刊首語(yǔ)

近幾年國(guó)內(nèi)的專業(yè)期刊上刊登了許多有關(guān)地理設(shè)計(jì)的研究成果，地理設(shè)計(jì)引起了規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)界的普遍關(guān)注，許多規(guī)劃師也在嘗試運(yùn)用地理設(shè)計(jì)的方法進(jìn)行規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)工作。

地理設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)新的詞匯，如果僅僅簡(jiǎn)單地從字面上來(lái)理解，認(rèn)為地理設(shè)計(jì)就是結(jié)合地理學(xué)進(jìn)行的設(shè)計(jì)，那么地理設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該是一種非常古老的設(shè)計(jì)方法，歷史上許多偉大的工程都可以稱作是地理設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)果，從秦直道到長(zhǎng)城、從臨安城到諸葛村、從窯洞到土樓、從靈隱寺到拉卜楞寺、從乾陵到十三陵、從都江堰到靈渠……這些軍事工程、城市、村莊、住宅、寺廟、陵墓、水利設(shè)施等都是依據(jù)地理?xiàng)l件而設(shè)計(jì)的，它們都滿足了特定的功能，改變了原來(lái)的地理形態(tài)，同時(shí)又與當(dāng)?shù)氐牡乩憝h(huán)境緊密地融合在一起。

由于技術(shù)手段的制約，歷史上的工程多是要最大限度地依據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀粭l件，利用當(dāng)?shù)氐牟牧希?jīng)歷幾十年甚至幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間，匯集以往各種建造的思想智慧和經(jīng)驗(yàn)成果，采用合理有效的途徑，通過(guò)一代代虔誠(chéng)工匠們的艱辛勞動(dòng)建造而成，期間隨時(shí)都有調(diào)整、糾錯(cuò)、改良和重建的機(jī)會(huì)，最終建成一項(xiàng)項(xiàng)完美的工程也就不足為奇了。

而今天，科學(xué)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展使得人們有更多的機(jī)會(huì)和能力，為了某種目的和需要，在極短的時(shí)間內(nèi)改造環(huán)境，改變地理形態(tài)。在工程實(shí)施期間，幾乎沒(méi)有任何試驗(yàn)的機(jī)會(huì)，也沒(méi)有重建返工的可能。如果決策有誤，對(duì)環(huán)境的傷害是巨大的，甚至是不可逆的。今天地球面臨的許多生態(tài)問(wèn)題以及大地景觀支離破碎的原因多是由于不合理的規(guī)劃和建設(shè)導(dǎo)致的，于是科學(xué)地決策，選擇最優(yōu)化的計(jì)劃，成為每項(xiàng)工程成功與否的難題。成功的設(shè)計(jì)和決策的關(guān)鍵在于了解和掌握這個(gè)地塊及其影響區(qū)域內(nèi)的所有相關(guān)地理信息，以此科學(xué)地分析和判斷地塊的環(huán)境是怎樣的，環(huán)境是如何演變的，存在哪些問(wèn)題，環(huán)境需要改變嗎，為了什么目的來(lái)改變，應(yīng)該怎樣改變，這種改變會(huì)產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響。

與古代的工程相比，現(xiàn)代的工程數(shù)量更多，規(guī)模更大，影響范圍更廣，更加綜合復(fù)雜，需要工種更多，設(shè)計(jì)和建造周期更短，所以幾乎沒(méi)有任何個(gè)人，任何單一的學(xué)科能夠了解和把握工程的所有方面，僅僅依靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)和直覺(jué)來(lái)完成上述的工作幾乎是不可能的，需要有更好的設(shè)計(jì)方法來(lái)協(xié)同不同的學(xué)科、利用信息技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代科技手段，完成科學(xué)、合理、最優(yōu)的規(guī)劃和決策，這就是地理設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生的背景，也是地理設(shè)計(jì)的目的。

