朱輝,何明,陳新,李寶重,徐新建,李飛
PI-88對TE-13細(xì)胞及裸鼠移植瘤中乙酰肝素酶表達(dá)的影響
朱輝△,何明,陳新,李寶重,徐新建,李飛
目的探討硫酸化寡聚多糖(PI-88)對食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株TE-13乙酰肝素酶(Hpa)表達(dá)的影響,以及對裸鼠人食管癌移植瘤生長、血管生成及Hpa蛋白表達(dá)的影響。方法體外培養(yǎng)TE-13細(xì)胞,實(shí)驗(yàn)分為A組(對照組)、B組(15 mg/L PI-88干預(yù)組)和C組(30 mg/L PI-88干預(yù)組)。培養(yǎng)36 h后Western blot檢測各組細(xì)胞Hpa蛋白表達(dá)。選取10只BALB/c/nu裸鼠,皮下接種TE-13細(xì)胞建立食管癌裸鼠移植瘤模型,建模成功后隨機(jī)均分為觀察組及對照組。觀察組腹腔注射PI-88 40 mg/(kg·d),對照組給予等劑量生理鹽水,連續(xù)注射14 d。每2 d測量移植瘤體積,注射第14天處死動物,剝除移植瘤行CD34染色,檢測微血管密度(MVD)。Western blot及免疫組化染色檢測Hpa蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果與A組相比,B、C組細(xì)胞Hpa蛋白表達(dá)量明顯降低(P<0.001),且存在藥物濃度依賴性。觀察組裸鼠移植瘤體積、MVD值、Hpa蛋白表達(dá)水平及陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)均低于對照組(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論P(yáng)I-88可抑制TE-13細(xì)胞及食管癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤中Hpa表達(dá),并抑制腫瘤生長和血管生成。
食管腫瘤;硫酸化寡聚多糖;TE-13細(xì)胞;乙酰肝素酶;印跡法,蛋白質(zhì);裸鼠;移植瘤;微血管密度;免疫組織化學(xué)
乙酰肝素酶(Heparanase,Hpa)是人體內(nèi)唯一特異性降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中硫酸乙酰肝素多糖(HSPGs)的內(nèi)糖苷酶,硫酸化寡聚糖混合物PI-88是Hpa的特異性靶向抑制劑。研究顯示PI-88單獨(dú)或聯(lián)合化療應(yīng)用對晚期肝癌、前列腺癌等惡性腫瘤具有良好的治療效果[1-3]。但關(guān)于PI-88在食管癌方面的研究尚鮮見報(bào)道。本研究擬應(yīng)用不同濃度PI-88干預(yù)食管癌低分化鱗癌細(xì)胞TE-13,觀察PI-88對食管癌細(xì)胞Hpa蛋白表達(dá)情況的影響。同時(shí)建立食管癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,觀察PI-88對腫瘤生長、血管新生及移植瘤中Hpa表達(dá)的影響。
1.1細(xì)胞及動物人低分化食管鱗癌細(xì)胞株TE-13由河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第四醫(yī)院科研中心提供,用含10%胎牛血清、100 U/mL青霉素、100 mg/L鏈霉素的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基,5% CO2、37℃恒溫培養(yǎng)。BALB/c/nu裸鼠10只,4~5周齡,體質(zhì)量15~18 g,由中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動物繁殖場提供,于SPF層流環(huán)境飼養(yǎng)。
1.2主要試劑PI-88由澳大利亞Progen制藥有限公司惠贈(批號:P88RD0100)。RPMI1640細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液購自Life Technologies公司,PVDF膜購自華美生物公司,CytoBuster蛋白裂解提取劑購自Novagen公司。Hpa、CD34等抗體均購自Santa Cruz公司,SP試劑盒購自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)公司。
1.3細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及分組TE-13細(xì)胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于50 mL培養(yǎng)瓶中,接種濃度為1×106個(gè)/瓶。待細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)至貼壁后,分為A組(對照組),B組(15 mg/L PI-88干預(yù)組)和C組(30 mg/L PI-88干預(yù)組),每組設(shè)5個(gè)平行樣本。PI-88以無菌生理鹽水溶解至所需濃度,對照組加入等量生理鹽水。
