萬(wàn)杰
虛擬語(yǔ)氣是新課標(biāo)在語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目表中新增加的,要求考生必須掌握的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一。它表示說(shuō)話人的主觀愿望、建議或與事實(shí)不符的假設(shè)等,而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是由句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式表示出來(lái)的。因此,在語(yǔ)篇填空中,考生應(yīng)明確哪些情況下需使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,并且牢固掌握虛擬語(yǔ)氣句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式。
考點(diǎn)一、考查含有if條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
如果從句中提出一種與客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)不相符或根本不可能存在的條件,主句就會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種不可能獲得的結(jié)果。含有if條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣根據(jù)表達(dá)的不同時(shí)間有三種不同的形式。請(qǐng)看下表:
if條件句謂語(yǔ)形式
[JZ]主句謂語(yǔ)形式
對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬過(guò)去時(shí)(be用were)would/should/could/might +[WTBX]v[WTBZ].
對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬
①過(guò)去時(shí)
②were to +[WTBX]v[WTBZ].
③should +[WTBX]v[WTBZ].would/should/could/might +[WTBX]v[WTBZ].
對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬過(guò)去完成時(shí)would/should/could/might +have done
例1:
If everyone in the country bought one softdrink each day and threw it away, there would soon be a huge mountain of rubbish.如果全國(guó)每個(gè)人每天買(mǎi)一罐軟飲料,然后把空罐扔掉,垃圾很快就會(huì)堆積如山。(對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬)
例2:If the hurricane had happened during the day time, there would have been many more deaths.倘若颶風(fēng)發(fā)生在白天,那么死亡的人數(shù)還會(huì)多得多。(對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬)
例3:If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.如果明天下雪,他們就不出去了。(對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬)
【考例1】
I should not have laughed if I (think) you were serious.
解析:句意為:如果我早知道你是嚴(yán)肅的,我就不應(yīng)該笑了。根據(jù)前面給出句子中的should not have laughed可以判斷出,這是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。故答案為had thought。
【考例2】 This washing machine is of good quality. If it (break down) within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.
解析:句意為:這臺(tái)洗衣機(jī)的質(zhì)量很好。如果它在第一年里出了故障,我們將免費(fèi)修理。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,這是對(duì)將來(lái)的一種假設(shè)。在if條件句中對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以使用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,也可以使用“過(guò)去時(shí)”或“were to +動(dòng)詞原形”。故答案為should break down/ broke down/ were to break down。
【考例3】 We (be) back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.
解析:句意為:如果你沒(méi)有把地圖弄丟,我們現(xiàn)在就會(huì)在賓館里了。由now以及if從句中的didnt lose可知,這是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,主句中應(yīng)使用“過(guò)去時(shí)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形”。故答案為would be。
以下幾種特例應(yīng)引起考生注意:
1.省略if的虛擬條件句中應(yīng)使用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序
如果在條件句中含有were, had或should,可將if省略,然后將were, had或should移至主語(yǔ)之前,構(gòu)成部分倒裝。
例1:Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.如果明天有會(huì)議召開(kāi),我會(huì)來(lái)的。
例2:Had we made a great effort, we might have succeeded.如果我們(過(guò)去)做了很大努力的話,我們可能就獲得成功了。
【考例1】
they known what was coming next, they might have had second thoughts.
解析:句意為:如果他們當(dāng)時(shí)知道接下來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么事情,他們有可能就會(huì)重新考慮了。根據(jù)句意可知,這是一個(gè)含有省略了if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子。由于省略了if,從句中應(yīng)使用倒裝語(yǔ)序。根據(jù)might have had可知,這是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,因此虛擬語(yǔ)氣省略if的從句中應(yīng)該使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。故應(yīng)填Had。
【考例2】 Should it rain, the crops (save).
