齊書(shū)英,李潔,胡振彥,王志偉,丁超,王冬梅
評(píng)價(jià)左心房—肺靜脈的雙向阻滯為終點(diǎn)對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)消融療效的影響
齊書(shū)英,李潔,胡振彥,王志偉,丁超,王冬梅
目的: 采用手機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)方法,評(píng)價(jià)以左心房—肺靜脈雙向阻滯作為環(huán)肺靜脈消融電隔離術(shù)終點(diǎn)對(duì)陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)導(dǎo)管消融療效的意義。
方法: 本中心82例房顫患者行射頻消融治療,以76例陣發(fā)性房顫患者為觀察對(duì)象,根據(jù)術(shù)中肺靜脈隔離判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為雙向阻滯組(n=20)和傳入阻滯組(n=56),術(shù)后以手機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)觀察心律情況,前瞻性隨訪觀察兩組患者導(dǎo)管消融的臨床療效。
結(jié)果: 76例均完成導(dǎo)管消融術(shù),傳入阻滯組有1例術(shù)后第4天死于肺栓塞,其余75例平均隨訪(31±19)個(gè)月。3個(gè)月及6個(gè)月后隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),1次消融成功率分別為85.33%及77.33%,其中雙向阻滯組分別為95.00%及85.00%,傳入阻滯組為81.82%及74.55%,雙向阻滯組1次消融成功率高于傳入阻滯組,但兩組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后1周內(nèi)及3個(gè)月兩組患者房性心律失常的發(fā)生率分別為35.53%和17.33%,其中雙向阻滯組分別為15.00%和5.00%,傳入阻滯組分別為42.86%和21.82%,兩組比較雙向阻滯組優(yōu)于傳入阻滯組(P=0.049和P>0.05)。遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)記錄到的無(wú)癥狀性房性心律失常發(fā)生率1周內(nèi)及3個(gè)月時(shí)分別為22.22%和23.08%。
結(jié)論: ①左心房—肺靜脈雙向阻滯組較傳入阻滯組消融后短期內(nèi)房性心律失常發(fā)生率明顯降低;②雙向阻滯組較傳入阻滯組單次消融短期成功率高,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能與病例數(shù)較少有一定關(guān)系;③手機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)可記錄到更多的無(wú)癥狀性房性心律失常,在房顫消融后評(píng)價(jià)術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)情況方面有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。
電生理學(xué);心房顫動(dòng);導(dǎo)管消融;肺靜脈;電隔離;傳導(dǎo)阻滯;終點(diǎn)
Methods: A total of 82 AF patients received radio frequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in our hospital and 76 PAF patients were observed. Based on circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) judgment, the PAF patients were divided into 2 groups: Bi-directional block (BDB) group, n=20 and Entrance block (EB) group, n=56. The post-operative rhythm was followed-up by remote electro-cardio graphic monitoring and the clinical efficacy of CA was prospectively observed.
Results:①All 76 patients finished CA, 1 patient died in EB group at 4 days after operation for pulmonary embolism, the rest 75 patients were followed-up for (31±19) months. The overall success rates of single ablation procedure at 3 months and 6 months after operation were 85.33% and 77.33%; in BDB group were 95.00% and 85.00%, in EB group were 81.82% and 74.55% respectively, the result was similar between 2 groups, P>0.05. ②The overall occurrence rates of arrhythmia at 1 week and 3 months after operation were 35.53% and 17.33%; in BDB group were 15.00% and 5.00%, in EB group were 42.86% and 21.82% respectively, the differences between 2 groups were at
P=0.049 and P>0.05.③Remote electro-cardio graphic monitoring recorded the patients with asymptomatic atrial arrhythmia at 1 week and 3 months after operation were at 22.22% and 23.08% respectively.
Conclusion: ①Compared with EB group, BDB group had obviously lower occurrence rate of arrhythmia at short term after CA. ②The overall success rate of single ablation procedure was similar between 2 groups which might be because less patients were studied. ③Remote electro-cardio graphic monitoring has certain advantage for evaluating the occurrence of atrial arrhythmia after operation.
