王小林 綜述 侯建全 審校
1南通市腫瘤醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇 南通 226361
2蘇州大學附屬第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇 蘇州 215006
雙磷酸鹽在實體腫瘤中的應用進展△
王小林1綜述 侯建全2#審校
1南通市腫瘤醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇 南通 226361
2蘇州大學附屬第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科,江蘇 蘇州 215006
雙磷酸鹽是惡性腫瘤骨轉移治療中被廣泛應用的藥物。體外實驗表明雙磷酸鹽對乳腺癌、肺癌、腎癌、黑色素瘤、結腸癌、胰腺癌有直接或間接抗腫瘤作用。臨床研究顯示雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合內分泌治療或細胞毒性藥物治療可對乳腺癌起協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用,但對絕經(jīng)期女性使用雙磷酸鹽預防乳腺癌尚存在爭議。去勢抵抗前列腺癌患者使用雙磷酸鹽可減少骨相關事件(skeletal-related events,SRE)發(fā)生風險,但在激素敏感性前列腺癌預防中未能顯示出優(yōu)勢。雙磷酸鹽能夠減少肺癌患者SRE發(fā)生概率,但其對患者總生存期無明顯改善。對腎癌、膀胱癌骨轉移患者使用雙磷酸鹽治療可減少SRE發(fā)生風險,雙磷酸鹽可延長膀胱癌延長患者生存期。腎癌患者在雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合靶向藥物治療中獲益與否尚待進一步研究證實。
雙磷酸鹽;腫瘤;骨相關事件
惡性腫瘤出現(xiàn)骨轉移可導致骨完整性下降,從而導致SRE的發(fā)生,包括病理性骨折、脊髓壓迫、需針對轉移骨骼進行姑息性放療或外科治療以及惡性高鈣血癥[1-2]。破骨細胞介導的骨破壞是惡性腫瘤骨轉移出現(xiàn)SRE的關鍵病理學機制[3]。雙磷酸鹽作為骨吸收抑制劑,被廣泛應用于惡性腫瘤骨轉移患者的治療,以期減少SRE發(fā)生[4]。
雙磷酸鹽的首次化學合成可追溯到1865年,德國[5]。然而,直到一個世紀以后的1968年[6],雙磷酸鹽才首次被證實能夠有效抑制破骨細胞介導的骨吸收,從而成為臨床治療良性和惡性腫瘤導致骨病的重要選擇之一。
根據(jù)化學結構和作用機制不同可將雙磷酸鹽分為兩類:簡單雙磷酸鹽和含氮雙磷酸鹽。簡單雙磷酸鹽的代謝產(chǎn)物能夠與不可水解的ATP類似物結合并在破骨細胞胞內聚集,導致破骨細胞凋亡。含氮雙磷酸鹽能夠抑制甲羥戊酸途徑的限速酶即法尼基二磷酸合酶活性,抑制破骨細胞中此限速酶能夠阻止小GTP酶信號途徑異戊烯化所必需的類異戊二烯酯類化學合成,導致破骨細胞凋亡。此外,在體外實驗中雙磷酸鹽還能夠導致腫瘤細胞中與腫瘤細胞黏附、遷移、侵襲、增殖功能密切相關的小分子G蛋白異戊烯化功能受損,從而表現(xiàn)出抗腫瘤效能[7]。同時,雙磷酸鹽能夠抑制破骨細胞中骨相關細胞因子釋放間接抑制腫瘤細胞增殖、侵襲、黏附、生存功能[8]。
2.1 乳腺癌
骨組織為乳腺癌腫瘤細胞轉移提供了一個良好的微環(huán)境,在一系列因素影響下其呈現(xiàn)出一個動態(tài)棲息地,包括血管生成機制、破骨細胞骨吸收、激素水平等。這些因素的不平衡可導致骨密度的下降和骨質疏松,進而改變骨髓功能為微轉移細胞提供合適微環(huán)境。因此,雙磷酸鹽不僅能夠穩(wěn)定骨密度,同時通過修復骨組織起到抗腫瘤作用[9]。