解析:句意為:假如天下雨了,莊稼就會(huì)得救。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知這是對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬,條件句中省略了if。主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該使用“過(guò)去時(shí)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形”,再結(jié)合句意可知,莊稼是“被救了”。故答案為would be saved。
2.混合條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
有時(shí)條件句的動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致,這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它們表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。
例:If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today.如果昨天晚上下了雨的話,今天就會(huì)非常涼爽了。(條件句表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,用過(guò)去完成時(shí);主句表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用“would/should…+動(dòng)詞原形”)endprint
【考例1】—It was the drug, not the disease, that killed the boy.
—He would be still alive today if he (take) that drug.
[JP2]
解析:句意為:“是毒品而不是疾病奪去了那個(gè)男孩的生命?!薄耙撬郧安晃扯酒返脑?,他今天還會(huì)活著。”本題考查混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣。從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,而主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,所以從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,而且表示的是否定意義。故答案為hadnt taken。[JP]
【考例2】 If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he (be) able to speak it much better now.
解析:句意為:如果他以前花更多的時(shí)間練習(xí)說(shuō)英語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在他就能說(shuō)得更好了。這是一個(gè)混合虛擬條件句。if條件狀語(yǔ)從句含有明顯的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before,是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí);主句中有現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now,表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。故答案為would be。
3.含蓄條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
(1)用連詞otherwise, or, but 等暗示條件
例1:I thought you would remain there for a while after the conference.Otherwise I wouldnt have bought you a single ticket. 我原以為你會(huì)后要在那兒逗留一段時(shí)間。要不然我就不會(huì)給你買(mǎi)單程票了。
例2:Mary could be prettier,but she doesnt care much about her clothes. 瑪麗本可以更漂亮些,但是她不太在乎衣著。
【考例1】
We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we (visit) more places of interest yesterday.
解析:句意為:我們?cè)谀莻€(gè)小村莊迷了路,否則我們昨天就能參觀更多的名勝古跡了。句中的otherwise“否則,要不然”,它引起的虛擬語(yǔ)氣屬于含蓄型。由句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)yesterday可知是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,此時(shí)主句用would have done形式。故答案為would have visited。
【考例2】
—Thank you for reminding me of the time, or I (be) late yesterday.
—Dont mention it.
解析:句意為:“謝謝你提醒我時(shí)間,不然昨天我就遲到了。”“不客氣?!睆恼Z(yǔ)境可知說(shuō)話人是在談?wù)撟蛱斓氖?,or暗示該句表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用“would/should[WW(]…[WW)]+完成時(shí)”形式。故答案為would have been。
(2)用but for, without等介詞短語(yǔ)表達(dá)條件
例:The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain. 要不是因?yàn)榇L(zhǎng)的努力,我們就會(huì)連船帶人都沉沒(méi)了。
【考例1】
We (put) Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.
解析:句意為:若不是因?yàn)樗罱軅?,我們就?huì)把約翰的名字放進(jìn)昨天的比賽名單中了。But for暗示此處表示的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣,是對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生事情的后悔和遺憾,故使用would have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,意思是“本來(lái)會(huì)做某事而沒(méi)有做”。故答案為would have put。
【考例2】
the help of my English teacher, I would not have won the first prize in the English Speaking Competition.
解析:句意為:要是沒(méi)有英語(yǔ)老師的幫助,我就不會(huì)在英語(yǔ)演講比賽中獲得一等獎(jiǎng)了。這是一個(gè)隱含的虛擬條件句,含有“if my English teacher hadnt helped me with my spoken English”之意,表示含蓄條件,由于后面是名詞,此處應(yīng)填介詞。故答案為Without。
考點(diǎn)二、考查名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1. 考查主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
下列主語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。
(1) It is necessary (important, natural, strange, surprising…) that…
例1:It is necessary that he(should) be sent to hospital at once. 他有必要被立刻送往醫(yī)院。
例2:It is strange that she(should) marry such a poor man. 她竟然嫁給這樣一個(gè)窮光蛋,真是太奇怪了。
(2) It is suggested (desired, decided, ordered, requested, proposed…) that…endprint
例1:It has been decided that the meeting(should) be put off till next Saturday. 會(huì)議被決定推遲到下星期六舉行。
例2:It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in English.你應(yīng)該花更多的時(shí)間用于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)。
2.考查賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
(1)在某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,使用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有:一個(gè)堅(jiān)持(insist);兩個(gè)命令(order, command);三條建議(advise, suggest, recommend);四項(xiàng)要求(demand, require, request, ask)。
例1:He ordered that the medicine (should) be sent by a special plane.他命令用專機(jī)運(yùn)送藥品。
例2:She suggested that we (should) leave early.她建議我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)動(dòng)身。
【考例】He suggested that she (leave) the house at once.
