潘碧濤,潘希敏,胡美玉,江波*
大范圍主動脈夾層3.0T兩段式雙期三維對比增強(qiáng)MR血管成像技術(shù)與臨床價(jià)值
潘碧濤1,潘希敏2,胡美玉2,江波1*
作者單位:
1. 中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院放射診斷科,廣州 510080
2. 中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院東院放射科,廣州 510700
目的 探討大范圍主動脈夾層 (AD) 3.0T兩段式雙期 3D CEMRA的掃描技術(shù)特點(diǎn)與診斷意義。材料與方法 14例大范圍AD患者行循環(huán)時間 (TT)測試和3D FLASH-turbo MRA序列3D CEMRA連續(xù)2期掃描。比較真、假腔在TT、峰值信號(SPE)和3D CEMRA信號方面的差異;觀測AD雙腔的雙期顯影、內(nèi)膜破口及腹主動脈分支與雙腔的關(guān)系,結(jié)果與主動脈DSA對照。結(jié)果 AD真、假腔TT分別為(13.4±4.8) s、(17.5±4.7) s (P<0.01);峰值信號分別為108.7±28.4、83.5±39.3 (P<0.05)。真、假腔雙期3D CEMRA信號分別為第一期:391.4±83.7、142.9±77.2 (P<0.01);第二期:225.0±66.1、231.6±80.0 (P>0.50)。雙期3D CEMRA上AD雙腔呈特征性動態(tài)顯現(xiàn):第一期,真腔全程顯影,假腔節(jié)段性顯影;第二期,真腔信號減退,假腔全程顯影。檢出內(nèi)膜破口23個,數(shù)量、位置與DSA一致;8個呈血流噴射征。5條左腎動脈、3條右腎動脈和1條腹腔動脈干開口于假腔。結(jié)論 基于AD雙腔血流動力學(xué)差異的TT測試和雙期掃描,是大范圍AD 3.0T兩段式雙期3D CEMRA的技術(shù)要點(diǎn),該方法可滿足大范圍AD的診斷要求。
主脈瘤;磁共振血管造影術(shù);動態(tài)
大范圍主動脈夾層(aortic dissection,AD)是指夾層累及降主動脈全段和(或)升主動脈,其特點(diǎn)是縱向病變廣,包括DebakeyⅠ型和ⅢB型。三維增強(qiáng)MR主動脈造影(3D CEMRA)在AD的診斷中起著重要作用[1-3],在自動移床技術(shù)出現(xiàn)以前,對于大范圍AD一般采用胸、腹兩段分別獨(dú)立成像,耗時又加大患者的不適性,同時圖像缺乏整體感與連續(xù)性。應(yīng)用兩段式掃描獲取連續(xù)完整資料的3D CEMRA,評價(jià)大范圍AD的可行性與有效性如何,少見報(bào)道。
筆者通過對大范圍AD患者兩段式雙期3D CEMRA資料分析,以DSA做對照,探討其掃描技術(shù)要點(diǎn),并評價(jià)其辨識AD真、假腔和內(nèi)膜破口及重要分支動脈受累情況的作用。
1.1病例資料
2008年12月至2014年12月間本院符合大范圍AD 的19例中,選取行血管內(nèi)支架置放術(shù)治療的14例。男9例,女5例,年齡39~70歲,平均51歲。均因發(fā)作性胸痛就診,MRI檢查后1~3 d手術(shù)。
1.2mRI掃描方案
3.0T超導(dǎo)MR成像系統(tǒng)(Siemens MagnetomTrio),梯度場強(qiáng)40 mT/m,切換速率200T/m/s;16通道體部矩陣線圈;自動高壓注射器(Spectris MR Injector,MedRad),注射流率2 ml/s;對比劑釓噴替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA),建立肘靜脈通道,每次Gd-DTPA注射后接10 ml生理鹽水沖管。3D CEMRA的 Gd-DTPA劑量0.2 mmol/kg體重,注射時間為TI。
常規(guī)MRI行主動脈全程軸面半傅里葉單次激發(fā)快速自旋回波序列(HASTE) (TR 1800 ms,TE 95 ms)掃描,及真穩(wěn)態(tài)快速激發(fā)序列(TrueFISP) (TR3.78 ms,TE1.89 ms)軸面位及冠狀、矢狀面掃描,層厚6 mm,層間距0.6 mm. 選取雙腔征顯示最佳軸面層面作循環(huán)時間(transitTime,TT)測試。
3D CEMRA先做TT測試:注射1 ml Gd-DTPA后行選定層面的超快速小角度激發(fā) (turbo-FLASH)序列(TR 65.8 ms,TE 2.04 ms) 動態(tài)掃描,層厚1 cm,1 s/次,共40次,測取AD真腔、假腔的TT和峰值信號(signal intensity of peak enhancement,SPE)。3D CEMRA應(yīng)用3D FLASH-turbo MRA (TR 2.62 ms,TE 0.98 ms),反轉(zhuǎn)角18°,層厚1 mm,矩陣384×288,F(xiàn)OV 400 mm×320 mm,掃描塊厚度72~88 mm,掃描時間 (time of aquisition,TA) 10~12 s。 3D CEMRA行上、下掃描塊屏氣成像,4 s完成上、下切換,F(xiàn)OV中間重疊100 mm,上界至主動脈弓三大動脈起始段,下緣包雙側(cè)髂外動脈近端。3D CEMRA平掃一次作減影背景,參照之前的研究結(jié)果[4],于注射Gd-DTPA后延遲(真腔TT+1/2TI-1/2TA+2) s觸發(fā)掃描,連續(xù)2次。經(jīng)圖像上、下合并及減影處理,以15°間隔產(chǎn)生軸面360°范圍的最大信號強(qiáng)度投影(MIP)和多平面重建(MPR)血管圖。
