范元廣， 李 壯， 厲恩茂， 李 敏， 程存剛

(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹(shù)研究所， 農(nóng)業(yè)部果樹(shù)種質(zhì)資源重點(diǎn)開(kāi)放實(shí)驗(yàn)室， 遼寧興城 125100)

遼西‘富士’蘋(píng)果CND法營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷研究

范元廣， 李 壯， 厲恩茂， 李 敏， 程存剛*

(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹(shù)研究所， 農(nóng)業(yè)部果樹(shù)種質(zhì)資源重點(diǎn)開(kāi)放實(shí)驗(yàn)室， 遼寧興城 125100)

CND；‘富士’蘋(píng)果； 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參比值； 營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷； 營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況

葉分析營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷技術(shù)[1]是指導(dǎo)果園科學(xué)施肥的重要手段，我國(guó)陜西[2]、山東[3]、河南[4]、河北[5]等‘富士’蘋(píng)果主產(chǎn)區(qū)先后開(kāi)展大批量的葉營(yíng)養(yǎng)分析工作，在提高肥料利用效率、降低環(huán)境生態(tài)壓力等方面發(fā)揮了積極作用。遼西地區(qū)為蘋(píng)果渤海灣優(yōu)勢(shì)主產(chǎn)區(qū)，主栽品種為‘富士’[6]，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，遼西地區(qū)‘富士’蘋(píng)果園施肥管理主要憑借經(jīng)驗(yàn)，盲目投入，缺乏科學(xué)的理論依據(jù)，果園營(yíng)養(yǎng)不平衡現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)日趨下降，因此，迫切需要系統(tǒng)開(kāi)展紅富士蘋(píng)果葉片營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷研究，提高果園施肥管理水平。1992年P(guān)arent和Dafir[7]提出了CND葉營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷分析方法，而在我國(guó)CND法的營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷研究卻很少見(jiàn)；國(guó)外對(duì)于CND法的研究多是基于產(chǎn)量，而現(xiàn)在蘋(píng)果生產(chǎn)中果實(shí)品質(zhì)與產(chǎn)量是要解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題，本研究以遼西地區(qū)“長(zhǎng)富2號(hào)”蘋(píng)果為研究試材，選取了86個(gè)有代表性的果園，對(duì)果園的產(chǎn)量，果實(shí)品質(zhì)以及葉片中氮(N)、磷(P)、鉀(K)、鈣(Ca)、鎂(Mg)、銅(Cu)、鐵(Fe)、錳(Mn)、鋅(Zn)的含量進(jìn)行了測(cè)定分析，通過(guò)CND法確定了高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)果園產(chǎn)量和果實(shí)品質(zhì)劃分的臨界值(Cutoff Value)[8]，將高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)果園稱(chēng)為高生產(chǎn)水平果園，其余果園稱(chēng)為低生產(chǎn)水平果園，根據(jù)CND標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參比值(CND Norms)[8]進(jìn)行了葉營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷，并對(duì)土壤中有效養(yǎng)分進(jìn)行了豐缺狀況分析，以期為遼西‘紅富士’蘋(píng)果園的營(yíng)養(yǎng)管理提供理論和技術(shù)支撐。

1 材料與方法

1.1 供試材料與樣品采集

采樣果園分布： 遼西‘紅富士’蘋(píng)果主產(chǎn)區(qū)： 興城市三道溝鄉(xiāng)；綏中縣西甸子鎮(zhèn)、李家堡鄉(xiāng)、秋子溝鄉(xiāng)、前所鎮(zhèn)、大王廟鄉(xiāng)；建昌縣素珠營(yíng)子鄉(xiāng)，根據(jù)各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)‘富士’的栽植面積，每個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)采40%比例的‘富士’果園數(shù)。

采樣方法： 每個(gè)果園采用對(duì)角線取樣法選5點(diǎn)，每點(diǎn)5株樹(shù)，每個(gè)果園共計(jì)250片葉樣和5個(gè)混合土樣，葉樣取樣部位采用肯沃西[9]取樣法，取當(dāng)年生新梢中部葉片，土樣取樣方法參照金繼運(yùn)等[11]的取樣方法。

前處理參照仝月澳等[1]的葉樣處理方法和金繼運(yùn)等[11]的土樣處理方法。

1.2 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目

植物樣品測(cè)定： 參照鮑士旦[12]的植株礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量測(cè)定方法，葉樣消煮采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮法，氮(N)、磷(P)用連續(xù)流動(dòng)分析儀(ATUOSAMPLER AA3，澳大利亞)測(cè)定，鉀(K)、鈣(Ca)、鎂(Mg)、銅(Cu)、鐵(Fe)、錳(Mn)、鋅(Zn)用原子吸收分光光度計(jì)(WFX-120C，中國(guó)北京瑞利)測(cè)定，Ca、Mg測(cè)定時(shí)用氧化鑭作為掩蔽劑，測(cè)定在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)資源與農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)劃研究所國(guó)家測(cè)土施肥中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

產(chǎn)量測(cè)定： 每個(gè)果園選有代表性的10株果樹(shù)，測(cè)定產(chǎn)量，根據(jù)每公頃株數(shù)，計(jì)算公頃產(chǎn)量。

果實(shí)品質(zhì)的測(cè)定： 果形指數(shù)=果實(shí)縱徑/橫徑,用電子游標(biāo)卡尺(SYLVAC，瑞士)測(cè)定果實(shí)的縱、橫徑,并計(jì)算出果形指數(shù)；果實(shí)硬度采用GY-14型果實(shí)硬度計(jì)測(cè)定；果實(shí)可溶性固形物用手持式數(shù)顯折光儀(PAL-1，日本)測(cè)定；可滴定酸用自動(dòng)滴定儀(ZDJ-5，中國(guó)上海精科)測(cè)定；果實(shí)單果重(鮮重) 用電子天平測(cè)定；果實(shí)著色面積采用目測(cè)法。