解析:suggest是表示“建議”的動(dòng)詞,后面接從句時(shí),從句使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should + do,should可以省略。故答案為(should) leave。
當(dāng)suggest意為“暗示,表明”,insist作“力言,堅(jiān)持(認(rèn)為)”用時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
例1:His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他贊同我的決定。(“暗示,表明”,不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
例2:He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建議我堅(jiān)持自己的決定。(“建議”,用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
例3:Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 邁克堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為自己從來(lái)沒(méi)偷任何東西。(非虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
例4:We insisted that she (should) go with us. 我們堅(jiān)持她應(yīng)該跟我們走。(虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
【考例】
His smile suggested that he (succeed) in this exam.
解析:句意為:他的微笑表明他在考試中成功了。本題中suggest意為“暗示,表明”, 其后的賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣?!翱荚嚦晒Α卑l(fā)生在suggested之前,應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。故答案為had succeeded。
(2) wish后賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三種形式:對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用過(guò)去時(shí);對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,用過(guò)去完成時(shí);對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬,用“would / should+動(dòng)詞原形”。
例1:I wish I were not so busy. 但愿我不那樣忙碌。
例2:How I wish I had seen her off at the station, but I was too busy. 我要是去車(chē)站送過(guò)她就好了,但我當(dāng)時(shí)太忙了。
例3:I wish he would come at once.我真希望他馬上來(lái)。
【考例】
—Where are the children? The dinners going to be completely ruined.
—I wish they(be) always late.
解析:wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。題干中有always,表明這是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,從句應(yīng)使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,根據(jù)語(yǔ)境“我希望他們不要老是遲到?!笨芍獞?yīng)使用否定形式。故答案為werent。
3.考查表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
某些表示建議、計(jì)劃、命令的名詞(如advice, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等)后的同位語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。
例1:We all agreed to his suggestion that he (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我們都同意他到北京旅游觀光的建議。
例2:My advice is that he do exercises first.我的建議是他應(yīng)該先做練習(xí)。
考點(diǎn)三、考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣在固定句式中的使用
1.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于It is (high) time (that)…句型中,that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(be用were)或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should不能省略,意為“(現(xiàn)在)該到了……的時(shí)候了”。例如:
Its high time that he went (should go) to bed.到了他該上床睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候了。
【考例】
Jack is a great talker. Its high time that he (do) something instead of just talking.
解析:Its high time that是一個(gè)固定句型,that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should不能省略,意為“(現(xiàn)在)該到了……的時(shí)候了”,故答案為should do/ did。endprint
2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于would rather后的從句中,用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況,用過(guò)去完成式表示過(guò)去的情況。
例1:I would rather you went next Sunday.我愿你下個(gè)星期天去。
例2:I would rather you hadnt done that.我真希望你沒(méi)做那件事。
【考例】
George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he (focus) more on its culture.
解析:would rather后接從句應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。該題表示對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬,從句中的動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)形式,故答案為focused。
3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于as if (as though), even if (even though)等引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句中,對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用過(guò)去時(shí);對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
例:The two newcomers talked as if they had known each other for ages.那兩個(gè)新來(lái)的人聊天的樣子仿佛他們已經(jīng)相識(shí)多年了。
【考例】
Dont handle the vase as if it (be) made of steel.
