機(jī),采用Seldinger技術(shù)經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈穿刺,置入6 F血管鞘5 F單彎導(dǎo)管行兩側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈和一側(cè)椎動(dòng)脈全腦血管造影,對(duì)比劑使用優(yōu)維顯(370 mgI/mL),注射流率頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈4~6 mL/s,椎動(dòng)脈3~4 mL/s。并拍攝正、側(cè)和斜位圖像。部分在工作站上行3D-DSA重建。
1.3圖像分析由1名高年資放射科醫(yī)師和1名神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)師共同分析圖像。分析指標(biāo)包括動(dòng)脈瘤發(fā)生的部位、形態(tài)、大小、數(shù)目、瘤頸指向、瘤頸的大小、瘤體與載瘤動(dòng)脈的位置關(guān)系、有無(wú)動(dòng)脈發(fā)育異常等,并與手術(shù)結(jié)果或DSA對(duì)照。
本組30例共37個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤(圖1~5),均經(jīng)DSA或手術(shù)證實(shí),其中位于前交通動(dòng)脈6個(gè),大腦前動(dòng)脈2個(gè),大腦中動(dòng)脈9個(gè),后交通動(dòng)脈16個(gè),基底動(dòng)脈2個(gè),頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈2個(gè)。7例為多部位動(dòng)脈瘤,2例發(fā)生于雙側(cè)后交通動(dòng)脈,2例后交通、大腦中動(dòng)脈,1例后交通、基底動(dòng)脈,1例雙側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈,1例前交通、頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈。動(dòng)脈瘤大小3 mm×2.9 mm~12 mm× 10 mm。動(dòng)脈瘤均呈囊狀。4例大腦前動(dòng)脈A1段缺如,其中3例合并前交通動(dòng)脈瘤。1例合并后交通動(dòng)脈瘤。DSCTA共發(fā)現(xiàn)35個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤,2個(gè)漏診均為微小動(dòng)脈瘤且為動(dòng)脈瘤多發(fā)患者。其中1個(gè)位于頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈海綿竇段,經(jīng)手術(shù)證實(shí);1個(gè)位于左大腦中動(dòng)脈分叉處,經(jīng)DSA證實(shí)。與手術(shù)或DSA對(duì)照,DSCTA檢查的敏感度為94.59%(35/37),特異度為100%,準(zhǔn)確率為94.59%(35/37)。
圖1男,57歲。VR清楚地顯示了前交通動(dòng)脈瘤與周?chē)艿年P(guān)系(箭頭),右側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈A1段缺如圖2女,59歲。VR示右側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈血管分叉處動(dòng)脈瘤(箭頭)圖3女,45歲圖3a,3b分別為VR和3D-DSA。左側(cè)后交通動(dòng)脈瘤,瘤頸指向外側(cè),瘤頸顯示清晰(箭頭)圖4男,47歲圖4a,4b分別為VR和MIP。左側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈A2段動(dòng)脈瘤(箭頭)圖5女,40歲圖5aVR示基底動(dòng)脈處微小動(dòng)脈瘤(箭頭)圖5bMIP所示動(dòng)脈瘤(箭頭)
顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤由多種因素共同造成,分為先天性和后天性因素,先天性因素包括遺傳、基因突變等,后天性因素包括高血壓、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變和外傷等[3]。大多數(shù)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的首發(fā)癥狀為SAH,位于頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈海綿竇段的動(dòng)脈瘤如瘤體較大可壓迫動(dòng)眼神經(jīng),引起眼外肌麻痹。Willis環(huán)是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤發(fā)生的常見(jiàn)部位,多發(fā)生在腦動(dòng)脈分叉處,前、后交通動(dòng)脈的發(fā)生率占30%~35%,大腦中動(dòng)脈分叉處占20%,基底動(dòng)脈占5%[4]。本組以后交通動(dòng)脈瘤多見(jiàn),占43.24%(16/37)。前后交通動(dòng)脈是最常發(fā)生解剖學(xué)變異的區(qū)域。范曉等[5]認(rèn)為,兩側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈水平段不對(duì)稱(chēng),一側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈發(fā)育不良或缺如與前交通動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生有關(guān)。本組6例前交通動(dòng)脈瘤患者中,3例一側(cè)前交通動(dòng)脈A1段缺如。
DSCTA應(yīng)用DSA的成像原理,在工作站上運(yùn)用軟件將增強(qiáng)掃描數(shù)據(jù)逐層減去平掃數(shù)據(jù)即像素一對(duì)一的CT值相減,最后得到血管圖像數(shù)據(jù)并行MIP和VR。DSCTA檢查需要注意的是:①患者頭顱須固定,晃動(dòng)可影響減影后的圖像質(zhì)量。②2次掃描的數(shù)據(jù)集必須完全一致,掃描時(shí)間必須是球管轉(zhuǎn)速的整倍數(shù)。③靶血管的含碘濃度要高。
近年來(lái),應(yīng)用DSCTA對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤患者行術(shù)前評(píng)估得到了廣泛認(rèn)可[6-9]。MSCT空間分辨力高,掃描速度快,對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的檢出有較高的敏感性和準(zhǔn)確性。VR圖像有較強(qiáng)的三維立體感,可清晰顯示動(dòng)脈瘤的形態(tài)、大小、瘤頸及與載瘤動(dòng)脈之間的空間關(guān)系,能從任何角度測(cè)量瘤體和瘤頸,這對(duì)臨床醫(yī)師制訂治療方案有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。MIP對(duì)血管的走行、分布、形態(tài)和血管壁內(nèi)外情況的顯示較好,如血管壁鈣化及瘤體內(nèi)血栓的顯示,但其為二維圖像,無(wú)立體感,需與VR圖像對(duì)照才能提高動(dòng)脈瘤的檢出率。本組30例37個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤,DSCTA檢出35個(gè),敏感度94.59%,特異度100%,準(zhǔn)確率94.59%,與Lu等[10]報(bào)道基本相符。DSCTA也適用于動(dòng)脈瘤的術(shù)后評(píng)估[11],觀(guān)察鈦夾位置、形態(tài)及顱內(nèi)有無(wú)繼發(fā)性出血,觀(guān)察動(dòng)脈有無(wú)狹窄、動(dòng)脈瘤頸有無(wú)殘留等現(xiàn)象。
