建筑設(shè)計(jì)：邵韋平，劉宇光/北京市建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司

中國駐澳大利亞使館，堪培拉，澳大利亞

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：邵韋平，劉宇光/北京市建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司

花園城市環(huán)境

中國駐澳大利亞新建大使館的基地位于堪培拉亞拉魯姆拉區(qū)，用地東側(cè)隔公路是建于1990年代初期的中國大使館原有館舍，北側(cè)毗鄰格林芬湖，南側(cè)向上走就是著名的議會(huì)大廈?；乇旧砗椭苓叾际浅鞘谢▓@的一部分。

澳大利亞新建首都堪培拉由美國芝加哥學(xué)派建筑師W.B.格里芬規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)，創(chuàng)造了低密度的花園城市的特色，在聯(lián)合國環(huán)境保護(hù)會(huì)議上，堪培拉被譽(yù)為很少污染的城市的典范。中國大使館用地內(nèi)林木茂盛，澳方在規(guī)劃當(dāng)中明確規(guī)定了35棵樹木必須保留。

中國外交部于2005年8月舉辦了大使館建筑設(shè)計(jì)競賽，我們設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)過反復(fù)思考，提出了 “融于自然”的設(shè)計(jì)方案并一舉中標(biāo)，應(yīng)該說這么好的自然環(huán)境是我們在國內(nèi)做設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)很少能碰到的，因此在突出建筑還是突出環(huán)境的價(jià)值上，作了大膽嘗試。方案將官邸、辦公、公寓按照圍合布局組成3個(gè)獨(dú)立單元體，由南至北選擇林間空地布置，建筑掩映在樹林當(dāng)中，行成蜿蜒的空間序列，點(diǎn)綴在環(huán)境當(dāng)中。

新而中的建筑

設(shè)計(jì)組于2005年12月帶著方案到現(xiàn)場進(jìn)行考察，當(dāng)時(shí)中國駐澳大利亞的傅瑩大使對本設(shè)計(jì)非常重視，還專門安排了設(shè)計(jì)組與當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄖ熯M(jìn)行溝通，了解當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄖ卣?，希望體現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代中國“新而中”的整體風(fēng)貌。

與傳統(tǒng)中國大使館習(xí)慣把主辦公樓放在主入口突出形象的做法不同，駐澳洲大使館把最主要的入口位置留給了官邸。官邸首層以各種對外活動(dòng)空間組成，空間可分可和，適應(yīng)大型招待活動(dòng)；二層是大使生活區(qū)，利用很多室外、半室外空間做成屋頂花園，營造很多相對私密的活動(dòng)空間，室內(nèi)外融為一體，讓賓客們體會(huì)到中國人“天人合一”的哲學(xué)理念，把主要的核心留給自然，留給人的活動(dòng)，而把建筑作為空間的一部分。

堪培拉海拔相對較高，太陽輻射很強(qiáng)，為此，在設(shè)計(jì)中使用了統(tǒng)一的屋頂棚架作為“遮陽傘”，用灰色開敞空間來控制光照，避免極熱和極冷情況出現(xiàn)，既傳達(dá)了中國傳統(tǒng)建筑呼應(yīng)自然的方式，又和原有大使館具象的傳統(tǒng)形式形成對比。

模數(shù)化預(yù)制裝配體系

由于使館項(xiàng)目特殊需要，建筑材料需要由國內(nèi)訂購加工，再到現(xiàn)場施工安裝；為了減少現(xiàn)場工作量，提高施工精度，我們將整個(gè)工程設(shè)計(jì)成鋼結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)置裝配體系，在設(shè)計(jì)上采用了模數(shù)網(wǎng)格體系，嚴(yán)格控制分工界面和各專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)集成。

進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)以來，中國的外交策略也在不斷調(diào)整，駐外各領(lǐng)館成為展示中國發(fā)展成就的重要載體。在建筑文化底蘊(yùn)深厚、建筑技術(shù)非常發(fā)達(dá)的澳洲做項(xiàng)目，對中國建筑師來說是一種更大的挑戰(zhàn)，既要反映中國傳統(tǒng)的文化特征，又要和當(dāng)今世界建筑發(fā)展趨勢接軌，經(jīng)過近10年的打磨，終于在2014年3月竣工，成為中國面向大洋洲的新窗口。

1 官邸東側(cè)花園/Eastern view of the mansion

2 總面積/Site plan

3 模型/Model

Environment of Garden City

China's new embassy in Australia is based in Yarralumla, Canberra. The original one is located to the east across the road which was built in the early 1990s. The new embassy is adjacent to Lake Burley Griffin to the north and the famous Parliament House to the south. The site and its surroundings are all part of the city garden.

