曹萬軍,朱紹靈,劉顯東,唐承杰,鄭金文,陳星宇,劉 穎,肖 鵬
(四川省骨科醫(yī)院下肢科,四川 成都 610041)
全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中自體骨塊填塞股骨隧道技術(shù)的應(yīng)用研究
曹萬軍,朱紹靈,劉顯東,唐承杰,鄭金文,陳星宇,劉 穎,肖 鵬
(四川省骨科醫(yī)院下肢科,四川 成都 610041)
目的 比較全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)中不處理股骨隧道口、骨水泥填塞及自體骨塊填塞三種不同處理方式的效果差異。方法 90例行TKA患者按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為三組,A組采用自體骨塊填塞,B組采用骨水泥填塞,C組不處理股骨隧道口,對(duì)三組患者術(shù)后相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果 A、B組與C組術(shù)中出血量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05);A、B組術(shù)后圍手術(shù)期總失血量、24 h引流量和輸血量均少于C組(P< 0.05),術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)血紅蛋白(HGB)及紅細(xì)胞壓積(HCT)水平均高于C組(P< 0.05)。三組輸血率分別為10%、13.3%和33.3%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P< 0.05)。A、B組之間各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05)。結(jié)論 TKA中自體骨塊填塞股骨隧道技術(shù)可顯著減少出血量,其效果與骨水泥填塞技術(shù)相當(dāng),同時(shí)作為自體移植物安全可靠,避免了骨水泥填塞所帶來的如骨水泥顆粒脫落、栓塞等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),效果明顯。
自體骨塊;全膝置換術(shù);股骨隧道;出血量
全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)中如何減少出血量及術(shù)后輸血率是整個(gè)TKA治療的關(guān)鍵[1]。圍繞TKA越來越多的細(xì)節(jié)也愈加引起大家的重視。而失血量與術(shù)中股骨隧道的髓腔出血密切相關(guān)[2~4]。對(duì)于術(shù)中股骨隧道的處理方式多樣,主要為骨水泥封堵,或者不予處理。本研究主要目的是探討TKA術(shù)中不處理股骨隧道口、骨水泥填塞及自體骨塊填塞三種不同處理方式的效果差異。
1.1 一般資料 2014~2015年在四川省骨科醫(yī)院下肢科行單側(cè)TKA的90例患者。手術(shù)均由同一位主刀醫(yī)生完成。術(shù)前5天停用非甾體抗炎藥、促紅細(xì)胞素、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗凝等藥物排除對(duì)研究結(jié)果的干擾[5,6],行相同的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備方案。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①首次行單側(cè)TKA手術(shù)且年齡位于50~90歲的骨關(guān)節(jié)炎和類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎及創(chuàng)傷性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者[7];②術(shù)前實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查及雙下肢靜脈彩超均正常;③術(shù)前無膝關(guān)節(jié)開放手術(shù)史。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①凝血功能異常的患者;②既往發(fā)生過下肢深靜脈血栓(DVT)的患者[8];③嚴(yán)重心、肺、肝、腎功能不全的患者。90例患者按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為三組各30例,三組患者基本資料比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05),具有可比性,見表1。
表1 三組患者一般資料比較
1.2 治療方法 所有患者均采用全身麻醉+區(qū)域阻滯麻醉,均采用止血帶技術(shù)。均行膝前正中切口,內(nèi)側(cè)髕旁入路,切開關(guān)節(jié)囊,徹底清理關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)增生的滑膜組織、骨贅、前后交叉韌帶、內(nèi)外側(cè)半月板;根據(jù)關(guān)節(jié)不同情況行截骨,糾正內(nèi)外翻畸形;松解攣縮的后關(guān)節(jié)囊及內(nèi)外側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu),保持軟組織平衡,恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性;再行測(cè)試假體試模與關(guān)節(jié)匹配穩(wěn)定后用脈沖沖洗槍沖洗各關(guān)節(jié)面,擦干后骨水泥固定安裝假體。髕骨予以修整成形并行周圍神經(jīng)去極化,未行髕骨置換。待骨水泥干后測(cè)試關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度,放置引流管,2-0抗菌薇喬可吸收縫線逐層縫合關(guān)閉切口,假體均采用施樂輝全膝關(guān)節(jié)系統(tǒng)。術(shù)中操作不同在于截骨完成后對(duì)于股骨隧道處理:A組采用自體骨塊填塞,B組采用骨水泥填塞,C組不處理股骨隧道口。
A組術(shù)中自體骨塊均由主刀醫(yī)生負(fù)責(zé)處理制作。采用股骨四合一“上斜”截骨時(shí)去除的骨塊作為自體骨塞制作材料,以咬骨鉗修整成長方體形狀,大小稍大于股骨隧道口,可確保行填塞時(shí)擠壓后骨塊尺寸與股骨隧道匹配;對(duì)于B組,則由放置假體同時(shí)骨水泥成團(tuán)期對(duì)股骨隧道行填塞,封堵隧道口即可,并保證填塞表面平整。
三組患者均使用彈力繃帶加壓包扎,術(shù)后24 h拔出引流管,根據(jù)患者術(shù)后癥狀及嚴(yán)格按照輸血指征針對(duì)性輸血治療,術(shù)后所有病例均于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)補(bǔ)液、多模式鎮(zhèn)痛、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化功能訓(xùn)練。所有患者均按照《中國預(yù)防骨科大手術(shù)深靜脈血栓形成指南》[9]進(jìn)行正規(guī)抗凝治療,予低分子肝素鈣2周預(yù)防深靜脈血栓治療,術(shù)后加強(qiáng)踝泵訓(xùn)練、股四頭肌肌力訓(xùn)練等,配合被動(dòng)理療,術(shù)后2周切口拆線出院。
1.3 觀測(cè)指標(biāo) 比較三組術(shù)中出血量、圍手術(shù)期總失血量、術(shù)后24 h總引流量、輸血量、輸血率、術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血紅蛋白(HGB)及紅細(xì)胞壓積(HCT)。其中,圍手術(shù)期總失血量根據(jù)Nadler[10]及Gross[11]等關(guān)于失血量計(jì)算方法進(jìn)行計(jì)算。對(duì)于HGB小于75 g/L的患者予輸血治療,75~100 g/L的患者根據(jù)具體情況酌情輸血治療。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 研究數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 19.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用方差分析及q檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn)。P< 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 三組術(shù)中出血量、圍手術(shù)期總失血量、術(shù)后24 h總引流量、輸血量和輸血率比較 A、B組及C組術(shù)中出血量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05);A、B組圍手術(shù)期總失血量、術(shù)后24 h引流量和輸血量均明顯少于C組(P< 0.05),而A、B組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P> 0.05);三組輸血率分別為10%、13.3%、33.3%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P< 0.05),見表2。
