李東良,張志強(qiáng),陳少華,張世安,方堅(jiān),林小欽,張霞,江藝
·臨床研究·
T-cadherin在肝細(xì)胞癌中的表達(dá)及其與腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系
李東良,張志強(qiáng),陳少華,張世安,方堅(jiān),林小欽,張霞,江藝
目的 探討T-鈣黏附蛋白(T-cadherin)在肝細(xì)胞癌中的表達(dá)及其與腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系。方法 收集2010年5月-2011年10月于南京軍區(qū)福州總醫(yī)院行手術(shù)切除的肝癌患者的新鮮癌組織和癌旁2cm以上肝組織標(biāo)本,采用免疫組織化學(xué)方法觀察不同惡性生物學(xué)程度以及手術(shù)前TNM分期相同,術(shù)后1年內(nèi)出現(xiàn)或未出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移的HCC患者的癌組織及癌旁組織中T-cadherin基因的表達(dá);采用RT-PCR方法檢測(cè)T-cadherin基因mRNA的表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果 肝癌組織中T-cadherin的異常表達(dá)率高達(dá)46.7%(28/60),明顯高于癌旁肝組織6.7%(4/60),兩組相比差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=24.55,P=0.000)。在高分化與中低分化的HCC患者癌組織中T-cadherin的異常表達(dá)率分別為30.0%(6/20) 和35.0%(7/20),兩者比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.114,P=0.736)。在出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移的HCC患者癌組織中T-cadherin的異常表達(dá)率[75%(15/20)]明顯升高,與未出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移的HCC患者[32.5%(13/40)]相比,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=9.676,P=0.002)。T-cadherin mRNA檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示癌組織T-cadherin表達(dá)缺失(高度異常表達(dá)),癌旁組織在多數(shù)患者中呈正常表達(dá)(T-cadherin陽(yáng)性)。結(jié)論 T-cadherin基因在HCC中異常表達(dá),且與肝細(xì)胞癌的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),有可能作為判斷HCC預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)和藥物研究靶點(diǎn)。
癌,肝細(xì)胞;鈣黏著糖蛋白類;復(fù)發(fā);腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移
肝癌是一種隱匿性疾病,一些患者在初次診斷時(shí)就已經(jīng)發(fā)生了廣泛的浸潤(rùn)或轉(zhuǎn)移,即便還有手術(shù)切除機(jī)會(huì)的患者,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率也較高[1]。針對(duì)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移的預(yù)防和治療已成為延長(zhǎng)患者生存時(shí)間的關(guān)鍵因素[2-5]。腫瘤細(xì)胞脫離原發(fā)病灶、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力增強(qiáng)是腫瘤發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的先決條件。細(xì)胞黏附分子是介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)相互聯(lián)系和結(jié)合的一類糖蛋白分子,上皮鈣黏附蛋白(truncated-cadherin,T-cadherin)是一種新的非經(jīng)典黏附分子,以糖基磷脂酰肌醇分子附著于細(xì)胞膜上,調(diào)節(jié)鈣介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞黏附、細(xì)胞極性并參與細(xì)胞間的識(shí)別和信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)等作用[6-7]。有研究表明在缺失T-cadherin的黑色素瘤中使其再表達(dá)可抑制瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)及侵襲運(yùn)動(dòng)能力[8]。也有研究顯示,原發(fā)性肝癌(HCC)中的T-cadherin異常表達(dá)[9],但T-cadherin與HCC復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系尚不明確。本研究探討T-cadherin基因在肝細(xì)胞癌中的表達(dá)及其與肝癌惡性分化、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系。
1.1 材料及分組 收集2010年5月至2011年10月于南京軍區(qū)福州總醫(yī)院行手術(shù)切除的肝癌患者的新鮮癌組織和癌旁2cm以上肝組織標(biāo)本,標(biāo)記后置于液氮罐中速凍,–80℃低溫冰箱保存。一部分標(biāo)本提取基因組,用于RT-PCR檢測(cè)T-cadherin mRNA的表達(dá),另一部分標(biāo)本用4%甲醛固定,制備石蠟切塊。共選取石蠟組織標(biāo)本60份,其中在1年隨訪期間發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移的HCC患者20例,未發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移的40例(高分化與中低分化各20例)。兩組患者術(shù)前腫瘤TNM分期無(wú)差異。觀察T-cadherin在兩組患者癌及癌旁組織中的表達(dá)差異。所有患者術(shù)前均未接受介入栓塞化療及其他治療。