1.3圖像分析
(1)觀測雙期3D CEMRA的MIP 與MPR圖,了解真、假腔的雙期顯影情況及其形態(tài)、走行和位置,明確內(nèi)膜撕裂入口;確定腹主動脈重要分支與真、假腔的關(guān)系;結(jié)果與主動脈DSA對照;(2)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理:采用SPSS 13.0版本統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,計(jì)量資料以±s表示。AD真、假腔的TT、SPE差異比較及3D CEMRA雙期相真、假腔的信號比較,作配對t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1常規(guī)MRI表現(xiàn)
14例均顯示全段降主動脈雙腔改變,隔以條狀或圓弧形低信號內(nèi)膜影。雙腔大小不一,HASTE上呈不同程度的信號流空,TrueFISP上呈混雜高信號(圖1)。4例升主動脈呈雙腔改變。14例中,Debakey I型4例,Debakey ⅢB型10例。
表1 14例AD雙腔TT與SPE 比較(± s)Tab.1 Comparison ofTT and SPE betweenTwo lumens in 14 cases of AD (± s)
表1 14例AD雙腔TT與SPE 比較(± s)Tab.1 Comparison ofTT and SPE betweenTwo lumens in 14 cases of AD (± s)
Note:TT, SPE betweenTrue lumen and false lumen differed statistically significantly, respectively, (t=10.96, P<0.01), (t=2.63, P<0.05).
Lumens TT (s) SPETrue lumen 13.4±4.8 108.7±28.4 False lumen 17.5±4.7 83.5±39.3 Difference 4.1±1.4 25.2±35.8
2.2TT測試
雙腔TT與SPE比較見表1(圖2)。
2.33D CEMRA表現(xiàn)
(1)雙腔動態(tài)顯現(xiàn)。第一期,真腔全程顯影,呈飄帶狀自上而下螺旋行進(jìn),假腔節(jié)段性顯影。第二期,真腔信號減退,假腔充盈形成完整旁路血流,自左鎖骨下動脈起始段遠(yuǎn)側(cè)下行至腹主動脈末或髂總動脈(圖3)。DSA上14例均呈大范圍真、假雙腔改變。(2)內(nèi)膜破口。14例共發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)膜破口23個,其中左鎖骨下動脈開口遠(yuǎn)側(cè)(15~50 mm范圍) 14個、膈上降主動脈5個及腹主動脈4個。雙破口9例,單破口5例。3D CEMRA和DSA發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)膜破口的位置與數(shù)目一致。8個呈血流噴射征,表現(xiàn)為第一期MIP圖上自真腔突向假腔的噴射狀高信號影,類似于DSA所見(圖4)。另15個呈內(nèi)膜缺損征,多方位MPR上呈內(nèi)膜局部中斷、缺失,兩側(cè)殘存內(nèi)膜輕微拱形突向假腔,寬度5~13 mm(圖5)。(3)腹主動脈主要分支受累情況。14例中,8例5條左腎動脈、3條右腎動脈和1條腹腔動脈干、1條腸系膜上動脈開口于假腔,其余47條均開口于真腔,為DSA證實(shí)(圖6)。
圖1 Debakey I型AD,升主動脈和降主動脈雙腔改變。A:軸面HASTE,升主動脈壁間血腫為高信號(白箭),降主動脈真腔呈流空信號(灰箭)、假腔為混雜信號(白箭頭);B:軸面TrueFISP,升主動脈真腔高信號、壁間血腫信號稍低(白箭),降主動脈真腔 (灰箭)、假腔 (白箭頭)呈混雜高信號 圖2 圖1病例TT測試。A,B:升主動脈真腔呈銳峰,壁間血腫呈水平線;C,D:ADTT測試,降主動脈真腔呈銳峰,假腔呈矮峰Fig. 