1.4Western blot檢測細(xì)胞Hpa蛋白表達(dá)各組細(xì)胞分組處理后繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)36 h,棄去培養(yǎng)液,以預(yù)冷的PBS漂洗2次,細(xì)胞刮集器收集細(xì)胞。加入600 μL CytoBuster蛋白裂解提取液,靜置5 min,4℃、13 000 r/min離心10 min,取上清。BCA法測定蛋白濃度后每孔加40 μg蛋白行SDS-PAGE。電泳后濕轉(zhuǎn)法4℃、90 V電泳3 h 50 min,將目的蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜上。5%脫脂奶粉室溫封閉2 h,加入Hpa一抗(1∶100),4℃過夜,次日TBS-T洗膜3次;加入辣根過氧化物酶(HRP)標(biāo)記的二抗(1∶1 000),37℃搖床作用1 h,加入化學(xué)發(fā)光底物,感光膠片顯影,經(jīng)凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)掃描、成像。以β-actin為內(nèi)參,結(jié)果以目的條帶灰度值/內(nèi)參條帶灰度值表示,重復(fù)3次。
1.5裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型的建立取對數(shù)期TE-13細(xì)胞,0.25%胰蛋白酶消化后PBS調(diào)整濃度至5×107個(gè)/mL,于裸鼠左側(cè)背部皮下接種0.2 mL,建立食管癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型。接種后第6天,所有裸鼠在接種部位長出腫瘤。模型建立后,10只裸鼠按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表分為觀察組和對照組,每組5只。觀察組根據(jù)裸鼠體質(zhì)量按照40 mg/kg自建模成功第1天起腹腔注射PI-88溶液(生理鹽水溶解),每日1次。對照組給予等劑量生理鹽水。于第1、3、5、7、9、11、13天用電子游標(biāo)卡尺測量腫瘤的最長徑與最短徑,計(jì)算腫瘤體積V= 0.4 ab2,其中a為腫瘤最長徑,b為與最長徑相對垂直的腫瘤最短徑,重復(fù)3次。于第14天統(tǒng)一處死裸鼠,剝離移植瘤用于后續(xù)檢測。
1.6免疫組化法檢測移植瘤微血管密度(MVD)及Hpa表達(dá)剝除的移植瘤于4%多聚甲醛固定12 h,常規(guī)石蠟包埋、切片,免疫組化染色步驟按照SP試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。一抗采用兔抗人CD34多克隆抗體(1∶200),二甲基聯(lián)苯胺(DAB)顯色,梯度乙醇脫水,二甲苯透明,中性樹膠封片。先用100倍光鏡掃視整個(gè)切片,尋找高血管密度區(qū),然后在此區(qū)域內(nèi)以400倍光鏡隨機(jī)取5個(gè)視野,計(jì)數(shù)棕黃色的微血管數(shù)目。Hpa免疫組化染色方法同上,陽性對照為試劑公司提供的強(qiáng)陽性標(biāo)本切片,細(xì)胞胞漿或胞核出現(xiàn)棕黃色染色顆粒定為陽性,陰性對照采用PBS代替一抗,400倍光鏡隨機(jī)讀取5個(gè)視野計(jì)數(shù)染色陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)目列入分析。
1.7Western blot檢測裸鼠移植瘤Hpa表達(dá)取150 mg移植瘤組織,加入1 mL裂解液提取蛋白,BCA法測定蛋白濃度后,每孔80 μg蛋白用于Western blot檢測。具體方法及結(jié)果判定同1.4。
1.8統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以表示,2組均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組間均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較使用LSD-t法。不符合正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
2.13組細(xì)胞Hpa表達(dá)水平比較3組間Hpa蛋白表達(dá)水平比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=54.525,P<0.01)。與A組相比,B組、C組Hpa蛋白表達(dá)量均明顯減少且存在劑量依賴性,見圖1。
Fig.1Comparison of heparanse protein expression between three groups圖1 3組細(xì)胞Hpa蛋白表達(dá)水平比較
2.22組裸鼠移植瘤體積及MVD比較注射PI-88第1天,2組移植瘤體積無明顯差異。注射PI-88第13天,觀察組移植瘤體積明顯低于對照組(P<0.01),見表1。觀察組移植瘤MVD[13.00(11.50,15.00)]低于對照組[17.00(15.00,18.50),Z=4.475,P<0.01]。
Tab.1Comparison of xenograft volume between control and observation groups表1 2組移植瘤體積變化比較(n=5,mm3,)
Tab.1Comparison of xenograft volume between control and observation groups表1 2組移植瘤體積變化比較(n=5,mm3,)
**P<0.01
組別對照組觀察組t第1天160.40±3.85 162.60±2.07 1.126第3天203.60±2.37 201.02±4.76 1.084第5天317.99±5.00 195.17±3.40 45.380**第13天565.60±14.86 374.40±5.12 27.198**組別對照組觀察組t第7天473.22±10.23 302.88±2.90 35.828**第9天494.00±6.60 346.60±4.34 41.578**第11天522.07±7.00 367.01±10.01 27.271**