1.2 T-cadherin mRNA表達(dá)檢測(cè) 取約50mg冰凍癌組織或癌旁組織,加入1ml Trizo1(Gibco公司),充分勻漿后按照說(shuō)明書步驟提取總RNA,按反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(Promega公司)說(shuō)明書反轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,進(jìn)行熒光定量RT-PCR反應(yīng)。PCR擴(kuò)增所需引物序列見(jiàn)表1。PCR反應(yīng)條件為:94℃ 5min,57℃ 30s,72℃30s,擴(kuò)增40個(gè)循環(huán)。
1.3 免疫組化法檢測(cè)T-cadherin的定位及表達(dá) 臨床手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本用常規(guī)4%甲醛固定,石蠟包埋,制成3μm連續(xù)切片并脫蠟、脫水;置于微波爐內(nèi)抗原熱修復(fù)90s暴露抗原;3%H2O2室溫下孵育10min阻斷內(nèi)源性過(guò)氧化物酶活性;室溫下置于0.05% Tween20 (pH7.0)中10min;滴加兔抗人T-cadherin單克隆抗體(1:150,美國(guó)Gibco公司),室溫下1h;PBS沖洗3min×3;再次放入0.05% Tween 20 (pH7.0)中,室溫放置2h;滴加增強(qiáng)劑20min;加羊抗兔二抗(美國(guó)Gibco公司),室溫下放置30min;PBS沖洗,DBA顯色劑顯色5~20min;蘇木精復(fù)染,飽和碳酸鋰30s,95%~100%乙醇脫水,吹干,封固,鏡下觀察并拍照。以PBS代替一抗作為陰性對(duì)照進(jìn)行同步染色。T-cadherin陽(yáng)性產(chǎn)物主要分布在正常肝組織的肝細(xì)胞膜上,為粗細(xì)一致的棕黃色顆粒,在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中可有微量表達(dá),在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)無(wú)表達(dá)。判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)按Maruyama等[7]的方法,高倍鏡(×400)下每個(gè)視野計(jì)數(shù)100個(gè)細(xì)胞,每張切片數(shù)5個(gè)視野。觀察T-cadherin的定位。細(xì)胞膜陽(yáng)性表達(dá)<5%為陰性(–),5%~24%為弱陽(yáng)性(+),25%~50%為陽(yáng)性(),>50%為強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性()。當(dāng)細(xì)胞膜上陰性及弱陽(yáng)性表達(dá)和(或)出現(xiàn)胞質(zhì)陽(yáng)性表達(dá)>10%及細(xì)胞核陽(yáng)性表達(dá)時(shí)均判定為異常表達(dá)。
表1 PCR反應(yīng)引物序列Tab.1 The primer sequences of the target genes
2.1 T-cadherin mRNA在肝癌組織和癌旁組織中的表達(dá) RT-PCR檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,高分化(A)和中低分化(B)癌旁肝組織T-cadherin mRNA均呈強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性表達(dá),而癌組織T-cadherin mRNA表達(dá)缺失。復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移患者(C)不僅癌組織T-cadherin mRNA表達(dá)均呈陰性,且半數(shù)患者癌旁組織T-cadherin mRNA表達(dá)也呈陰性(圖1)。
圖1 RT-PCR檢測(cè)T-cadherin mRNA的表達(dá)Fig.1 Expression of T-cadherin mRNA determined by RT-PCR
2.2 T-cadherin蛋白在肝癌組織和癌旁組織中的表達(dá) 免疫組化結(jié)果顯示,癌旁組織中T-cadherin蛋白主要在細(xì)胞膜上表達(dá),陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率為93.3%(56/60),缺失及異常表達(dá)較少見(jiàn),僅占6.7%(4/60);肝癌組織中細(xì)胞膜T-cadherin陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率降低,為53.3%(32/60),缺失和異常表達(dá)明顯升高,占46.7%(28/60)。與癌旁組織相比,癌組織細(xì)胞膜T-cadherin異常表達(dá),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=24.545,P=0.000,圖2)。
圖2 免疫組化檢測(cè)T-cadherin在癌組織和癌旁組織中的表達(dá)(DBA顯色)Fig.2 Expression of T-cadherin in cancer tissue and canceradjacent tissue determined by immunohistochemistry (DBA)
2.3 T-cadherin在高分化與中低分化HCC患者癌組織中的表達(dá) 兩組患者癌組織中T-cadherin細(xì)胞膜表達(dá)均減弱或消失,部分癌組織可見(jiàn)胞質(zhì)表達(dá)。高分化及中低分化HCC患者T-cadherin異常表達(dá)率分別為30.0%(6/20)和35.0%(7/20),兩組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.114,P=0.736)。