1 Bi-luminal appearance of both ascending and descending aorta in AD of DebakeyType I. A: Axial HASTE image revealsThe hyperintense intramural hematoma of ascending aorta (white arrow), signal voiding inTrue lumen (gray arrow) and heterogeneous signal in false lumen (white arrowhead) in descending aorta. B: AxialTrueFISP image demonstrateThe hyperintenseTrue lumen and hypointense intra-mural hematoma (white arrow) in ascending aorta, and heterogeneously hyperintenseTrue lumen (gray arrow) and false lumen (white arrowhead) in descending aorta. Fig. 2TTTest ofThe patient in Fig.1. A, B: A peak is noted inTrue lumen and a horizon in intra-mural hematoma of ascending aorta. C, D: A sharp peak is noted inTrue lumen and a lower and fatted one in false lumen of descending aorta.
2.4AD真、假腔3D CEMRA信號比較
具體見表2。
表2 14例AD真、假腔的雙期3D CEMRA 信號比較Tab. 2 Comparison of luminal intensity betweenTwo lumens in 2 phases of double-phase 3D CEMRA in 14 cases of AD
圖3 Debakey ⅢB型 AD雙腔雙期3D CEMRA動態(tài)顯現(xiàn). A:第一期MIP圖,降主動脈真腔顯影(白箭)、假腔無顯影,腹主動脈(白箭頭)假腔顯影;B:第二期MIP圖,降主動脈假腔顯影(白箭) 圖4 血流噴射征。A:第一期MIP圖,示細(xì)小真腔及左鎖骨下動脈遠(yuǎn)側(cè)血流自真腔射向假腔(白箭);B:DSA證實(shí)圖A所見(白箭) 圖5 MPR顯示內(nèi)膜破口。A:冠狀MPR示降主動脈近端(白箭)及腹主動脈(黑箭)內(nèi)膜破口;B,C:DSA證實(shí)A圖所見 圖6 重要動脈開口MPR圖。A:右腎動脈源于假腔(白箭),左腎動脈源于真腔(灰箭);B:腹腔干及腸系膜上動脈源于真腔(白箭)Fig. 3 Dynamic visualization of both lumens on double-phase 3D CEMRA of DebakeyType ⅢB AD. A: Visualization of bothTrue lumen in descending aorta (white arrow) and false lumen in abdominal aorta (white arrowhead) is displayed onThe frst-phase MIP image, and no visualization of false lumen observed in descending aorta. B: Visualization of false lumen (white arrow) in descending aorta is displayed onThe second-phase MIP image. Fig. 4 Jet sign of intimal entranceTear. A:The narrowness ofTrue lumen and jet fow (white arrow) are displayed onThe frst-phase MIP image distalToThe origin of left subclavian artery with minimal visualization of false lumen. B:The fndings on image A are verifed byThe DSA image(white arrow). Fig. 5 MPR image detecting intimal entranceTears. A: Intimal entranceTears are demonstrated at proximal descending aorta (white arrow) and abdominal aorta (black arrow) on coronal MPR image. B, C:The fndings on Fig. A are verifed byThe DSA images(black arrow). Fig. 6 MPR images demonstrating origin of vital arteries. A:The right renal artery originates from false lumen (white arrow),The left one fromTrue lumen (gray arrow). B:The celiacTrunk and superior mesenteric artery arise fromTrue lumen (white arrow).