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2015,30:244.)
環(huán)肺靜脈隔離術(shù)(CPVI)是心房顫動(dòng)(房顫)導(dǎo)管消融治療的基石,對(duì)環(huán)肺靜脈電隔離效果的評(píng)價(jià),不同的電生理治療中心采用的方法不同。目前多數(shù)以左心房—肺靜脈的傳入阻滯為電隔離的終點(diǎn),個(gè)別以左心房—肺靜脈的雙向阻滯為電隔離的終點(diǎn),而且為數(shù)不多的報(bào)道顯示左心房—肺靜脈雙向阻滯可能提高房顫消融的成功率[1-3]。房顫消融術(shù)后消融效果的評(píng)價(jià)方法眾多,結(jié)論也不同[4]。本研究根據(jù)環(huán)肺靜脈電隔離術(shù)后左心房—肺靜脈電傳導(dǎo)情況,對(duì)行導(dǎo)管消融的房顫患者于術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)每月進(jìn)行為期1周的手機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)(RECG)隨訪,聯(lián)合24小時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖監(jiān)測(cè),旨在分析評(píng)價(jià)左心房—肺靜脈的雙向阻滯作為環(huán)肺靜脈消融電隔離術(shù)的終點(diǎn)對(duì)房顫導(dǎo)管消融療效的影響。
病例資料:2009-03-01至2013-12-31期間本中心82例房顫患者行射頻消融治療,其中陣發(fā)性房顫76例,慢性房顫6例,選擇陣發(fā)性房顫患者76例為觀察對(duì)象,其中男性48例,女性28例,年齡(59±15)歲(26~80歲),病程1個(gè)月至40年,合并高血壓病34例,冠心病3例,糖尿病8例,腦梗塞5例。
術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備:應(yīng)用非瓣膜性房顫患者卒中一級(jí)預(yù)防風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估方法即CHADS2評(píng)分評(píng)估栓塞危險(xiǎn)[5],栓塞高?;蛴兴ㄈ氛咝g(shù)前華法林正規(guī)抗凝至少1個(gè)月。術(shù)前不停用普羅帕酮或胺碘酮等抗心律失常藥物,停用腸溶阿司匹林。術(shù)前3~5天應(yīng)用低分子肝素皮下注射至術(shù)前12 h停用。術(shù)前48 h內(nèi)行食管超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查排除左心房以及左心耳血栓,部分行左心房和肺靜脈電子計(jì)算機(jī)斷層攝影術(shù)(CT)成像檢查了解心房和肺靜脈解剖,簽署手術(shù)知情同意書(shū)。
射頻導(dǎo)管消融方法:消融治療由成熟的電生理醫(yī)生進(jìn)行,常規(guī)消毒鋪單,建立靜脈液路及鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧。局部麻醉下穿刺右頸內(nèi)靜脈或(和)股靜脈,放置10極冠狀靜脈竇標(biāo)測(cè)電極導(dǎo)管或(和)四極右心室標(biāo)測(cè)導(dǎo)管。通過(guò)房間隔穿刺置入兩根8.5 F Swartz長(zhǎng)鞘至左心房,進(jìn)入左心房后立即給予100 IU/kg肝素,并且手術(shù)每延長(zhǎng)1小時(shí)追加肝素1000 IU。通過(guò)穿刺鞘行左心房及肺靜脈造影,顯示左心房—肺靜脈連接處,環(huán)狀標(biāo)測(cè)電極置于肺靜脈,采用肺靜脈電隔離,采用Carto 3三維標(biāo)測(cè)系統(tǒng)指引環(huán)肺靜脈消融(冷鹽水灌注消融導(dǎo)管),電隔離肺靜脈。
評(píng)價(jià)心房—靜脈電隔離效果及分組:根據(jù)術(shù)前預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)的肺靜脈隔離判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將患者分為雙向阻滯組(傳入與傳出均阻滯,n=20)和傳入阻滯組(僅傳入阻滯,n=56),患者并不知情。傳入阻滯組以環(huán)肺標(biāo)測(cè)電極記錄的左心房—肺靜脈傳導(dǎo)阻滯為終點(diǎn),雙向阻滯組在導(dǎo)管消融達(dá)到左心房—肺靜脈傳入阻滯后,分別于每根肺靜脈內(nèi)以環(huán)肺標(biāo)測(cè)電極逐對(duì)起搏(S1S1 450 ms,輸出15 mA/2.0 ms)評(píng)價(jià)肺靜脈—左心房電傳導(dǎo)情況,如肺靜脈—左心房電傳導(dǎo)未阻滯繼續(xù)消融直至左心房—肺靜脈傳導(dǎo)雙向阻滯[3]。為保證Laaso電極與肺靜脈口的貼靠緊密,我們選擇了可調(diào)大小的環(huán)肺電極,Lasso電極放置在肺靜脈口內(nèi)消融線內(nèi)后盡量調(diào)大Lasso電極的環(huán)部直徑。電隔離后觀察20 min,若環(huán)狀電極標(biāo)測(cè)心房—靜脈電傳導(dǎo)恢復(fù),則在其標(biāo)測(cè)指引下于消融線上繼續(xù)消融直至電隔離。其他消融線按常規(guī)方法驗(yàn)證直至雙向阻滯。