2.4 T-cadherin在出現(xiàn)或未出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移患者癌組織中的表達(dá) 在出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移患者癌組織中,T-cadherin的缺失和異常表達(dá)率高達(dá)75.0%(15/20),在未出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移患者中,T-cadherin的缺失和異常表達(dá)率為32.5%(13/40),其中高分化組3 0.0%(6/2 0),中低分化組為35.0%(7/20)。發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移組與未發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移組相比兩組差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=9.676,P=0.002)。
T-cadherin是近年來(lái)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)細(xì)胞黏附分子,為cadherin超家族中的重要一員[7],與經(jīng)典的黏附分子的主要區(qū)別在于經(jīng)典cadherin分子由細(xì)胞外鈣結(jié)合區(qū)及跨膜區(qū)兩部分組成,而非經(jīng)典的黏附分子缺少跨膜區(qū)而以糖基磷脂酰肌醇分子附著于細(xì)胞膜上,故而命名truncated-cadherin,即T-cadherin(又稱CDH13或H-cadherin)。T-cadherin定位于染色體16q24,其cDNA包含一個(gè)含714個(gè)氨基酸的開放讀碼框,全長(zhǎng)約3842bp[6,10]。T-cadherin有調(diào)節(jié)鈣介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞黏附、細(xì)胞形態(tài)形成、細(xì)胞間識(shí)別和信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)等作用[11]。
近年來(lái)已陸續(xù)有關(guān)T-cadherin在肝癌[9]、結(jié)直腸癌[12]、膽囊癌[13]、鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞癌[14]、膀胱移行細(xì)胞癌[15]等出現(xiàn)不同程度異常表達(dá)的報(bào)道,提示其可能對(duì)上皮細(xì)胞類型的腫瘤有抑制作用,從而在腫瘤發(fā)生過(guò)程中扮演重要角色。Chan[9]報(bào)道T-cadherin基因在肝細(xì)胞癌中的表達(dá)下降,能誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞停滯在G2/M期,被認(rèn)為是肝癌中的關(guān)鍵抑癌基因。
本研究收集HCC切除標(biāo)本,通過(guò)RT-PCR方法和免疫組織化學(xué)方法對(duì)比觀察T-cadherin在癌組織與癌旁肝組織,高分化與中低分化肝細(xì)胞癌及出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移與未發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)和/或轉(zhuǎn)移的原發(fā)性肝癌患者癌組織中的表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示T-cadherin基因在癌組織異常表達(dá)率較高,而多數(shù)患者癌旁組織T-cadherin仍表達(dá)正常,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)T-cadherin失活或表達(dá)下降在肝癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展中可能發(fā)揮著一定作用。另外,T-cadherin與肝細(xì)胞癌復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移的相關(guān)性研究較少,本研究還探討了T-cadherin異常表達(dá)與肝癌復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移的HCC患者癌組織T-cadherin的異常表達(dá)明顯高于未發(fā)生復(fù)發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,提示T-cadherin可能在肝癌的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移中也發(fā)揮著重要的生物學(xué)作用。
本研究結(jié)果再次證實(shí)T-cadherin與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有著密切聯(lián)系。T-cadherin作為細(xì)胞黏附分子cadherin超家族成員之一,在人類癌細(xì)胞中表達(dá)下調(diào),其下調(diào)機(jī)制與T-cadherin基因啟動(dòng)子甲基化有明顯關(guān)系。T-cadherin還是一種新的血管生成調(diào)節(jié)因子,研究表明該分子或許可作為調(diào)節(jié)異常新生血管生成的治療性靶點(diǎn)加以開發(fā),以阻止腫瘤新生血管生成的病理過(guò)程[16]。檢測(cè)T-cadherin在腫瘤中的表達(dá)情況對(duì)指導(dǎo)臨床分期以及評(píng)價(jià)腫瘤預(yù)后等有重要意義,對(duì)其進(jìn)一步的深入研究可為腫瘤的診斷和治療帶來(lái)新的契機(jī)。由于在人類惡性腫瘤中普遍發(fā)現(xiàn)的異常甲基化能導(dǎo)致鈣黏蛋白介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞黏附系統(tǒng)失活,因此,T-cadherin異常甲基化的檢測(cè)或許可作為臨床篩選高?;颊邚?fù)發(fā)或預(yù)后的標(biāo)記而得以應(yīng)用。
