景觀設(shè)計(jì)：俞孔堅(jiān)/土人設(shè)計(jì)，比爾·泰勒/CRJA事務(wù)所

新中國(guó)城公園，波士頓，美國(guó)

景觀設(shè)計(jì)：俞孔堅(jiān)/土人設(shè)計(jì)，比爾·泰勒/CRJA事務(wù)所

美國(guó)波士頓的交通問題世界著名。為此，馬薩諸塞州公路管理局設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)大型、昂貴的解決方案，稱為中央干道/隧道工程，俗稱“大開挖”。大開挖騰退出了超過121hm2的景觀和開放空間，包括約45個(gè)公園和主要公共廣場(chǎng)。唐人街項(xiàng)目是這些公園之一。

土人設(shè)計(jì)與位于波士頓的卡羅·約翰遜公司（CRJA事務(wù)所）聯(lián)合，提出將中國(guó)城公園建成一個(gè)公共活動(dòng)中心和演藝場(chǎng)所。這一想法的靈感源于傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)村落的村口廣場(chǎng)、中國(guó)移民前往波士頓的航程故事，以及人們對(duì)這一小片城市區(qū)域的使用需求。5個(gè)竹林屏風(fēng)框出了一扇象征著傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)村落入口的大門，每道竹林屏風(fēng)由紅色腳手架框限。竹林屏風(fēng)同時(shí)也營(yíng)造出進(jìn)深感，擴(kuò)大了空間。一個(gè)跌瀑，一道流水，營(yíng)造靜謐的氛圍，并在夏季降低周圍環(huán)境的溫度。另外，水流象征中國(guó)村落里的溪澗,配置原產(chǎn)于中國(guó)的植物，中國(guó)紅的使用更是對(duì)場(chǎng)地文化特點(diǎn)的闡述。

竹林屏風(fēng)的另一端，豁然開朗，是一個(gè)開放空間，一個(gè)容納不同需求并隨之變化的城市“展區(qū)”。這一空間適用于節(jié)慶活動(dòng)，如新年、元宵的舞龍等；同時(shí)，適宜于居民每日、每周和季節(jié)性的需求。唐人街公園使得場(chǎng)地從一個(gè)荒涼危險(xiǎn)的地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)變成一個(gè)當(dāng)?shù)厝司蹠?huì)的熱鬧場(chǎng)所。

在西方國(guó)家，典型的“中國(guó)城”標(biāo)識(shí)往往被理解為蓋著琉璃瓦的門樓和涼亭。這個(gè)新唐人街公園避免了上述陳詞濫調(diào)，讓中國(guó)的文化以現(xiàn)代的設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言，通過全新的身份出現(xiàn)，同時(shí)展示傳統(tǒng)思想的精髓。正如哈佛大學(xué)城市設(shè)計(jì)教授阿列克斯·克里格爾指出，“這小小的城市綠洲，是對(duì)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)園林的現(xiàn)代詮釋，讓人們?cè)诔鞘械膹V闊和喧囂中能體會(huì)到一絲恬靜的美麗”。[1]

當(dāng)?shù)孛襟w報(bào)道廣泛的贊譽(yù)和居民普遍的積極反響可以證明，新的中國(guó)城公園的建成，徹底改變了中國(guó)城門外“臟、亂、差”和不安全的印象，成為一個(gè)賦有中國(guó)和亞洲文化特色、同時(shí)不乏時(shí)代特色的景觀；公園增強(qiáng)了社區(qū)的歸屬感和認(rèn)同感；同時(shí)，新公園成為波士頓的一處新景觀，已被當(dāng)?shù)芈糜尾块T推薦為波士頓的亮點(diǎn)工程；公園的設(shè)計(jì)探索了用新的、當(dāng)代的景觀語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)“唐人街”的方式，將異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng)的“中國(guó)”，帶入當(dāng)代的新世界。

1 外景/Exterior view

2 總平面/Site plan

Boston, Massachusetts, had a world-class traffic problem. The Massachusetts Turnpike Authority constructed an immense and costly solution, the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, called as "The Big Dig." The Big Dig created more than 121 hectares (300 acres) of landscaped and restored open space, including over 45 parks and major public plazas. The Chinatown project is one of these parks.

Turenscape and the Boston-based landscape firm Carol R. Johnson Associates (CRJA) proposed the Chinatown Park as a public space and performance theater. This idea was inspired by the linked concept of the squares at the entrance to traditional Chinese villages, the voyage of the Asian immigrants to Boston, and the active uses of this small urban zone. Five bamboo screens framed within red scaffolds create a gateway that symbolizes the entrance to the traditional Chinese village. The screens also bring a sense of depth to the park, visually enlarging the space. The small waterfall and watercourse create a tranquil atmosphere and cool off the surrounding environment in the summer. The watercourse, emblem of the streams in Chinese villages, is dotted with Chinese native plants on both sides. The use of Chinese red is a reflection of the cultural identity of the place.