AD的病理基礎(chǔ)是中膜變性導(dǎo)致動脈壁各層間的粘合力下降引發(fā)內(nèi)膜撕裂。根據(jù)有無破口,分為經(jīng)典型和非經(jīng)典型。前者血流通過內(nèi)膜破口沖入動脈壁,將中膜縱行撕裂、傳播經(jīng)內(nèi)膜再破口流出,形成真、假雙腔血流[5]。后者系主動脈壁間血腫,是AD的特殊形式[6]。3D CEMRA已廣泛應(yīng)用于 AD診斷。DSA一直被視為診斷AD的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),診斷依據(jù)包括雙腔主動脈、內(nèi)膜片影和內(nèi)膜破口等[7]。血管內(nèi)支架置放術(shù)是當(dāng)今Debakey Ⅲ型AD治療主要方法之一,通過封堵內(nèi)膜破口,消除假腔以糾正雙腔血流[8]。筆者采用兩段式雙期3DCEMRA技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)了對大范圍AD雙腔形態(tài)、內(nèi)膜破口及主要分支動脈與雙腔關(guān)系的全貌、連續(xù)觀察,整體反映AD真、假腔的血流動力學(xué)特點(diǎn),為指導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)支架治療提供了重要信息。
精確的掃描延遲時間,是保證大范圍AD兩段式雙期3D CEMRA掃描成功的技術(shù)關(guān)鍵之一。確定對比劑到達(dá)興趣區(qū)的常用途徑有3種,包括小劑量團(tuán)注、預(yù)設(shè)閾值監(jiān)測、MR透視[1,9]。相比而言,前者操作較復(fù)雜,后兩者較簡便。本文小劑量團(tuán)注測試,參照了對比劑劑量與掃描延遲時間關(guān)系的研究結(jié)果[4],良好的3 D CEMRA圖像說明這一方法適用于大范圍AD的診斷。本組資料顯示,AD真腔細(xì)小且呈螺旋走形,結(jié)合小劑量團(tuán)注測試和常規(guī)MRI表現(xiàn),可以預(yù)判AD真、假腔形態(tài)特點(diǎn),這一方面是預(yù)設(shè)閾值監(jiān)測、MR透視難以做到的。因此,對于大范圍AD的TT測試,小劑量團(tuán)注法是最理想的。選定合適的TT測試層面,是TT測試的重要一環(huán)。峰值的出現(xiàn)與否及其形態(tài)特征,是判斷假腔性質(zhì)及辨識真假腔的重要依據(jù)。
時間分辨率、雙腔血流動力學(xué)差異是決定3D CEMRA AD雙腔辨識力的重要因素[1-2,10]。低時間分辨率3D CEMRA (>30 s)上,AD真、假腔的對比劑濃度接近導(dǎo)致雙腔信號強(qiáng)度相當(dāng),表現(xiàn)為雙腔同步顯影而不易甄別[1]。近年出現(xiàn)的時間分辨性(Time-resolved,TM) 3D CEMRA,具有亞秒級的時間分辨率,能實(shí)時觀測AD真、假腔對比劑的動態(tài)充盈過程,接近DSA效果[2]。本組結(jié)果顯示,對比劑到達(dá)AD胸段真腔的峰值時間較假腔早4 s,基于真腔峰值時間觸發(fā)的3D CEMRA掃描,以10~12 s的時間分辨率,在k空間充填中避免或減輕假腔信號對真腔的干擾,實(shí)現(xiàn)真腔期成像。本研究盡管未做AD腹段TT測試,筆者推測由于真腔窄小,對比劑首次通過腹主動脈的持續(xù)時間要比正常延長,掃描切換后,腹段真腔內(nèi)仍為首過的對比劑充盈,可獲得高對比度的真腔期圖。第一期3D CEMRA上AD真假腔顯著的信號對比,也支持這一觀點(diǎn)。另一方面, 3D CEMRA第一期上部分顯影的AD假腔,至第二期完全充盈,顯現(xiàn)完整假腔形態(tài)??梢姡珹D雙腔血流動力學(xué)差異,正是真腔期成像的基礎(chǔ),同時也決定了采用雙期掃描的必要性。
掃描中需注意保持身體制動,雙側(cè)手臂放頭頂,縮小FOV以縮短掃描時間。上、下掃描塊需無縫重疊,重疊段不少于50 mm. 移床時呼吸換氣,掃描中保持在吸氣末狀態(tài),以盡可能消除兩段位置的變化。關(guān)于對比劑注射速率,之前在1.5T的3D CEMRA中,通常采用3 ml/s[3-4],筆者從3.0T上降至2 ml/s也取得了滿意的效果,這是基于一方面3.0T的高信噪比,另一方面保持對比劑首過真腔較長的持續(xù)時間。
雙期3D CEMRA 展示了AD真、假腔的動態(tài)顯現(xiàn)特征,分辨了真腔與假腔,明確了內(nèi)膜破口位置、大小及腹主動脈重要分支的受累情況。診斷方面MIP和MPR各有優(yōu)勢。第一期MIP圖,直觀反映AD真腔、血流噴射征和發(fā)自真腔的動脈。觀察假腔,需綜合二期圖像。假腔因容量大,充盈較真腔晚;尤其是在MIP圖上,輕微的顯影不易顯示而被遺漏。檢測血流噴射征之外的內(nèi)膜破口及明確假腔與動脈關(guān)系,則需借助多方位的MPR。
本組結(jié)果說明,3.0T上采用兩段式雙期3D CEMRA方法診斷大范圍AD是完全可行的。病例樣本數(shù)較小,為本研究不足。同時,未能實(shí)現(xiàn)AD全段純真腔顯像與純假腔顯像,有待今后深入探討。3D FLASH-turbo MRA圖像空間分辨率高,宜于觀察細(xì)節(jié),但時間分辨率仍超過10 s;TM 3D CEMRA時間分辨率高,但是空間分辨率不足為其缺陷[2,4,11]。提高掃描時間分辨率并與最佳掃描時間匹配,是大范圍AD MRI診斷研究的一個方向。
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Double-phaseThree-dimensional double-phase contrast -enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of long-range aortic dissection:Technique and clinical value ofTwo-stop scan on 3.0T
PAN Bi-tao1, PAN Xi-min2, HU Mei-yu2, JIANG Bo1*
1Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityThe First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China