DSA被公認(rèn)為顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤診斷的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,其空間分辨力高,對(duì)各級(jí)細(xì)小血管分叉顯示清晰,能準(zhǔn)確顯示動(dòng)脈瘤的形態(tài)大小、位置和血管變異。但DSA是有創(chuàng)檢查,且檢查時(shí)間長(zhǎng),操作相對(duì)復(fù)雜且技術(shù)要求較高,動(dòng)脈瘤破裂發(fā)生率達(dá)1%[12],永久性神經(jīng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率0.12%[13],可引起缺血性腦卒中,加重、誘發(fā)腦血管痙攣,意識(shí)模糊、煩躁不安和不合作者常需用鎮(zhèn)靜劑,有一定危險(xiǎn)。常規(guī)CTA能顯示絕大多數(shù)動(dòng)脈瘤,可清晰顯示動(dòng)脈瘤的空間位置關(guān)系,但對(duì)位于顱底部和鄰近顱骨的動(dòng)脈瘤,由于圖像后處理時(shí)易受顱骨干擾,瘤體難以清晰顯示[14]。MRA檢查時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),禁忌證較多,不適合急診檢查。
DSCTA檢查顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):①DSCTA屬微創(chuàng)性檢查,非侵襲性,患者無(wú)痛苦;②掃描時(shí)間短,在CT平掃的同時(shí)可立即進(jìn)行檢查,無(wú)需麻醉,尤其適用于病情危重、Hunt-Hess分級(jí)Ⅲ級(jí)以上及不適宜行DSA檢查的患者;③能立體觀(guān)察動(dòng)脈瘤與載瘤動(dòng)脈之間的相互關(guān)系,模擬手術(shù)路徑,為臨床醫(yī)師治療方案的選擇提供可靠的依據(jù);④可應(yīng)用于動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)后的隨訪(fǎng)。
DSCTA也具有一定的局限性:①微小動(dòng)脈瘤(直徑<3 mm)易漏診。位于眼動(dòng)脈、脈絡(luò)膜前動(dòng)脈、垂體上動(dòng)脈和小腦后下動(dòng)脈的動(dòng)脈瘤易被忽略[10]。動(dòng)脈瘤內(nèi)血栓形成也可減少病變的顯示。本組漏診2個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤,1個(gè)經(jīng)手術(shù)證實(shí),1個(gè)經(jīng)DSA證實(shí),漏診原因可能與動(dòng)脈瘤較小且為多部位動(dòng)脈瘤有關(guān)。本組以后交通動(dòng)脈瘤合并其他部位動(dòng)脈瘤多見(jiàn),因此對(duì)后交通動(dòng)脈瘤患者,應(yīng)仔細(xì)觀(guān)察其他部位是否同時(shí)存在動(dòng)脈瘤,避免遺漏病變。②不能顯示動(dòng)脈瘤和骨結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系。③對(duì)于行介入治療的患者,彈簧鋼圈偽影大,不適合此檢查。
DSCTA也可發(fā)生假陽(yáng)性,主要是后交通動(dòng)脈和大腦前動(dòng)脈起始部的漏斗狀改變,若血管不能被識(shí)別起源于這些動(dòng)脈則可能誤診為動(dòng)脈瘤[15-16]。
綜上所述,DSCTA是一種非侵襲性并能快速、準(zhǔn)確診斷顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的檢查方法,數(shù)字減影技術(shù)能準(zhǔn)確地去除顱骨的干擾,使腦血管成像效果類(lèi)似于DSA,對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的檢出具有極高的敏感性和特異性,為臨床治療方案的選擇提供了可靠的依據(jù),具有極高的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
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Application value of digital subtraction CT angiography in intracranial aneurysms
TANG Zhizhong.Department of Radi-
ology,Danyang People’s Hospital,Danyang,212300,China.
Objective:To explore the application value of digital subtraction CT angiography in intracranial aneurysms.Methods:30 cases of intracranial aneurysms proved by CT,DSA and operation were retrospectively reviewed.Aneurysms were observed with volume rendering(VR)and maximum intensity projection(MIP).Results:37 aneurysms were detected in 30 patients:6 at anterior communicating artery,2 in the anterior cerebral artery,9 in the middle cerebral artery,16 in the posterior communication artery,2 in the basilar artery,2 in the internal carotid artery.7 cases manifested multiple aneurysms.Aneurysms were clipped in 7 cases.Aneurysms in 18 patients received Guglielmi detachable coils(GDC)embolization.DSCTA discovered 35 aneurysms with 2 missed.Maximal diameter of the aneurysm was 12 mm×10 mm.Minimal diameter was 3 mm×2.9 mm.The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of DSCTA were 94.59%,100%,94.59%respectively.Conclusion:DSCTA is an accurate and noninvasive examination that can be performed quickly in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms.It demonstrated the high sensitivities and specificities in detecting intracranial aneurysms and it has a higher application value in clinical.
Intracranial aneurysm;Tomography,X-ray computed;Angiography,digital subtraction
2015-04-24)
10.3969/j.issn.1672-0512.2015.06.017