體外研究表明雙磷酸鹽針對乳腺癌細胞抗腫瘤機制包括:①通過誘導乳腺癌細胞凋亡、染色體DNA分裂、bcl-2蛋白下調、PARP溶蛋白性裂解抗腫瘤[10];②通過抑制腫瘤細胞侵襲性發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,并呈劑量依賴性,這和基質金屬蛋白酶的水解活性有關[11];③唑來膦酸能夠促進乳腺癌細胞著絲粒中Cenp-F蛋白釋放,從而抑制癌細胞的有絲分裂,但是對正常乳腺上皮細胞無此作用,表明唑來膦酸對乳腺癌細胞作用是細胞特異性的[12];④通過改變腫瘤微環(huán)境來達到抗腫瘤效應,如阻止間充質干細胞遷移和抑制其分泌CCL5、IL-6因子從而抑制乳腺癌細胞增殖[13];⑤唑來膦酸在乳腺癌細胞中作用后使得癌細胞表面磷酸化抗原增加,同時激活Vγ9Vδ2T細胞從而促進其對癌細胞的細胞毒性作用[14]。腫瘤細胞死亡后釋放腫瘤抗原激活免疫細胞釋放細胞因子增強抗腫瘤免疫,這也解釋了唑來膦酸能夠使腫瘤細胞在接受化療后表現(xiàn)出對Vγ9Vδ2 T細胞毒性更敏感[15]。
研究顯示骨髓中播散性腫瘤細胞(dissem inated tumour cells,DTC)陽性和乳腺癌復發(fā)存在正相關,使得DTC或可成為新的預測乳腺癌復發(fā)指標[16]。雙磷酸鹽能夠通過消除DTC來抗腫瘤從而延長患者總生存期[17]。同時還能夠延長乳腺癌患者DTC陰性持續(xù)時間[18-19]。在腫瘤治療早期使用雙磷酸鹽,能有效阻止腫瘤治療相關骨丟失,或許可改變骨髓微環(huán)境中DTC生存所致的生長因子或其他調節(jié)因子,從而起到抗腫瘤效果[18,20]。
在雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合治療方面,Z-FAST和ZOFAST研究顯示絕經(jīng)期后乳腺癌患者早期使用唑來膦酸聯(lián)合芳香化酶抑制劑與在出現(xiàn)骨密度下降或骨折后開始使用唑來膦酸相比可顯著降低腫瘤復發(fā)率(0.84%vs 1.9%,P=0.0401)[21]。ZO-FAST研究(n=1065)顯示絕經(jīng)期后乳腺癌患者早期使用唑來膦酸加內分泌治療能夠顯著延長患者無病生存期(HR=0.59,P=0.0314;HR=0.66,P=0.0343)[22-23]。ABCSG-12研究(n=1803)顯示對絕經(jīng)期前乳腺癌患者使用唑來膦酸加內分泌治療與單用內分泌治療相比能夠顯著延長患者無病生存期(HR=0.64,P=0.01,48個月時;HR=0.68,P=0.009,62個月時;HR=0.73,P=0.021,76個月時)和總生存期(HR= 0.59,P=0.042)[24]。AZURE臨床試驗顯示內分泌治療聯(lián)合唑來膦酸對于絕經(jīng)期后乳腺癌患者能夠延長無病生存期(HR=0.76,P<0.05)和總生存期(HR=0.71,P=0.017),但對于絕經(jīng)期前和圍絕經(jīng)期患者無效[25]。新進研究表明作為輔助治療手段在早期乳腺癌患者中使用雙磷酸鹽僅對絕經(jīng)期后患者有效[26]。在乳腺癌患者中唑來膦酸聯(lián)合新輔助化療和單用新輔助化療相比能夠顯著縮小腫瘤體積,提示唑來膦酸聯(lián)合細胞毒性藥物能夠更好發(fā)揮抗腫瘤效能[27]。
此外,在乳腺癌中唑來膦酸抗腫瘤效能與腫瘤細胞ER表達呈正相關??赡芘cER陽性反映出膽固醇合成途徑高活性從而導致唑來膦酸抑制甲羥戊酸途徑的高效性有關,同時其可與其他抗腫瘤藥物起到協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用[28]。