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Expression of T-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma and its relationship with relapse and metastasis of tumor
LI Dong-liang1, ZHANG Zhi-qiang1, CHEN Shao-hua2, ZHANG Shi-an1, FANG Jian1, LIN Xiao-qin3, ZHANG Xia1, JIANG Yi21Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine,2Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, Fuzhou 350025, China
3Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2012J01399) and Fuzhou Science and Technology Plan Project (2012-S-157-2)
ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of T-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma and its relationship with tumor relapse and metastasis.MethodsThe gene expressions of T-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue with different malignancy grades and its matched adjacent tissues were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The samples were obtained from patients both with relapse and/or metastasis, without relapse, and without metastasis within one year post-operation, and they were in the same TNM stage before operation. The mRNA expression of T-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma and matched adjacent tissues was assessed by RT-PCR.ResultsThe abnormal expression rate of T-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma was 46.67% (28/60), which was significantly higher than that of the adjacent tissue (6.67%, 4/60, χ2=24.55, P=0.000). No difference was observed in the expression of T-cadherin between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma tissues (30% vs 35%, χ2=0.114, P=0.736). The abnormal expression rate of T-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma in the patients with metastasis elevated to 75% (15/20), while it was remarkably lower in 32.5% (13/40) of the patients who had no metastasis (χ2=9.676, P=0.002). The RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA expression of T-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma significantly decreased compared with that of its adjacent tissues.ConclusionsThere is an abnormal expression of T-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma, and it is found to be closely correlated to the tumor recurrence and metastasis. Abnormal expression of T-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma may be used as a prognostic indicator and drug research target.
carcinoma, hepatocellular; cadherins; recurrence; neoplasm metastasis
R735.7
A
0577-7402(2015)04-0315-04
10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2015.04.12
2014-12-25;
2015-02-28)
(責(zé)任編輯:熊曉然)
福建省自然科學(xué)基金(2012J01399),福州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012-S-157-2)
李東良,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,主任醫(yī)師,教授。主要從事肝膽疾病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究
350025 福州 南京軍區(qū)福州總醫(yī)院肝膽內(nèi)科(李東良、張志強(qiáng)、張世安、方堅(jiān)、張霞),肝膽外科(陳少華、江藝);350108 福州 福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)孟超肝膽醫(yī)院(林小欽)