2.3移植瘤Hpa蛋白表達(dá)及免疫組化結(jié)果與對照組相比,觀察組Hpa蛋白表達(dá)量及Hpa陽性染色細(xì)胞數(shù)均降低,見表2,圖2、3。
Tab.2Comparison of heparanse protein and positive cells between two groups表2 2組Hpa蛋白相對表達(dá)量及陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)比較
Fig.2The expression of heparanse protein in xenografts measured by Western blot assay圖2 Western blot檢測裸鼠移植瘤中Hpa蛋白表達(dá)
Fig.3The expression of heparanse protein in xenografts measured by immunohistochemical staining(SP,×200)圖3 免疫組化染色檢測移植瘤中Hpa表達(dá)(SP,×200)
Hpa的主要作用是特異性識別并降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中的HSPGs,HSPGs不僅是細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的重要組成成分,也是細(xì)胞外血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)、堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(bFGF)等多種促血管生成因子的“存儲倉庫”。Hpa在細(xì)胞內(nèi)以分子質(zhì)量65 ku的酶前體形式存在,經(jīng)修飾后轉(zhuǎn)化為具有高度生物學(xué)活性的成熟酶,分子質(zhì)量約為50 ku。研究證實(shí),Hpa在子宮頸癌[4]、胃癌[5]、肝癌[6]、惡性黑色素瘤[7]以及乳腺癌[8]等多種惡性腫瘤中均呈高表達(dá)。Hpa在降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中的HSPGs的同時(shí),釋放了結(jié)合在HSPGs上的多種促血管生成因子,而這兩個(gè)步驟為腫瘤外侵周圍組織和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移所必須,可以認(rèn)為,Hpa在腫瘤的外侵和轉(zhuǎn)移過程中起到了關(guān)鍵的作用[9]。
目前,針對Hpa的抑制劑有硫酸化寡聚糖混合物、肝素及類肝素制劑、抗Hpa抗體及沉默Hpa RNA的基因制劑等。其中研究時(shí)間較早、臨床較為成熟的是硫酸化寡聚糖混合物PI-88,其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)與HSPGs類似,可抑制Hpa對HSPGs的降解,降低Hpa的活性[10]。唐維強(qiáng)等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),PI-88可抑制視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)乙酰肝素酶的表達(dá),并呈現(xiàn)劑量和時(shí)間依賴性。另有研究顯示,在B16黑色素瘤小鼠模型中,PI-88及其類似物可明顯降低腫瘤的生長速度[12]。Hu等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)PI-88能明顯抑制缺氧誘導(dǎo)的視網(wǎng)膜病變小鼠模型的血管生成,降低其VEGF和Hpa蛋白的表達(dá)。本研究顯示,不同濃度的PI-88均明顯抑制了食管癌細(xì)胞株TE-13的Hpa蛋白表達(dá),并且隨PI-88濃度的增高Hpa蛋白表達(dá)量明顯下降。進(jìn)一步動物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),PI-88可抑制移植瘤中Hpa蛋白的表達(dá),并且抑制移植瘤生長及瘤內(nèi)微血管生成。部分結(jié)果與本課題組早期研究結(jié)果不同[14],考慮可能與所購抗體純度、不同的蛋白檢測方法、不同的給藥途徑和更高劑量的PI-88等因素有關(guān)。
腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展高度依賴新生血管的形成,而且在多種腫瘤中存在VEGF、bFGF等促血管生長因子的高表達(dá)[15-17]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)觀察組移植瘤MVD顯著低于對照組,提示PI-88對食管癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的血管新生具有一定的抑制作用。推測PI-88通過抑制Hpa蛋白表達(dá),減少促血管生成因子的釋放,造成移植瘤內(nèi)血管化程度減低,從而使移植瘤的生長和外侵能力明顯下降。
綜上所述,PI-88對食管癌細(xì)胞中Hpa的表達(dá)存在一定的抑制作用,并且隨劑量加大抑制作用增強(qiáng),PI-88對人食管癌裸鼠移植瘤生長和血管新生存在一定程度的抑制作用。
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(2015-01-29收稿 2015-03-23修回)