2Department of Radiology of East Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityThe First Affliated Hospital, Guangzhou 510700, China
*CorrespondenceTo: Jiang B, E-mail: csujbo@163.com
7 Sep 2015, Accepted 10 Oct 2015
Objective:To evaluateThe operating feature and diagnostic usefulness ofTwo-stop double-phase 3D CEMRA of long-range aortic dissection (AD) on 3.0T. Materials and Methods:TheTransitTime (TT)Test and 3D FLASH-turbo MRA-sequence 3D CEMRA of 2 consecutive phases were prospectively performed in 14 patients with long-range AD.The differences betweenTrue and false lumens were compared inThe aspects ofTT, signal intensity of peak enhancement (SPE), and intensities on 3D CEMRA. MIP and MPR images of double-phase 3D CEMRA were employedTo observeThe dynamic visualization ofTrue and false lumens, andTo assess intimal entranceTear and relationship between abdominal aortic branch and lumens of AD.The findings in double-phase 3D CEMRA were correlated withThose found in DSA. Results:TheTT ofTrue and false lumens was (13.4±4.8) s, (17.5±4.7) s, respectively, differing significantly (P<0.01).The SPE ofTrue and false lumens was 108.7±28.4, 83.5±39.3, respectively, which differed significantly (P<0.05).The intensity ofTrue and false lumens on double-phase 3D CEMRA was 391.4±83.7, 142.9±77.2, respectively, and different signifcantly (P<0.01) in 1st phase; 225.0±66.1, 231.6±80.0, respectively, with no difference (P>0.50) in 2nd phase. Dynamic visualization ofTrue and false lumens of AD was displayed on double-phase 3D CEMRA:The whole-length visualization was noted inTrue lumen while segmentedvisualization in false lumen in 1st phase, signal subsidence was revealed onTrue lumen and whole-length visualization on false lumen in 2nd phase.Twenty-three intimal entranceTears were detected in double-phase 3D CEMRA 14 of which located closely distalTo orifce of left subclavian artery, 5 at supra-phrenic descending aorta, and 4 at abdominal aorta. Jet sign was demonstrated in 8Tears.The number and location ofTears detected on double-phase 3D CEMRA coincided completely withThose on aortic DSA. Five left renal arteries, 3 right renal arteries and 1 celiacTrunk were noted originating from false lumen. Conclusions:Two-stop double-phase 3D CEMRA could be used in diagnosing long-range AD on 3T, andTheTechnical essentials of which compriseTTTest and double-phase scan based on hemodynamic difference between both lumens of AD.
Aortic aneurysm; Magnetic resonance angiography;Tendencies
江波,E-mail:csujbo@163.com
R445.2;R543.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1674-8034.2015.11.004
投稿日期:2015-09-07接受日期:2015-10-10
潘碧濤, 潘希敏, 胡美玉, 等. 大范圍主動脈夾層3.0T兩段式雙期三維對比增強(qiáng)MR血管成像技術(shù)與臨床價(jià)值. 磁共振成像, 2015, 6(11): 818-823.