在乳腺癌預防方面,一系列觀察性研究均顯示絕經(jīng)期后婦女使用雙磷酸鹽預防骨質疏松能夠降低乳腺癌發(fā)生率[29-34]。然而,和上述觀察性研究結果相反,兩個大型多中心RCT研究均發(fā)現(xiàn)3~4年預防性使用雙磷酸鹽未能降低絕經(jīng)期后婦女乳腺癌發(fā)生率[35]。因此,或許還需要進一步研究來證實雙磷酸鹽在乳腺癌預防治療中的價值。
2.2 前列腺癌
轉移到骨骼的癌細胞會模仿出正常骨細胞特征,這種現(xiàn)象稱為骨模仿。比如,癌細胞可能表達成骨和(或)破骨基因,因此可在骨髓微環(huán)境中適應并繁殖。這種現(xiàn)象是在前列腺癌骨轉移細胞中被首次發(fā)現(xiàn)。同時也表明了前列腺癌的親骨特性[36]。一項回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)轉移性前列腺癌患者,78%患者經(jīng)歷過≥1次SRE,22%患者在5年隨訪期間內經(jīng)歷過許多不同類型的SRE[37]。
自此,許多臨床試驗設計開始為前列腺癌骨轉移提供治療策略。2012年一項回顧性調查納入了6347例泌尿系統(tǒng)腫瘤骨轉移患者,其中前列腺癌4976例,腎癌941例,膀胱癌430例,共有23%患者接受了唑來膦酸治療。對于前列腺癌骨轉移患者亞組分析顯示使用唑來膦酸后患者發(fā)生骨折風險明顯降低(5.9%vs 8.5%,P<0.001),2年生存率明顯升高(89%vs 85%,P=0.007),隨著唑來膦酸使用時間延長,發(fā)生骨折風險進一步下降。唑來膦酸是目前唯一得到證實能夠減少惡性腫瘤骨轉移患者SRE發(fā)生風險的雙磷酸鹽[38]。
一項隨機對照研究調查了643例前列腺癌患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)對于去勢抵抗性前列腺癌(castration resistant prostate cancer,CRPC)骨轉移,使用唑來膦酸可減少15個月內SRE發(fā)生率,延長SRE發(fā)生時間。臨床試驗提示唑來膦酸能夠減少轉移性去勢抵抗前列腺癌并發(fā)癥發(fā)生[39-40]。進一步研究顯示前列腺癌骨轉移患者使用唑來膦酸能延遲SRE的發(fā)生,使SRE發(fā)生率下降53%,同時還能降低患者二次SRE發(fā)生率、延遲患者發(fā)生二次SRE的中位時間。在發(fā)生過SRE患者中使用唑來膦酸能使得SRE發(fā)生率下降65%[41]。在局部進展期前列腺癌患者中使用雄激素阻斷聯(lián)合唑來膦酸能夠使患者阻止因雄激素阻斷導致的持續(xù)性骨密度下降,保持骨完整性[42]。
然而,CALGB90202隨機臨床試驗顯示對于激素敏感性前列腺癌骨轉移患者來說,早期使用唑來膦酸并不能降低SRE發(fā)生率(31.9個月 vs 29.8個月,P=0.39)[43]。另一項開放、隨機、多中心研究(ZEUS研究)納入1433例高危局限性前列腺癌患者接受雄激素阻斷治療加或不加用唑來膦酸4mg,1次/3個月,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)加用唑來膦酸并不能有效地地預防患者出現(xiàn)骨轉移(14.7%vs 13.2%,P=0.65)??赡芘c每3個月一次使用不能夠有效的預防前列腺癌骨轉移相關[44]。TROG 03.04 RADAR研究納入1071例局部進展期前列腺癌患者,結果顯示對于高危(Gleason>8分)前列腺癌,唑來膦酸聯(lián)合充分的雄激素阻斷(>18個月)能明顯改善患者PSA無進展生存,對中低危(Gleason≤7分)前列腺癌或未進行充分的雄激素阻斷治療者,加用唑來膦酸不但無效,反而可能增加骨轉移風險,因為唑來膦酸可能使骨微環(huán)境改變使其更適合腫瘤細胞定植。何時、如何使用骨靶向藥物預防前列腺癌骨轉移還需進一步研究來證實[45]。
2.3 肺癌