(本文編輯 胡小寧)
The influence of PI-88 on heparanase protein expression of human esophageal cancer cell and xenograft of nude mice
ZHU Hui△,HE Ming,CHEN Xin,LI Baozhong,XU Xinjian,LI Fei
Department of Thoracic Surgery,F(xiàn)ourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang 050011,China△
ObjectiveTo explore the inhibitory effects of sulfated oligosaccharides PI-88 on the heparanase protein expression of human esophageal squamous cancer cell(ESCC)line TE-13,and to explore the effects of growth,angiogenesis and heparanase protein expression on ESCC xenografts of nude mice.MethodsTE-13 cells were cultured and divided into three groups:group A(control group),group B(15 mg/L PI-88)and group C(30 mg/L PI-88).Heparanase protein expression of TE-13 cells was measured by Western blot assay after being cultured for 36 h.The ESCC suspension was injected subcutaneously in 10 BALB/c/nu mice to build up ESCC xenograft model.The model mice were divided randomly into observation group and control group(5 mice per group).The mice in observation group received 40 mg/(kg·d)PI-88.The mice in control group only received the same volume of saline at the same time.Both PI-88 and saline were daily administrated for 14 days.Every 2 days,the volume of xeongrafts were measured and the mice were executed at the 14th day.CD34 immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the micro vessel density(MVD)of xenografts.Western blot assay and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the heparanase protein expression of xenografts.ResultsThe heparanase protein expressions of TE-13 cells were significantly decreased in group B and group C than those of group A(P<0.001),with a kind of PI-88 dose-dependent manner. The volume,MVD and heparanase protein expression of xenografts were significantly lower in observation group than those of control group(P<0.05).ConclusionThe heparanase protein expression in TE-13 cells can be inhibited by PI-88 in vitro and vivo.Furthermore,the growth and angiogenesis of ESCC xenografts were also inhibited by PI-88.
esophageal neoplasms;PI-88;TE-13 cell;heparanase;blotting,western;mice,nude;heterografts;mi?crovessel density;immunohistochemistry
R735.1
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.07.012
河北省衛(wèi)生廳重點(diǎn)科研基金項(xiàng)目(20120130)
河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第四醫(yī)院胸外科(郵編050011)
朱輝(1977),男,副教授,博士,主要從事胸部惡性腫瘤基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究
△通訊作者E-mail:zhdzuj@sina.com