宣丹旦薛愉 鄒和建*(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬華山醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕科 上海 200040)
痛風(fēng)和高尿酸血癥患者的飲食控制*
宣丹旦**薛愉 鄒和建***
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬華山醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕科 上海 200040)
隨著生活水平提高,痛風(fēng)和高尿酸血癥的患病率也日益升高。飲食與痛風(fēng)和高尿酸血癥的關(guān)系密切,是痛風(fēng)和高尿酸血癥患者管理必不可少的部分。本文介紹痛風(fēng)和高尿酸血癥患者的飲食控制。
痛風(fēng) 高尿酸血癥 飲食
痛風(fēng)為尿酸鹽沉積性炎性疾病,其發(fā)病的根本原因是高尿酸血癥。尿酸是嘌呤代謝的最終產(chǎn)物,故既往認(rèn)為高嘌呤食物的攝入與高尿酸血癥及痛風(fēng)密切相關(guān)。但新近的一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),并不只有高嘌呤食物會(huì)引起痛風(fēng)。那么,究竟哪些食物屬于高嘌呤食物?高嘌呤食物都會(huì)引起痛風(fēng)嗎?除了高嘌呤食物之外,還有哪些食物是痛風(fēng)及高尿酸血癥患者需要避免食用的呢?又有哪些食物適合痛風(fēng)患者食用呢?本文將回答這些問(wèn)題。
1.1 高嘌呤食物
常見(jiàn)的高嘌呤食物有海鮮、肉湯、動(dòng)物內(nèi)臟和大豆等。Choi等[1]對(duì)47 150名無(wú)痛風(fēng)史的40歲以上男性隨訪12年,發(fā)現(xiàn)新發(fā)痛風(fēng)病例730例,發(fā)病年齡的高峰在55 ~ 69歲間。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),攝入大量的肉和海鮮會(huì)使血尿酸水平升高:攝入肉量最多組與最少組相比,相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(relative risk, RR)為1.41(95% CI: 1.07 ~ 1.86);攝入海鮮量最多組與最少組相比,RR為1.51(95% CI: 1.17 ~ 1.95)。
高嘌呤食物的攝入不僅與血尿酸水平升高相關(guān),而且研究證實(shí)還與反復(fù)的痛風(fēng)發(fā)作相關(guān)。有研究對(duì)633例患者進(jìn)行回顧分析,統(tǒng)計(jì)、分析痛風(fēng)發(fā)作與嘌呤攝入量間的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)嘌呤攝入量最高組與最低組相比,比值比(odds ratio, OR)為4.76[2]。
作為高嘌呤食物的代表,豆制品既往也在痛風(fēng)患者的禁食名單中。但一項(xiàng)日本的研究表明,豆腐對(duì)血尿酸水平的影響并不大[3],認(rèn)為可能是大豆中所含的嘌呤大部分在加工過(guò)程中被除去了。最新研究顯示,豆制品的攝入總量與高尿酸血癥的患病率間呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系[4-5],原因可能是豆類富含的嘌呤雖可導(dǎo)致血尿酸水平升高,但其也含有促尿酸排泄物質(zhì),且后者的作用更顯著。
那么,含高嘌呤的大豆會(huì)不會(huì)引起痛風(fēng)呢?一項(xiàng)對(duì)2 076人進(jìn)行的回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),含高嘌呤蔬菜的攝入與血尿酸水平升高的關(guān)系不大[6]。Choi等[1]的前瞻性研究也證實(shí),高嘌呤食物(如大豆)與痛風(fēng)的關(guān)系不大。目前尚無(wú)足夠的證據(jù)證實(shí)大豆或豆制品與痛風(fēng)發(fā)病相關(guān)[5]。但為什么含高嘌呤的肉或海鮮會(huì)誘發(fā)痛風(fēng)發(fā)生呢?現(xiàn)在研究認(rèn)為,這主要與動(dòng)物肉中含有游離脂肪酸有關(guān)。體外試驗(yàn)顯示,游離脂肪酸可與尿酸鹽晶體組織相互作用而產(chǎn)生白介素-1β,最終導(dǎo)致痛風(fēng)性關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生[7]。
1.2 酒精類飲料
除高嘌呤食物外,酒精類飲料與痛風(fēng)及高尿酸血癥的關(guān)系目前也日益得到重視。有橫斷面研究(crosssectional study)提示,啤酒攝入與高尿酸血癥相關(guān)[8]。一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)達(dá)12年的隨訪研究也提示,痛風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與酒的種類相關(guān):啤酒引起痛風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高(12 oz/d的RR為1.49, 95% CI: 1.32 ~ 1.70),烈性酒也與痛風(fēng)相關(guān)(RR為1.15, 95% CI: 1.04 ~ 1.28),但葡萄酒與痛風(fēng)的關(guān)系不明確(RR為1.04, 95% CI: 0.88 ~ 1.22)[9]。最近完成的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析顯示,酒精攝入與痛風(fēng)相關(guān),而且飲酒量越大、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高:與不飲酒或偶爾飲酒相比,少量(≤1份/d)、中量(>1份/d、但<3份/d)和大量飲酒(≥3份/d)的RR分別為1.16(95 % CI: 1.07 ~ 1.25)、1.58(95 % CI: 1.50 ~ 1.66)和2.64(95 % CI: 2.26 ~ 3.09)[10]。有研究甚至認(rèn)為,酒精是導(dǎo)致痛風(fēng)的最主要原因[11]。
1.3 含糖飲料
既往人們對(duì)含糖軟飲料的印象僅在于其可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致肥胖或骨質(zhì)疏松。有學(xué)者對(duì)9 400人進(jìn)行回顧性研究后發(fā)現(xiàn),含糖軟飲料的攝入還可提高高尿酸血癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12]。這一點(diǎn)也在一項(xiàng)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究中得到了證實(shí)。一項(xiàng)對(duì)46 393人進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)達(dá)12年的隨訪研究表明,與每月攝入<1份含糖軟飲料者相比,每周攝入5 ~ 6份、每天攝入1份和每天攝入≥2份含糖軟飲料的人發(fā)生痛風(fēng)的RR分別為1.29(95% CI: 1.00 ~ 1.68)、1.45(95% CI: 1.02 ~ 2.08)和1.84(95% CI: 1.08 ~ 3.16),但因單純軟飲料的攝入與痛風(fēng)發(fā)作無(wú)關(guān)(P=0.99),故考慮果糖與痛風(fēng)相關(guān)[13]。果糖可加速嘌呤核苷酸降解和嘌呤合成,從而使血尿酸水平升高[14]。Livesey[15]的研究證實(shí),果糖攝入量與血尿酸水平相關(guān),果糖攝入量<100 g/d時(shí)與空腹血尿酸水平無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性,但果糖攝入量>200 g/d時(shí)則能使空腹血尿酸水平升高6% ~ 24%。