表2 三組術(shù)中出血量、圍手術(shù)期總失血量、術(shù)后24 h總引流量、輸血量和輸血率比較
﹡與C組比較,P< 0.05
2.2 不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)HGB及HCT值比較 三組術(shù)后HGB及HCT均下降,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P< 0.05);A、B組術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)HGB及HCT值均高于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P< 0.05)。見表3,表4。
表3 三組HGB值比較(g/L)
﹡與術(shù)前比較,P< 0.05;△與C組比較,P< 0.05
TKA圍手術(shù)期血液管理目前已經(jīng)越來越受到廣泛關(guān)注和研究,而作為術(shù)中及術(shù)后的失血控制則顯得更為重要。在TKA股骨隧道操作中,松質(zhì)骨及髓內(nèi)血管必受到相應(yīng)損傷而最直接的表現(xiàn)為髓腔滲血導(dǎo)致失血增加[12,13]。從而導(dǎo)致術(shù)后輸血率的增加,不僅增加治療費(fèi)用,同時(shí)帶來一系列風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如感染、疾病傳播、免疫抑制等[14~17]。而鑒于術(shù)后輸血的相關(guān)并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),隨著研究的深入,減少術(shù)后失血的方案也越來豐富。
表4 三組HCT值比較
﹡與術(shù)前比較,P< 0.05;△與C組比較,P< 0.05
在TKA中,通過骨水泥[18]或者自體骨塊[19]關(guān)閉股骨定位隧道可以很直接地減少髓腔滲血,從而降低因失血而導(dǎo)致術(shù)后輸血。結(jié)合現(xiàn)有的關(guān)于股骨隧道填塞減少失血[20],通過本研究可以看到TKA中自體骨塊填塞股骨隧道技術(shù)可以顯著減少術(shù)后失血。Kumar等[21]研究了對(duì)于退行性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎及類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎的全膝置換術(shù)中使用自體骨塊填塞的療效,其研究的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相對(duì)較多,研究范圍較小,本研究一方面將研究范圍擴(kuò)展到創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎,另外一方面研究對(duì)象和指標(biāo)更加全面。
運(yùn)用自體骨塊填塞股骨隧道技術(shù)不僅減少術(shù)后失血量、降低輸血帶來的一系列風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[22],同時(shí)相對(duì)比與骨水泥填塞更具安全性。一方面通過本研究可以發(fā)現(xiàn),自體骨塊填塞術(shù)后失血與骨水泥填塞結(jié)果無明顯差異,而且自體骨塊避免了骨水泥填塞帶來的骨水泥顆粒脫落和栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高,特別是在股骨髓腔這個(gè)特殊位置發(fā)生顆粒脫落致栓塞的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
本研究依然具有一定的限制性,由于研究樣本偏少,尚需要進(jìn)一步大樣本研究應(yīng)證研究結(jié)果的可靠性。但是通過本研究已經(jīng)可以看出在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中股骨隧道處理的必要性,而自體骨塊的運(yùn)用給臨床提供了一個(gè)很好的選擇。
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Application research of a technique of autologous bone filling femoral tunnel in total knee replacement
CAO Wan-jun,ZHU Shao-ling,LIU Xian-dong,TANG Cheng-jie,ZHENG Jin-wen CHEN Xing-yu,LIU Ying,XIAO Peng
(Division of Lower Limbs,Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital,Chengdu 610041,China)
Objective To compare the effects of three different treatments:no treatment on femoral tunnel or filling with autologous bone or cements plug during total knee arthroplasty(TKA).Methods Ninety patients undergone TAK were randomly divided into A,B and C groups.The group A was treated with autologous bone plugs.The group B was treated with cements.The group C was left the femoral intramedullary defect open.The relative data after operation were statistically analyzed.Results There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss among the three groups(P> 0.05).The amount of total blood loss and the amount postoperative wound drainage in 24 h after operation in the group A and B were less than that in the group C(P<0.05).The blood transfusion rates in the group A,B and C were 10%,13.3% and 33.3%,respectively.The levels of HGB and HCT in the group A and B were higher than that in the group C(P< 0.05).The differences were statistically significant(P< 0.05).However,there was no significant difference in all parameters between the group A and B(P> 0.05).Conclusion The autologous bone filling femoral tunnel in TKA can significantly reduce the amount of perioperative blood loss and blood transfusion needs.Its effect is similar to cements but safer as autograft avoiding the risks such as bone cement particles fall off and embolization.
Anautologous;TKA;Femoral tunnel;Blood loss
R684.2
A
1672-6170(2015)05-0105-04
2015-05-26;
2015-06-20)