術(shù)后處理和隨訪:拔管后穿刺局部加壓包扎,沙袋壓迫4 h,制動(dòng)6 h。術(shù)后皮下注射低分子肝素3~5 d,口服華法林抗凝3個(gè)月,繼續(xù)服用普羅帕酮或胺碘酮等抗心律失常藥物2~3個(gè)月,若無(wú)房顫復(fù)發(fā)則停藥。術(shù)后每周門(mén)診隨訪,檢查心電圖及國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR),保持INR在1.6~2.5之間?;颊咦杂X(jué)有房顫發(fā)作則盡快于當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院行體表心電圖并在12 h內(nèi)與術(shù)者取得聯(lián)系。 術(shù)后1
周和3個(gè)月時(shí)均以24小時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖監(jiān)測(cè)心律和心率情況,6個(gè)月時(shí)電話隨訪患者有無(wú)心悸癥狀。手機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)采用中衛(wèi)萊康公司的心博士第五代個(gè)人監(jiān)護(hù)儀,型號(hào)為 LC-E102,每個(gè)月監(jiān)測(cè)1周共3個(gè)月,每天定時(shí)及有癥狀時(shí)以遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)形式發(fā)送心電圖至監(jiān)測(cè)中心,由專人分析登記處理。
觀察指標(biāo):術(shù)中消融情況,術(shù)后1周內(nèi)及3個(gè)月后房性心律失常發(fā)生率,3個(gè)月和6個(gè)月時(shí)各隨訪1次確定消融是否成功及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理:統(tǒng)計(jì)由SPSS13.0軟件包完成,計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)(%)表示,計(jì)量資料比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn),采用Logistic回歸分析多因素對(duì)消融成功率的影響,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
兩組基線資料比較:與雙向阻滯組比較, 傳入阻滯組男性比例明顯增高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),其他如年齡、房顫病程、基礎(chǔ)疾病、左、右心房橫徑及左心室舒張末內(nèi)徑、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)等差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。表1
表1 兩組基線資料比較
表1 兩組基線資料比較
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術(shù)中情況:76例均完成導(dǎo)管消融術(shù),304根肺靜脈(2例患者存在右中肺靜脈,2例患者左側(cè)肺靜脈共干)均達(dá)到左心房—肺靜脈電學(xué)傳入阻滯之傳統(tǒng)終點(diǎn)。雙向阻滯組20例患者消融中肺靜脈隔離達(dá)傳入阻滯后,肺靜脈內(nèi)起搏時(shí)20例患者中12例(60%)仍存在傳出阻滯,在環(huán)肺靜脈標(biāo)測(cè)電極指導(dǎo)下繼續(xù)消融直至雙向阻滯。
術(shù)后隨訪:①圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥及死亡:雙向阻滯組1例患者術(shù)后第2天出現(xiàn)呼吸困難、出汗,后證實(shí)發(fā)生左側(cè)血胸,引流治療后痊愈出院,該患者為63歲女性,胸廓畸形(駝背),右頸內(nèi)靜脈穿刺失敗后穿刺左鎖骨下靜脈,引起血胸。傳入阻滯組有1例術(shù)后第4天死于肺栓塞(女性,77歲,有高血壓病史及疝氣修補(bǔ)術(shù)、子宮肌瘤切除術(shù)史,術(shù)后房顫反復(fù)發(fā)作伴長(zhǎng)間歇,最長(zhǎng)R-R間期達(dá)9秒,停用抗凝藥物準(zhǔn)備植入起搏器)。其余74例隨訪至今,平均隨訪(31±19)個(gè)月。兩組均無(wú)血腫、動(dòng)脈瘤等穿刺部位并發(fā)癥,也無(wú)心臟壓塞、腦栓塞、左心房食管瘺等其它嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。