地理設(shè)計(jì)是一種規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方法，這種方法建立在地理信息基礎(chǔ)之上，將地理分析與設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程結(jié)合，完成規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)并可模擬規(guī)劃實(shí)施后未來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生的影響，從而保證規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程和決策的科學(xué)和高效。地理設(shè)計(jì)是一種設(shè)計(jì)方法上的革新，它能更直接、更準(zhǔn)確、更有效地幫助設(shè)計(jì)師更好地理解和表達(dá)每個(gè)場(chǎng)所的復(fù)雜性，選擇最優(yōu)質(zhì)的計(jì)劃和決策。當(dāng)然我相信，無(wú)論科學(xué)和技術(shù)怎樣發(fā)展，地理設(shè)計(jì)也不能取代設(shè)計(jì)師的眼睛和頭腦，人類史上的偉大工程都是設(shè)計(jì)師用眼睛去觀察世界、用心靈與土地溝通的結(jié)果，那些設(shè)計(jì)師使用了千百年的思考和推敲設(shè)計(jì)的方法并不會(huì)隨著科技的發(fā)展而消失。

In the last few years， many research achievements concerning Geodesign have been published in professional periodicals of China， drawing the common attention in the planning and design industry. As a result，many planners start to apply Geodesign in their planning and design works.

Geodesign， as a new term， can be explained literally that it is a design method integrating with Geography. In this way， Geodesign could be considered as a design method with long history. Many of the great projects in history could be regarded as the results of Geodesign： the Strategic Road of Qin， the Great Wall， the Ancient Linan City， Zhuge Village， Cave Dwellings， Earthen Buildings，the Lingyin Temple， the Labrang Monastery， the Qianling Mausoleum， the Ming Tombs， the Dujiang Weir， the Lingqu Canal， and so on… Those works， ranging from military engineering， cities， villages， residences， temples，tombs to water conservancy facilities， were designed in accordance with the geographical conditions， fulfilling their specified functions， changing the original geography appearance and at the same time integrating tightly with local geographical environments.

Due to the limitation of technological means， most engineering in history had to depend on the local natural conditions and materials to. Decades and even centuries of preparation being made， generation of generation of craftsmen employed， past ideas， experiences and achievements referred， reasonable and valid methods applied， adjustments， corrections， improvements and reconstruction committed， and finally pieces of fine works were completed.

Today， the booming of science and technologies brings us more opportunities and makes us more capable of reforming the environment and geographic pattern in a extremely short time for certain purposes and needs. During the construction period， there are few trials or chances for reconstructions. Therefore， wrong decisions could be destructive and irreversible to environment. Many of the ecological problems and the fragmentation of earthscape we are facing today are caused by unreasonable planning and constructions. So scientific decision-making and optimized planning selection become vital to a successful engineering. The key to a successful design or decision lies on the understanding and mastering of the block and the relevant geographic information within its area of influence， and thereby analyzing and judging scientifically how the environment condition of the block is like， how does the environment change， what problems are there to be solved， is changing the environment necessary， to what end dose such change lead， how to make such change， and what influences will such change causes.

Compared with the ancient engineering， modern engineering is larger in quantity and scale and of wider impact area； it is more comprehensive and complicated；and it requires wider range of professions while its designing and constructing period is shorter. Therefore there is hardly any individual or single discipline being able to comprehend and master every aspect of a engineer. It is scarcely possible to finish any engineering mentioned above only by one’s experience or instinct. Better design methods are required to coordinate with various disciplines， and information technologies and modern science and techniques must be employed to develop a scientific， reasonable and optimal planning and decision. And that is the background of the origin of Geodesign， it is also the goal of Geodesign.

Geodesign is a planning and design method established on the basis of geographic information. It integrates the geography analysis with design process to finish planning and design， making it possible to simulate potential impacts when implemented， ensuring the scientificity and effectiveness of the planning and design and decision making process. Geodesign is also a revolution of design method. It helps designers to comprehend and express the complexity of every site more directly， more precisely and more effectively， and thereby select the optimal plan and decision. Surely， I believe that no matter how science and technology will be developing， Geodesign can not replace the eyes or brains of designers. It can be said that all great engineering in human history are the results of the designers’communication and interaction with the world and landscape through their eyes and minds. Those design methods of ancient designers， which have gone through centuries of reflection and deliberation will remain highly valued as science and technology develop through time.

March 18， 2015 WANG Xiang-rong

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