Australia's new capital of Canberra was planned and designed by W.B. Griffin, an architect of the American Chicago school. He created a garden city featured with low density. At the United Nations Conference on Environmental Protection, Canberra was hailed as a model city that is barely polluted.The project site for China's new embassy in Australia is covered with dense tree grove, among which 35 trees are required to be preserved by the Australian government.

China Ministry of Foreign Affairs held a design competition for the embassy building in August, 2005. Based on thorough consideration, our design team put forward the proposal of "dissolving in nature" which won the bid. It is noted that such a good natural environment is not common for domestic projects. We made a bold attempt in deciding on whether to emphasize the value of the building or the environment. The mansion, offices and apartments are distributed into three independent units which are designed in an enclosed layout. They are arranged in glades among the woods from south to north, forming a meandering spatial sequence nestled in the environment.

New & traditional architecture

The design team went to Australia for site investigation in December, 2005. At that time, FU Ying, the Chinese ambassador to Australia, put great attention on this project and specially arranged a meeting between the design team and the local architects to help team members understand the local architectural features, in the hope that the design shall reflect both a new and traditional style of contemporary China.

Traditionally, the main office building of the Chinese Embassy is located at the main entrance to present a unique image. However, the new Chinese Embassy in Australia is different, leaving the most important entrance location to the mansion. The first story of the mansion is made up of various spaces for foreign affairs activities. These spaces can be divided or integrated based on need of large social event. The second story is living area for the ambassador, which combines a lot of outdoor and semi-outdoor spaces into the roof garden, creating relatively private spaces. The unification of indoor and outdoor spaces provides the guests the experience of the Chinese philosophy "harmony between heaven and man". The main space is left for nature and human activities, and the architecture becomes part of the space.

Canberra has relatively high elevation and strong solar radiation. Therefore, the design adopted the unified roof scaffolding as the "umbrella", using gray space to control the light and to avoid extreme hot or cold situations. It conveys the means of traditional Chinese architecture dealing with the natural environment, while sets a contrast between the traditional appearance of the original embassy building.

Modular prefabricated assembly system

4 官邸南立面/Exterior view, south facade of the mansion

5 剖面/Section

6 官邸首層平面/Floor 0 plan, mansion 7 官邸二層平面/Floor 1 plan, mansion

Due to the special needs of the embassy project, building materials need be purchased and processed in China and transported to the site for installation. In order to reduce the workload on-site and improve the assembly quality, we designed the entire project with a steel prefabricated assembly system. A modular grid system is adopted, which strictly controls the division of interface and the integration of various design systems.

Since the beginning of the new century, China's diplomatic strategy has bee in constant adjustment. Chinese embassies abroad have become important carriers to display China's development and achievements. Australia has a deep-rooted architectural culture and advanced technologies. It is a greater challenge for Chinese architects to design projects in such a country. The project shall not only represent the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture, but also show current development trend of world architecture design. After nearly a decade, the new embassy building was finally completed in March, 2014, becoming a new window for China to the Oceania.

8 官邸西立面/Exterior view, west facade of the mansion

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目總負(fù)責(zé)人/Principal Architect: 邵韋平/SHAO Weiping主持人/Project Architects: 劉宇光，王宇，馮冰凌/LIU Yuguang, WANG Yu, FENG Bingling

建筑設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: 國夫，顧知春，楊坤，潘輝，衛(wèi)江/GUO Fu, GU Zhichun, YANG Kun, PAN Hui, WEI Jiang結(jié)構(gòu)工程師/Structural Engineer: 鄭輝/ZHENG Hui

設(shè)備工程師/Mechanical Engineer: 侯宇/HOU Yu

電氣工程師/Electrical Engineer: 張力/ZHANG Li

室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師/Interior Designer: 楊奕，唐立果/YANG Yi, TANG Liguo

弱電工程師/Wear Current Engineer: 梅百順，秦艷麗/MEI Baishun, QIN Yanli

照明設(shè)計(jì)師/Lighting Designer: 盧哲/LU Zhe

經(jīng)濟(jì)專業(yè)/Economics: 張鴒，徐鳳玲/ZHANG Ling, XU Fengling用地面積/Site Area: 1.85hm2