解析:句意為:拿花瓶時(shí)不要當(dāng)它是鋼做的一樣。as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句中常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,根據(jù)Dont handle…可知此處應(yīng)為與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,所以動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用一般過(guò)去時(shí),be用were的形式,故答案為were。
4.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式與wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式一樣。
【考例】
Look at the trouble I am in! If only I (follow) your advice.
[JP+1]
解析:句意為:看看我的麻煩!要是我接受你的建議就好了!根據(jù)句意可知,這是對(duì)過(guò)去沒(méi)做某事的后悔和遺憾,是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,從句中應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí),故答案為had followed。[JP]
考點(diǎn)四、考查語(yǔ)境中用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成時(shí)”表達(dá)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
近幾年高考對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的命題注重在特定語(yǔ)境中結(jié)合情態(tài)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行考查。
【考例1】
—Do you think George has passed the driving test?
—No. If so, he (drive) his car to our college yesterday.
解析:根據(jù)句意可知是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。If so= If he had passed the driving test,主句應(yīng)使用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have done”,故答案為would have driven。
【考例2】 I (watch) that movie —itll give me horrible dreams.
解析:表示“本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做而卻做了某事”用shouldnt have done,故答案為shouldnt have watched。
【考例3】 Mark(hurry). After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
解析:根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知提前半個(gè)小時(shí)到達(dá),說(shuō)明Mark本來(lái)不必那么匆忙,所以用neednt have done結(jié)構(gòu),表示“本來(lái)不必要做某事而實(shí)際上做了”,故答案為neednt have hurried。
鞏固練習(xí):
1. —I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.
—Its time you (do).
2. — Ive told everyone about it.
—Oh, Id rather you (have).
3.People are recycling many things which they (throw) away in the past.
4. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she (say) something she would regret later.
5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he (be) badly wounded and that he (operate) on at once.
6. I forget where I read the article, or I (show) it to you now.
7.If Mr. Dewey (be) present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
8. We would rather our daughter (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
9. he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.endprint
10.They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they (come) to our help.
11. Mr. Li required the computer equipment referred to (use) in every classroom.
12. It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I (do) it?
13. — What courses are you going to do next term?
—I dont know. But its about time I (decide) on something.
14. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material (heat) to its burning temperature.
15. Robert wishes that he (study) business instead of history when he was in university.
16. My demand is that the information referred to in my report (email) to Mr. Brown without delay.
17. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he (come) to the meeting.
18. Without electricity, human life (be) quite different today.
19. If he had not gone out in the storm, he (be) alive now.
20. If only I (know) how to operate an electronic computer as you do.
21. But for the Party, he (die) of hunger fifteen years ago.
22. I would have come earlier, but I (know) that you were waiting for me.
23. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students (give) two weeks to prepare for the exam.
24. Wang Lin, one of my friends, is very good at English. He speaks English as if he (be) an Englishman.
25. We (lose) our lives,had it not been for the policeman.
26. the captain been more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
27. Were it not for the snowy weather, we (be) all right.
28. Had I known your address, I (write) to you.
29. If it hadnt been for the doctors care, I (recover) so soon.
30.Sally couldnt have written to him, or he (receive) her letter.