研究表明,在小細胞和非小細胞肺癌細胞系中均證實唑來膦酸可以抑制細胞增殖和促進凋亡[46]。非小細胞肺癌動物實驗表明唑來膦酸能夠抑制血管生成、影響?zhàn)じ椒肿雍突|金屬蛋白酶表達、促進腫瘤細胞凋亡[47-48]。非小細胞肺癌體外、體內實驗證實唑來膦酸聯(lián)合EGFR抑制劑、細胞毒性藥物可顯示協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用[49-51]。
一項隨機對照臨床研究納入了773例肺癌和其他實體腫瘤骨轉移患者,使用唑來膦酸組和安慰劑組相比明顯降低發(fā)生SRE中位時間(236天vs 155天,P=0.007),同時降低年化SRE發(fā)生率(1.74/年vs 2.71/年,P=0.012)。另外,還能夠使SRE發(fā)生率下降31%(風險比0.693,P=0.003)[52]。另一項回顧性臨床研究納入382例非小細胞肺癌骨轉移患者,結果顯示使用唑來膦酸能夠顯著提高NTX基線水平升高患者生存率(P=0.005)[53]。最近臨床研究共納入了311例非小細胞肺癌骨轉移患者,結果顯示使用唑來膦酸4mg,每21~28天一次,使用>6次與使用<6次相比,前者能夠顯著延長非小細胞肺癌骨轉移患者生存期(385天 vs 275天,P= 0.002),且能夠減少惡性胸腔積液的發(fā)生率(22.0%vs 33.8%,P=0.041)[54]。
然而,雖然唑來膦酸能夠降低SRE發(fā)生率,但對于患者總生存未見明顯改善。一項多中心隨機臨床研究納入不能手術的ⅢB期或Ⅳ期非小細胞肺癌患者,隨機接受多西他賽聯(lián)合卡鉑+唑來膦酸,結果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者無進展生存率(40.9%vs 38.8%,P=0.8096)、中位無進展時間(132天vs 132天,P= 0.9622)、總生存時間(266天vs 206天,P=0.4855)、最佳總有效率(64.1%vs72%,P=0.3423),均未見統(tǒng)計學差異[55]。另一項臨床研究表明在ⅢB期或Ⅳ期非小細胞肺癌患者治療中唑來膦酸聯(lián)合標準治療無進展生存時間(9.0個月vs 11.3個月)、一年生存率(均為81.8%)未能顯現(xiàn)出生存優(yōu)勢[56]。小樣本臨床研究(n=94)顯示唑來膦酸聯(lián)合多西他賽未能延長非小細胞肺癌骨轉移患者無進展生存期。由于該研究納入患者少,尚無足夠證據(jù)證實其結論正確性[57]。
對于雙磷酸鹽在肺癌患者中使用,尚需要進一步的臨床試驗來證實其使用適應證、使用時機、使用人群。
2.4 腎癌
臨床研究表明腎癌骨轉移患者平均每年要發(fā)生3~4次SRE[58]。在細胞因子治療轉移性腎癌時代,一項Ⅲ期臨床試驗亞組分析表明,和安慰劑組相比,使用唑來膦酸能夠明顯降低SRE發(fā)生率(37%vs 74%,P=0.015)[59]。
進入靶向治療轉移性腎癌時代后,體外試驗研究表明唑來膦酸能夠誘導細胞凋亡并抗腫瘤血管生成[60]。幾項小樣本研究顯示在轉移性腎癌骨轉移患者中使用唑來膦酸能夠延長患者生存期。其中,唑來膦酸聯(lián)合舒尼替尼可延長患者中位無進展生存期(15個月vs5個月,P<0.0001)和中位總生存期(45個月vs 14個月,P=0.029)[61]。唑來膦酸聯(lián)合舒尼替尼或索拉非尼可提高有效率(38%vs 16%,P=0.028),中位無進展生存期(7.0個月 vs 4.0個月,P=0.0011)和中位總生存期(17.0個月vs 7.0個月,P=0.022)[62]。RAZOR研究顯示唑來膦酸聯(lián)合依維莫司能夠顯著延長患者無進展生存期(7.5個月vs 5.4個月,P=0.009)及發(fā)生首次SRE中位時間(9.6個月vs 5.2個月,P=0.03)[63]。