②消融短期成功率:3個(gè)月后隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組1次消融成功率平均為85.33%[64/75,除外死亡1例],其中雙向阻滯組為95.00%(19/20),傳入阻滯組為81.82%(45/55),雙向阻滯組1次消融成功率高于傳入阻滯組,但兩組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.06,P>0.05)。6個(gè)月時(shí)電話隨訪,兩組1次消融成功率平均為77.33%(58/75),其中雙向阻滯組為85.00%(17/20),傳入阻滯組為74.55%(41/55),雙向阻滯組1次消融成功率高于傳入阻滯組,但兩組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.64,P>0.05)。③房性心律失常發(fā)生率:兩組術(shù)后1周內(nèi)房性心律失常發(fā)生率平均為35.53%(27/76),其中雙向阻滯組15.00%(3/20),傳入阻滯組為42.86%(24/56),兩組比較雙向阻滯組明顯優(yōu)于傳入阻滯組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.96,P=0.049);3個(gè)月時(shí)兩組房性心律失常發(fā)生率平均為17.33%(13/75),其中雙向阻滯組5.00%(1/20),傳入阻滯組21.82%(12/55),兩組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.36,P>0.05)。3個(gè)月后房性心律失常消失患者在3個(gè)月內(nèi)房性心律失常負(fù)荷率已逐漸降低,而3個(gè)月后房性心律失常持續(xù)存在患者在3個(gè)月內(nèi)房性心律失常負(fù)荷率降低的趨勢(shì)不明顯。遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)記錄到的無(wú)癥狀性房性心律失常發(fā)生率1周內(nèi)為22.22%(6/27),3個(gè)月時(shí)為23.08%(3/13)。
房顫導(dǎo)管消融已成為房顫治療的主流方法,目前房顫消融治療方法多樣,而應(yīng)用最廣泛的是環(huán)肺靜脈電隔離術(shù)。關(guān)于電隔離終點(diǎn)的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),目前
多數(shù)中心應(yīng)用心房—肺靜脈的傳入阻滯標(biāo)準(zhǔn),個(gè)別中心以心房—肺靜脈的雙向阻滯為電隔離的終點(diǎn),國(guó)內(nèi)外少數(shù)報(bào)道提示心房—肺靜脈雙向阻滯可能提高房顫消融的成功率。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雙向阻滯組單次消融3個(gè)月及6個(gè)月后的臨床成功率分別為95.00%及85.00%,高于傳入阻滯組的81.82%及74.55%約10個(gè)百分點(diǎn),但二者無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,這可能與本研究的樣本量較小有關(guān)。而術(shù)后1周內(nèi)房性心律失常發(fā)生率雙向阻滯組15.00%,傳入阻滯組為42.86%,雙向阻滯組明顯低于傳入阻滯組;3個(gè)月后房性心律失常發(fā)生率雙向阻滯組為5.00%,傳入阻滯組為21.82%,雙向阻滯組低于傳入阻滯組,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本文結(jié)果提示以心房—肺靜脈雙向阻滯為肺靜脈電隔離的消融終點(diǎn)可能會(huì)增加單次消融的成功率,降低術(shù)后房性心律失常的發(fā)生率。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[6-8],首次房顫消融術(shù)后房速發(fā)生率5%~25%,而82%的房速發(fā)生與消融線上的電傳導(dǎo)恢復(fù)有關(guān),所以消融線的連續(xù)性及透壁性對(duì)防止消融術(shù)后房速的發(fā)生至關(guān)重要。我們?cè)谙谥邪l(fā)現(xiàn),約60%已達(dá)到左心房—肺靜脈傳入阻滯的患者在肺靜脈內(nèi)起搏,激動(dòng)仍能傳出肺靜脈激動(dòng)心房,提示單純達(dá)到左心房—肺靜脈傳入阻滯可能會(huì)使部分患者的消融線并未真正達(dá)到連續(xù)及透壁損傷,為術(shù)后再發(fā)房性心律失常埋下隱患。6個(gè)月時(shí)電話隨訪,1次消融成功率為77.33%(58/75),其中雙向阻滯組為85.00%(17/20),傳入阻滯組為74.55%(41/55)。