總建筑面積/Floor Area: 6858m2

占地面積/Building Area: 2650m2

建筑物層數(shù)/Floors: 2-3

容積率/FAR: 0.37

建筑密度/Density: 15.30%

攝影/Photos: 劉宇光/LIU Yuguang

7 屋頂平臺/Roof terrace

評論

祝曉峰：3座分開的單體建筑在綠地中散落布置，以保留基地內(nèi)的現(xiàn)有林木，從入口向南，依次是大使官邸、辦公樓和宿舍，其間以連廊相接。這樣的布局無論在規(guī)劃上還是在功能上都沒有營造紀(jì)念性的軸線，而是以人的活動(dòng)（內(nèi)部使用和外部來訪）和自然環(huán)境為優(yōu)先考量。著墨最多的大使官邸也集中體現(xiàn)了這一設(shè)計(jì)原則。建筑師運(yùn)用源自中國傳統(tǒng)的院落和天井，將公共／私密、開放／封閉、服務(wù)／被服務(wù)的空間屬性區(qū)隔開來，并以此形成了若干小尺度的半戶外庭院空間，為人提供了輕松交流和接觸自然的機(jī)會(huì)。與堡壘式的使館不同，這座建筑在實(shí)體性與通透性之間比較成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)了平衡，兼顧了安全私密的需求和通透開放的姿態(tài)，并在空間體驗(yàn)上體現(xiàn)了中國傳統(tǒng)文化的自然觀念。

在1950-1960年代，格羅庇烏斯、 沙里寧、斯東、貝聿明、約翰?約翰遜等著名建筑師都曾受邀參與了美國駐外使館的建筑設(shè)計(jì)，那個(gè)時(shí)期美國的新建使館有宣示民主觀念的政治任務(wù)，其安全性也以防“諜”為主，尚未面臨地緣政治和恐怖主義的巨大壓力，因此開放性的現(xiàn)代主義語言得以與地域特征結(jié)合，產(chǎn)生了出色的作品。與之相近的是，21世紀(jì)初的中國也有對外展示國力提升和自信開放的需求。在這一背景下，新建的駐澳使館無疑代表了一種值得倡導(dǎo)的新風(fēng)氣。

彭怒：建筑群避開保留樹木，以四合院為基本原型，從楔形場地的長邊到短邊形成大小體量各異的3個(gè)單元體。官邸的預(yù)制鋼結(jié)構(gòu)柱網(wǎng)明顯根據(jù)四坡屋頂?shù)奈恢枚ǎ谄矫嫔闲纬葾BCBA的開間關(guān)系。底層C開間的4個(gè)廳與B開間的交通輔助空間再現(xiàn)了中國傳統(tǒng)四合院的廳、院、廊關(guān)系；底層北側(cè)體量凸出于柱網(wǎng)，二層西側(cè)體量的出挑，則在兩個(gè)方向上破解了合院的封閉性。通過體量的破解和傳統(tǒng)平面形制的對比，建筑師表達(dá)了“新而中”的設(shè)計(jì)訴求。外立面立柱與結(jié)構(gòu)無關(guān)，是比例和立面劃分的結(jié)果。

8 茶亭/Tea pavilion9.10 屋頂平臺/Roof terrace

Comments

ZHU Xiaofeng: Three buildings are dispersed in the green space to protect existing trees on site. From the main entrance going southward, there are the ambassador's mansion, the office building, and the apartment building, which are all interconnected through corridors. Instead of creating a monumental axis in site plan or function arrangement, the design gives priority to human activities (in-house use and outside visits) and the natural environment. The design of the ambassador's mansion, which is the focus of the project, fully reflects the above design principle. By using traditional Chinese architectural elements of the courtyard, spaces with different characteristics are divided, including public from private, open from enclosed, service from being served. Several small semi-outdoor courtyards are formed, providing people opportunities to relax in, communicate, and interact with nature. Different from the fortresslike embassy buildings, this project successfully achieves a balance between the solid and the transparent, fulfills requirements on security and privacy while presents an open gesture, and represents the concept of nature in traditional Chinese culture.

During 1950s-1960s, many famous architects were invited to design American embassies abroad, including Walter Gropius, Eero Saarinen, Edward Durell Stone, Ieoh Ming Pei, and John Johansen. At that time, the political task of American embassies was to promote democratic ideologies. The primary security threat was from "spies", without the current huge pressure from geopolitics and terrorism. As a result, the architects were able to combine modern architectural language with the local regional characteristics, producing many extraordinary works. Similarly, in the early 21st century, China needs showcase its national capacity with a confident and open gesture. Under such circumstance, the newly constructed Chinese Embassy in Australia undoubtedly represents a refreshing new trend which shall be promoted.

PENG Nu: The building complex keep place for existing trees, and takes courtyard as the prototype, forming three units of varied volumes in the site. Based on the hipped roof, the prefabricated steel structure of the residence forms a complicated complex of ABCBA. The compartment C on the ground floor, made up of 4 halls, in collusion with the circulation space of compartment B, reproduces the traditional Chinese courtyard, which highlights a peculiar relationship among hall, yard and corridor. In the meantime, the northern volume of the ground floor and the western volume of the first floor break the closure of the courtyard in two directions, through which the architects express their design pursuit of "new but still Chinese". The vertical partition of facade is not related to its structure.

China's Embassy in Australia, Canberra, Australia, 2014

Architects: SHAO Weiping, LIU Yuguang/Beijing Institute of Architectural Design Co.,Ltd