然而,2014年一項回顧性分析納入2003─2011年共2749例進入靶向藥物Ⅱ、Ⅲ期臨床試驗的轉移性腎癌患者,其中781例(28%)有骨轉移,285例(10.4%)患者接受了雙磷酸鹽治療。結果顯示有骨轉移患者總生存期和無進展生存期較無骨轉移患者明顯下降,在這類患者中使用雙磷酸鹽與不使用相比不能改善患者總生存期(13.3個月vs 13.1個月,P=0.3801)和無進展生存期(5.1個月vs4.9個月,P=0.1785),不能減少SRE的發(fā)生(8.6%vs 5.8%,P=0.191),同時還可能導致低鈣血癥、腎功能不全、下頜骨壞死等毒性反應發(fā)生。因此作者對腎癌骨轉移患者使用雙磷酸鹽提出質疑[64]。歐洲泌尿外科學會(European Association of Urology,EAU)腎癌治療指南中未將雙磷酸鹽作為骨轉移性腎細胞癌治療的一線推薦用藥[65]。
需要進一步的臨床研究來闡明在骨轉移性腎細胞癌患者治療中雙磷酸鹽與抗血管生成藥物或細胞因子聯(lián)用過程中的潛在作用機制,以尋找出能夠從中獲益的人群。
2.5 膀胱癌
轉移性膀胱癌患者中30%~40%會出現(xiàn)骨轉移[66]。一項回顧性研究納入了40例膀胱癌骨轉移患者,將其隨機分為唑來膦酸組(20例)和安慰劑組(20例),發(fā)現(xiàn)使用唑來膦酸能夠減少患者發(fā)生SRE概率和提高總生存率,同時可減輕患者疼痛癥狀。安慰劑組患者中有18例在一年的中位隨訪時間中發(fā)生了SRE[67]。文獻顯示,對膀胱癌骨轉移患者使用唑來膦酸或地諾單抗可減少SRE發(fā)生,延長生存期[7,68]。
EAU指南推薦對肌層浸潤性膀胱癌和轉移性膀胱癌使用雙磷酸鹽或地諾單抗來治療尿路上皮癌骨轉移,同時也應該預防使用雙磷酸鹽后嚴重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,如下頜骨壞死、低鈣血癥等[66]。
2.6 其他實體腫瘤
體外實驗研究表明,雙磷酸鹽能阻止黑色素瘤細胞增殖、細胞周期調控、誘導細胞凋亡[69]。唑來膦酸能夠誘導結腸癌細胞凋亡[70]。唑來膦酸能夠抑制胰腺癌細胞增殖和誘導凋亡[71]。
體外實驗表明雙磷酸鹽對乳腺癌、肺癌、腎癌、黑色素瘤、結腸癌、胰腺癌有直接或間接抗腫瘤作用。臨床研究顯示雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合內分泌治療或細胞毒性藥物治療可提高乳腺癌治療效果,但臨床對絕經(jīng)期女性患者中使用雙磷酸鹽預防乳腺癌這一問題尚存在爭議。對去勢抵抗前列腺癌患者使用雙磷酸鹽可降低SRE發(fā)生風險,但在激素敏感性前列腺癌預防使用中未能顯示出優(yōu)勢。雖然雙磷酸鹽能夠降低肺癌患者SRE發(fā)生概率,但對患者總生存率未見明顯改善。對腎癌、膀胱癌骨轉移患者使用雙磷酸鹽可減少SRE發(fā)生風險,同時在膀胱癌中使用雙磷酸鹽可延長患者生存期。腎癌患者中使用雙磷酸鹽聯(lián)合靶向藥物治療獲益與否尚待進一步研究證實。
隨著新的雙磷酸鹽類藥物的研制成功以及對其抗腫瘤作用機制研究的深入,雙磷酸鹽類藥物的抗腫瘤作用機制將會被進一步揭示。
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R730.5
A
10.11877/j.issn.1672-1535.2015.13.06.08
南通市人才工作專項資金(W 201208);南通市社會事業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新與示范計劃(HS2013023)#
(corresponding author),e-mail:drhoujq@163.com
2015-04-27)