The passage along the bamboo screens leads to a bright open space, an urban "exhibition" that constantly changes with various occasions. The space is an ideal venue for events such as the Chinese New Year celebration, dragon dancing and the Lantern Festival etc. The park is designed to meet the daily, weekly, and seasonal needs of the local residents. Chinatown Park has transformed a dangerous and deserted area into a lively place for get-togethers for the local people.

In Western countries, the sign of Chinatown is often interpreted as an archway or pavilion covered with glazed tiles. The new park departs from this cliché. Through the modern design language, it bestows a new image to Chinese culture and displays the essence of Chinese traditional thoughts. As Alex Krieger, Professor of Urban Planning at Harvard, pointed out, "This small oasis presents a modern interpretation of the traditional Chinese garden. It offers a retreat from the expanse and bustle of the adjacent city."[1]

/Reference

[1] Alex Krieger, "Boston's Big Dig," Topos 73 (2010): 68–75.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 美國(guó)麻省高速公路局，波士頓市政府，波士頓再發(fā)展局，波士頓公園與游憩局，波士頓地標(biāo)委員會(huì)/Massachusetts Turnpike Authority (MTA), Boston Municipal Government，Boston Redevelopment Authority，Boston Parks and Recreation Department, Boston Landmarks Commission

方案設(shè)計(jì)/Schematic Design: 土人設(shè)計(jì)，CRJA事務(wù)所/ Turenscape，CRJA

施工圖設(shè)計(jì)/Construction Drawing: CRJA事務(wù)所，土人設(shè)計(jì)/ CRJA , Turenscape

合作設(shè)計(jì)/Cooperation: Communication Arts, Inc.；Environmental Graphics Designer, Design Communications Ltd,Chia-Ming Sze Architect, Inc.；Stull & Lee Inc.

主持景觀建筑師/Principal Landscape Architects: 俞孔堅(jiān)，比爾·泰勒/YU Kongjian, Bill Tylor

景觀設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: 黃國(guó)平，張蕾，張斌，Tom Doolittle，Jill Ochs Zick, Nancy Stack, Hongbing Tang, Henry G. Bee, Leonard Thomas, John Ward, Carl Okazaki, McKenzie Cordes, Mark Andreasson, Doris Chu, David Le, Chia-Ming Sze

造價(jià)/Cost: USD4.5M

面積/Area: 0.41hm2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2003.01-2006.10

3 鳥瞰透視/Aerial view perspective

4.5 外景/Exterior view

評(píng)論

龍灝： 這是一個(gè)令人欣喜的設(shè)計(jì)。場(chǎng)地是典型的“邊角廢料”，是不同時(shí)期的不同規(guī)劃和建設(shè)的產(chǎn)物，而設(shè)計(jì)師完美地結(jié)合了場(chǎng)地現(xiàn)狀輪廓以及“中國(guó)城入口”這一特定背景，相當(dāng)成功地以現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言詮釋或再現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)村落入口的儀式感，受到了市民的歡迎。在此，設(shè)計(jì)師刻意以紅色腳手架框限每道竹林屏風(fēng)，這一類型化的形式語(yǔ)言會(huì)否因其過于簡(jiǎn)單甚至蒼白而引起觀者的疑惑？

青鋒：中國(guó)城公園讓一個(gè)“城”變得完整，它彌補(bǔ)了海外眾多中國(guó)城中所缺失的重要成分——公共場(chǎng)所。盡管城市廣場(chǎng)在傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)城市中并不多見，但是對(duì)于海外的華裔族群，這樣的場(chǎng)所對(duì)于文化儀式的傳承至關(guān)重要，一個(gè)族群的身份由此定義。就像項(xiàng)目中的其他元素一樣，中國(guó)城花園表明一種西方化的語(yǔ)匯并非不能接受，中國(guó)人的符號(hào)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如中國(guó)人的生活方式更具有生命力。

Comments

LONG Hao: This is a delightful design. The site is a typical "scrap", a product of different planning and construction in different periods. Nevertheless, the architects made a perfect combination of the outline of the site and the particular context of "Entrance to Chinatown". With modern design language, they successfully interpreted or reproduced the sense of ritual of the entrance to Chinese traditional village.The design is welcome by the public. However, the red scaffoldings, which were deliberately set to frame each bamboo screen, might puzzle the viewers because their forms are too simple and seem even pale. QING Feng: The Chinatown Park makes a "town" complete. It makes up for the important element that was missing in many Chinatowns overseasthe public territory. Although public spaces were not common in traditional Chinese cities, in oversea Chinese communities, such places play a key role in the continuation of cultural rites, which define the identity of the community. Together with other elements in this project, the park shows that a westernized landscape language is not a problem at all, the Chinese way of life is much more vital than the Chinese symbols.

Chinatown Park, Boston, USA, 2007

Landscape Architects: YU Kongjian/Turenscape, Bill Tylor/CRJA

6 傳統(tǒng)村落水口/Entrance of traditional village