房顫消融術(shù)后無(wú)癥狀性房顫的發(fā)生越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注,因這些患者同樣面臨著血栓栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而且無(wú)癥狀房顫也可發(fā)展至心肌病。目前房顫消融術(shù)后房性心律失常的監(jiān)測(cè)手段包括常規(guī)12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖、動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖、電話遠(yuǎn)程傳輸心電圖、事件記錄器等,各有利弊,國(guó)外研究的結(jié)論是應(yīng)用更嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)測(cè)手段(如7d Holter監(jiān)測(cè)、電話心電圖監(jiān)測(cè)、無(wú)線監(jiān)測(cè)裝置等)可以增加20%~25%無(wú)癥狀房顫的檢出率[9-11]。國(guó)內(nèi)夏云龍等[12]觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)房顫射頻消融的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的檢出率高于動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖,24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖及遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè),持續(xù)性房顫消融成功率分別為84.62%和71.79%(P=0.000),陣發(fā)性房顫消融成功率分別為90.91%和78.79%(P=0.006)。本研究中手機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)記錄到的無(wú)癥狀性房性心律失常發(fā)生率1周內(nèi)為22.22%(6/27),3月后為23.08%(3/13),表明手機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè)是一個(gè)有效的心律失常事件監(jiān)測(cè)方法,更加客觀地評(píng)價(jià)射頻消融治療房顫的效果。
總之,以左心房—肺靜脈雙向阻滯作為房顫消融的終點(diǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)臨床療效可能更好。但本研究也有局限性,表現(xiàn)在研究例數(shù)少、隨訪時(shí)間短,即使采用遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)測(cè),仍不能檢出全部無(wú)癥狀性房顫。所以,有必要設(shè)計(jì)大規(guī)模多中心的前瞻性隨機(jī)臨床研究,以比較兩種消融終點(diǎn)對(duì)房顫消融臨床成功率的影響,并設(shè)計(jì)出更好檢出無(wú)癥狀房顫的新方法。
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Effect of Left Atrium-Pumonary Vein Bi-directional Endpoint Blocking for Treating the Patients With Atrial Fibrillation During Catheter Ablation
QI Shu-ying, LI Jie, HU Zhen-yan, WANG Zhi-wei, DING Chao, WANG Dong-mei.
Department of Cardiology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang (050082), Hebei, China
Objective: To evaluate the effect of catheter ablation (CA) by endpoint of left atrium (AF)- pulmonary vein (PV) with bi-directional electrical isolation in treating the patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) with remote electro-cardio graphic monitoring.
Electrophysiology; Atrial fibrillation; Catheter ablation; Pulmonary vein; Isolation; Block; Endpoint
2014-08-14)
(編輯:汪碧蓉)
050082 河北省石家莊市, 白求恩國(guó)際和平醫(yī)院 心血管內(nèi)科
齊書(shū)英 主任醫(yī)師 博士 研究方向?yàn)樾呐K起搏與電生理臨床工作 Email: qsy304@126.com 通訊作者:王冬梅 Email:slwangdm@126.com
R54
A
1000-3614( 2015 )03-0244-04
10.3969/ j. issn. 1000-3614. 2015.03.011