答案與解析:
1.did /should do。Its time (that)…從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)或should+動(dòng)詞原形,不能用其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
2.hadnt。would rather后面的從句應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,此處用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。
3.would have thrown。句意為“人們正在回收利用他們過(guò)去本來(lái)會(huì)扔掉的東西?!北硎九c過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬應(yīng)該使用would have done。
4.might have said。連詞otherwise暗示本句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,應(yīng)用“would/might…+have done”。
5.was; (should) be operated。第一空“他受傷很?chē)?yán)重”是真實(shí)語(yǔ)氣,動(dòng)詞用was;第二空“他應(yīng)該立刻做手術(shù)”表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,應(yīng)用“should +動(dòng)詞原形”,should可省略,此處表示被動(dòng),故用should be done。
6.would show。連詞or暗示本句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用“would/should…+動(dòng)詞原形”。
7.had been。根據(jù)主句中的would have offered可知與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,故從句應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
8.stayed。would rather后面的從句應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)事實(shí)相反,應(yīng)使用一般過(guò)去時(shí);如果表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句意為“我們寧愿我們的女兒待在家里,但是這是她的選擇,她已經(jīng)不再是孩子了”。根據(jù)句意可知是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,所以使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。endprint
9.Had。本題實(shí)際上是一個(gè)省略了if的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。條件句中使用“過(guò)去完成時(shí)”,主句使用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”,當(dāng)條件句中的if省略的時(shí)候,要把had提前形成部分倒裝。
10.would have come。本題考查的是一個(gè)含蓄的虛擬條件句,句中的or相當(dāng)于“if they had not gone abroad”。前面句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用的是were,說(shuō)明這個(gè)虛擬語(yǔ)氣是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,所以主句中應(yīng)使用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”的形式。
11.(should) be used。require是表示“要求,建議,命令”的動(dòng)詞,其后的賓語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用“(should) +動(dòng)詞原形”。computer equipment應(yīng)該是“被使用”,故使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。
12. had done。as if“似乎,好像”,其后面的從句有兩種情況,如果是真實(shí)的事情,就使用陳述語(yǔ)氣;如果表示的是假的事情,就使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。與過(guò)去相反,使用“過(guò)去完成時(shí)”;與將來(lái)相反,使用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí);與現(xiàn)在相反,使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。根據(jù)前一句中的was可知打破玻璃是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,所以是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,故使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
13.decided/ should decide。 在It is (high/about) time (that)…句型中應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)(be用were)或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,其中的should不能省略。
14. (should) be heated。requirement是表示“要求,建議,命令”的名詞,其后的表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。根據(jù)意思表示“被加熱”,應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
15.had studied。wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,故從句中應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
16. (should) be emailed。demand是表示“要求,建議,命令”的名詞,其后的表語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”,根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
17.would have come。連詞otherwise暗示本句應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。根據(jù)句意可知表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,主句應(yīng)用“would/should…+完成時(shí)”。
18.would be。without介詞短語(yǔ)暗示本句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,主句應(yīng)使用“would/should…+動(dòng)詞原形”。
19.would be。考查混合條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,主句表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,故主句中應(yīng)使用“would/should…+動(dòng)詞原形”。
20.knew。在if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。句意為“要是我能像你一樣知道怎樣操作電子計(jì)算機(jī)就好了。”
21.would have died。but for介詞短語(yǔ)暗示本句應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,主句應(yīng)使用“would/should…+完成時(shí)”。
22. didnt know。句意為:我本來(lái)會(huì)早來(lái)一點(diǎn)的,但是我不知道你在等我。“不知道你在等我”是事實(shí),故使用真實(shí)語(yǔ)氣,表示當(dāng)時(shí)不知道,用過(guò)去時(shí)。
23. (should) be given。suggestion是表示“要求,建議,命令”的名詞,在其后的同位語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)該使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。學(xué)生被給兩周時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備考試,故使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
24.were。as if引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,此處表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用過(guò)去時(shí),故be用were。
25. would have lost。had it not been for the policeman是省略if之后的倒裝句式,表示的是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,主句中表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬應(yīng)用“would/should…+完成時(shí)”。
26.Had。句意為:要是船長(zhǎng)更小心一些,他的船就不會(huì)沉了。這是一個(gè)含有省略if條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句。對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,在狀語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí),故填Had。
27. would be。前一句是省略if后的部分倒裝句,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。主句中表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬應(yīng)使用 “would /should…+動(dòng)詞原形”。
28.would have written。句意為:要是我知道你的地址,我早就給你寫(xiě)信了。前一句是省略if后的部分倒裝句,表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,主句應(yīng)使用“would/should…+完成時(shí)”。
29.wouldnt have recovered。從句中的過(guò)去完成時(shí)暗示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,主句應(yīng)使用“would/should…+完成時(shí)”,根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)使用否定形式。
30.could have received。連詞or暗示本句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用“would/should…+完成時(shí)”。endprint