孫培香
邏輯關系
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語與過去分詞作狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于:兩者與所修飾的主句的主語的邏輯關系。
1. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與句子主語之間構成邏輯上的主動關系。
He went out, shutting the door behind him.
他出去后將門隨手關上。(伴隨狀語)
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何是好,他去找父母幫忙。(原因狀語)
2. 過去分詞作狀語時,過去分詞所表示的動作與句子主語之間構成邏輯上的被動關系。
Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better.
如果多鼓勵這個孩子,他本來會表現(xiàn)得更好。(條件狀語)
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困難時,我們必須設法克服它們。(時間狀語)
例1 from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A. Seen B. Seeing
C. Having seen D. To see
解析 A。the south foot of the mountain與see 之間是被動關系。
例2 around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
A. Having shown B. To be shown
C. Having been shown D. To show
解析 C。已經被帶著參觀了水立方,隨后我們被帶去參觀了為2008年奧運會修建的鳥巢。這里用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示參觀水立方在參觀鳥巢之前,且我們是“被”帶著參觀水立方,所以還應該用被動語態(tài)。
時間概念
過去分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,或表示“一種狀態(tài)”,與謂語動作同時發(fā)生或存在。
現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式(doing)表示的動作與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生或說話時正在進行;現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having done)表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的一個“主動”動作;
另外,特別要注意的是:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的被動式(having been done)常和表示次數(shù)的短語或時間段(for+一段時間)連用,表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的一個“被動動作”,這種情況下不能用過去分詞替換,其他情況下則通常被過去分詞所替換,使句子更簡潔。
Written in a hurry, this article was not so good.
因為寫得匆忙,這篇文章不是很好。
Reading carefully, he found something he hadnt known before.
仔細閱讀,他發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。
Having finished his homework, he went home.
完成了作業(yè),他就回家了。
Having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made.
進行了幾次討論后,終于做出了決定。
例3 into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.
A. Translating B. Translated
C. To translate D. Having translated
解析 B。句意為“被翻譯為英語,這個句子的語序完全不同了?!边^去分詞作時間狀語,所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。
例4 an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.
A. Offer B. Offering
C. Offered D. To offer
解析 C。句意為“Andy在一部新電影里被分給一個重要角色,他得到了一個成名的機會?!边@里過去分詞作原因狀語。
“連詞+過去分詞”作狀語
這實際上一種從句主語與主句主語一致條件下的狀語從句的省略形式。
Once (it is) begun, it must be done well.
一旦開始,它就必須被做好。
Unless changed, this law will make life difficult for tax drivers.
除非作出改變,這條法律將會給出租車司機的生活造成困難。
例5 The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if regularly, can improve our health.
A. being carried out B. carrying out
C. carried out D. to carry out
解析 C。if carried out regularly的完整形式是if exercise is carried out regularly。
例6 —Who should be responsible for the accident?
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order .
A. as told B. as are told
C. as telling D. as they told
解析 A。as told的完整形式是as they were told。
分詞的獨立主格結構
獨立主格結構可置于句首、句尾,常用逗號與主句隔開。它在句法上游離于句子主體之外,跟主句沒有任何句法聯(lián)系;但在意義上卻與主句緊密聯(lián)系在一起,共同構成一個完整的語義環(huán)境。獨立主格結構沒有主語和謂語,只有邏輯上的主語。
分詞獨立主格結構可分為兩部分:一部分是名詞或代詞(主格),起邏輯主語的作用;另一部分由現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞構成,表示前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)、狀況或動作。
1. 名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
冬天來了,天氣越來越冷了。
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.
雨停了,他出去散步。
2.名詞/代詞+過去分詞
More time given, we should have done it much better.
如果給我們更多的時間,我們會做得更好。
The boy stood there, his right hand raised.
那個男孩站在那里,右手高舉。
例7 The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons for the day.
A. finishing B. finished
C. had finished D. were finished
解析 B。整句意為“當天的課程上完,孩子們從文法學?;丶伊恕薄heir lessons...構成過去分詞的獨立主格結構。lessons是finish的主語,與句子的主語children不一致,且lessons與finish之間是被動關系,所以選B。