2.1 蔬菜和水果
橫斷面研究提示,蔬菜和水果食用量多的人的血尿酸水平較低(P=0.030)[16]。但前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),果汁攝入與痛風(fēng)發(fā)作呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系[13]。因?yàn)楣缓牵ㄈ缣O果汁和橘子汁),所以過(guò)量飲用果汁同樣會(huì)提高痛風(fēng)發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一項(xiàng)對(duì)663例痛風(fēng)患者進(jìn)行的病例對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),食用櫻桃可以降低痛風(fēng)發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR為0.65, 95% CI: 0.50 ~ 0.85),食用櫻桃制品也有類似作用(OR為0.55, 95% CI: 0.30 ~ 0.98)[17],提示櫻桃可能有益于痛風(fēng)患者。
2.2 咖啡
一項(xiàng)對(duì)89 433名女性進(jìn)行的26年隨訪研究表明,飲用咖啡(>237 ml/d)可以降低痛風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR為0.75, 95% CI: 0.64 ~ 0.95),推測(cè)可能是咖啡因通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性地抑制黃嘌呤氧化酶而最終降低尿酸生成的[18]。咖啡能降低尿酸生成也在多項(xiàng)其他研究[19-21]中得到了證實(shí)。此外,中國(guó)人有飲茶習(xí)慣,目前研究顯示茶與血尿酸水平無(wú)相關(guān)性,但該結(jié)論仍需更多的研究來(lái)證實(shí)[21]。
2.3 奶制品
Choi等[1]進(jìn)行的前瞻性研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),奶制品食用量高的人的痛風(fēng)發(fā)病率低,與食用量低者相比,RR為0.56(95% CI: 0.42 ~ 0.74)。但全脂奶因脂肪含量較高,可能會(huì)提高痛風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),故建議痛風(fēng)患者多飲用低脂奶。一項(xiàng)為期3個(gè)月的干預(yù)研究提示,富含巨糖肽和G600奶脂提取物的脫脂奶粉可降低痛風(fēng)患者的復(fù)發(fā)率[22]。另有研究表明,脫脂或低脂牛奶和酸奶也會(huì)降低痛風(fēng)的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但全脂奶制品沒(méi)有此益處[6]。
2.4 維生素C
一項(xiàng)隨訪20年的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),口服維生素C可以降低痛風(fēng)的發(fā)生率,并與劑量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系(P<0.001)[23]。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析也提示,平均口服維生素C 500 mg/d可降低血尿酸水平0.35 mg/dl(95% CI: -0.66 ~ -0.03, P=0.032)[24]。
結(jié)合目前的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),2012年美國(guó)風(fēng)濕病學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)在其發(fā)布的痛風(fēng)管理指南中提出了對(duì)痛風(fēng)患者的飲食推薦(表1)[25]。
表1 2012年美國(guó)風(fēng)濕病學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)提出的痛風(fēng)患者飲食推薦
飲食控制對(duì)痛風(fēng)或高尿酸血癥患者很重要,建議痛風(fēng)患者應(yīng)避免進(jìn)食動(dòng)物內(nèi)臟、含糖飲料和酒,限制肉、海鮮和甜點(diǎn)的攝入,鼓勵(lì)多食蔬菜、櫻桃和低脂或脫脂奶,可適量飲用咖啡。痛風(fēng)患者還應(yīng)注意控制體重,保持健康的生活方式,多飲水,保持>2 000 ml/d的尿量。
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The role of diet in gout and hyperuricemia*
XUAN Dandan**, XUE Yu, ZOU Hejian***
(Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China)
With the continuous improvement of living standards, the prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia has been increasing these years. Diet is closely related to gout and hyperuricemia. Diet management is an essential part in the management of gout and hyperuricemia. The relationship of diet with gout and hyperuricemia is reviewed in this article.
gout; hyperuricemia; diet
R459.3; R589.7
A
1006-1533(2015)11-0003-03
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):81302573);上海市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)基礎(chǔ)研究重大項(xiàng)目(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):11DJ1400100);上海市衛(wèi)生局課題“痛風(fēng)和高尿酸血癥的發(fā)生機(jī)制研究與干預(yù)策略”
**
宣丹旦,主治醫(yī)師。研究方向:痛風(fēng)性關(guān)節(jié)炎。E-mail: xuandandan@fudan.edu.cn
***
鄒和建,主任醫(yī)師、教授。研究方向:風(fēng)濕病及自身免疫性疾病。E-mail: hjzou@fudan.edu.cn
2014-01-07)