徐軍

【摘要】語態(tài)是英語語法的基礎(chǔ)，如何做好主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)之間的互換，怎樣在語篇之中準確辨認其形式和意義，對于提高學(xué)生的語篇理解能力，具有非常重要的作用，而“特殊值”思想可以幫助我們解決語態(tài)互換中的難點問題。

【關(guān)鍵詞】語態(tài)互換 “特殊值”思想 取值 變序 變態(tài) 還原

語態(tài)是英語語法的基礎(chǔ)，它表示的是主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。它是語法學(xué)習(xí)的重點和難點，也是這幾年職教高考的熱點。在語篇運用中，運用不同的語態(tài)表現(xiàn)形式能使語言表達更加的委婉和生動。作為一種重要的命題思路，語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換因它的多變性和隱蔽性而為命題人所青睞。主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)之間的一般性轉(zhuǎn)換只需能夠明確句子的各個成分便可輕松完成，但是，以特殊疑問句形式出現(xiàn)的語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換，卻為學(xué)生頭疼，往往力不從心。如何做好這種互換，如何在語篇之中準確辨認其形式和意義，對于提高學(xué)生的語篇理解能力，具有非常重要的現(xiàn)實意義。

在教學(xué)中，我利用數(shù)學(xué)解題中所運用的“特殊值法”的解題思路（即通過題設(shè)中某個未知量為特殊值，從而通過簡單的運算得出最終答案的一種方法。），探求出了“取值→變序→變態(tài)→還原”的訓(xùn)練方法，將學(xué)生不熟悉的特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)換為陳述句，降低了難度，很受學(xué)生歡迎，取得了預(yù)期的教學(xué)效果。

一、將主動語態(tài)的特殊疑問句變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)

例1：What are they going to put up on the gate？

取值：擬用some pictures 取代What

變序：（將一個特殊疑問詞用一個名次短語替代，需將疑問語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序）

They are going to put up some pictures on the gate.

變態(tài)：（將常見的陳述句變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)）

Some pictures are going to be put up on the gate.

還原：（將原來所取的“特殊值”還原為原來的特殊疑問詞，變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡柧涞谋粍诱Z態(tài)。）

What are going to be put up on the gate？ （此句即為要求變成的被動句）

例2：What will they do to stop the rain from hitting the earth directly？

取值：擬用plant trees 取代What

變序：They will plant trees to stop the rain from hitting the earth directly.

變態(tài)：Trees will be planted to stop the rain from hitting the earth directly.

還原：What will be done to stop the rain from hitting the earth directly？

二、將被動語態(tài)的特殊疑問句變?yōu)橹鲃诱Z態(tài)

例1：How often is the class meeting held？

取值：擬用once a week 取代How often

變序：The class meeting is held once a week.

變態(tài)：They hold the class meeting once a week.

還原：How often do they hold the class meeting？

例2：Where was a new school for the disabled built last year？

取值：擬用in my hometown 取代Where

變序：A new school for the disabled was built in my hometown last year.

變態(tài)：They built a new school for the disabled in my hometown last year.

還原：Where did they build a new school for the disabled last year？

三、兩點需要注意的方面

1.當疑問代詞做主語時，改為被動語態(tài)時要用“by+特殊疑問句” 結(jié)構(gòu)。

例：Who has made the plan to turn the city into a great one？

取值：擬用the old man 取代Who

變序：The old man has made the plan to turn the city into a great one.

變態(tài)：The plan has been made to turn the city into a great one by the old man.

還原：By whom has the plan been made to turn the city into a great one ？

或者 Who has the plan been made to turn the city into a great one by？

2.當疑問代詞做賓語時，改為被動語態(tài)時要用疑問代詞做主語。

例：What have you done to improve the quality？

What has been done by you to improve the quality？

四、小試牛刀

1.What did she do on the playground yesterday afternoon？

（What was done by her on the playground yesterday afternoon？）

2.Why has he put off the sports meeting？

（Why has the sports meeting been put off？）

3.When was the football team set up？

（When did they set up the football team？）

4.When will the new programme be started？

（ When shall we start the new programme？）

新課程要求在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運用意識的同時，還要學(xué)會科學(xué)的思考問題，這種“特殊值”思想的正向遷移，開闊了學(xué)生的視野，增加了學(xué)習(xí)的趣味，幫助學(xué)生把握了問題的實質(zhì)特征，也幫助學(xué)生快速地找到了問題解決的途徑。