土壤樣品測(cè)定： 參照鮑士旦[12]土壤養(yǎng)分測(cè)定方法對(duì)土壤中的堿解氮進(jìn)行測(cè)定，參照金繼運(yùn)等[11]的M3法對(duì)速效磷、鐵、錳進(jìn)行測(cè)定。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理

應(yīng)用Microsoft Excel 2003和Statistics Analysis System 9.1.3(SAS)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 高生產(chǎn)水平果園的劃分

2.1.1高產(chǎn)園劃分

將采樣園產(chǎn)量由高到低排序，根據(jù)公式1-5[13-14]計(jì)算葉片營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量參數(shù)。

R=100%-(N+P+K+……)

(1)

G=(N×P×K×……×R)1/(d+1)

(2)

Vn=ln(N/G),Vp= ln(P/G)……，VR= ln(R/G)；Vn+Vp……+VR=0

(3)

其中N、P、K……為各元素在葉片中所占百分含量，R為添加值，d表示研究元素的個(gè)數(shù)，VN，VP……VR代表分析參數(shù)，以下用Vx表示。

根據(jù)計(jì)算所得分析參數(shù)，采用Cate-Nelson[8,15]程序和公式(4)計(jì)算參數(shù)fi(Vx)。

fi(Vx)=s2Vxn1/s2Vxn2(n=n1+n2，i=n-3)

(4)

式中n是所有采樣果園個(gè)數(shù)，n1是每次循環(huán)中產(chǎn)量最高的果園個(gè)數(shù)，n2是每次循環(huán)中剩余果園個(gè)數(shù)，n=n1+n2。分子s2Vxn1是n1的參數(shù)Vx的方差，分母s2Vxn2為n2的參數(shù)Vx的方差。在第一次循環(huán)計(jì)算中，n1取2個(gè)果園，n2=n-n1；以后每次循環(huán)中n1增加一個(gè)果園，n2相應(yīng)減少一個(gè)果園，直到最后剩下兩個(gè)最低產(chǎn)的果園組成n2，但始終保持n=n1+n2。

(5)

式中分子表示n1-1個(gè)分析參數(shù)fi(Vx)的和，分母表示所有分析參數(shù)fi(Vx)的和。

圖1 葉片礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量累積方差函數(shù)與產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系Fig.1 Relationship between cumulative variance function and yield

(6)

表1 各礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)分析參數(shù)與產(chǎn)量之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系式

圖2 葉片礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量累積方差函數(shù)與果實(shí)品質(zhì)主成分綜合得分的關(guān)系Fig.2 Relationship between cumulative variance function and composite scores of fruit quality

根據(jù)產(chǎn)量確定的高產(chǎn)園比例占總體采樣園19.77%，根據(jù)果實(shí)品質(zhì)主成分綜合得分確定的優(yōu)質(zhì)果園比例占總體采樣園44.18%，同時(shí)滿(mǎn)足高產(chǎn)和優(yōu)質(zhì)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的果園僅有8個(gè)，占總體采樣園的9.30%，低于CND方法中要求的高產(chǎn)群體比例≥ 12%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[17]，產(chǎn)量下限定為37.500t/hm2，降低產(chǎn)量劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，選擇38.451t/hm2和0.792作為劃分高生產(chǎn)水平果園產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)綜合得分的臨界值，滿(mǎn)足此條件的果園有13個(gè)，占總體采樣園的15.12%，符合CND方法的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

表2 各礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)分析參數(shù)與果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分之間的函數(shù)關(guān)系式

2.2 低產(chǎn)果園葉片營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷

(7)

(8)

(9)

遼西地區(qū)整體低生產(chǎn)水平‘富士’果園的各營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素的診斷指數(shù)為： IN=-0.073，IP=-0.125，IK=0.008，ICa=-0.040，IMg=0.281，IFe=-0.295，ICu=0.035，IMn=-0.179，IZn=0.201，IR=0.088，根據(jù)以上營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷結(jié)果得到遼西低生產(chǎn)水平‘富士’蘋(píng)果園的需肥順序?yàn)镕e>Mn>P>N>Ca>K>Cu>Zn>Mg。

2.3 果園土壤有效養(yǎng)分分析

3 討論

圖3 遼西‘富士’蘋(píng)果園土壤有效養(yǎng)分分級(jí)結(jié)果分布Fig.3 Results of ‘Fuji’ apple orchards soil available nutrient classification in west Liaoning Province

果樹(shù)營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷需要同時(shí)考慮果實(shí)品質(zhì)與產(chǎn)量。常用的果樹(shù)營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷大多以產(chǎn)量作為目標(biāo)，很難將產(chǎn)量和果實(shí)品質(zhì)同時(shí)與營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷建立關(guān)系。本研究采用的CND法，引入了營(yíng)養(yǎng)與品質(zhì)的關(guān)系，使葉片分析同時(shí)考慮了產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)，因而分析結(jié)果更具生產(chǎn)指導(dǎo)意義。由于品種、地域、立地條件的差異，果園的產(chǎn)量、果實(shí)品質(zhì)、礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量也有較大差異，根據(jù)全國(guó)性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行診斷，誤差就會(huì)增加，確診率也會(huì)隨之下降，本研究是針對(duì)遼西地區(qū)‘富士’蘋(píng)果營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況開(kāi)展的研究，采用本區(qū)域的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參比值針對(duì)性更強(qiáng)，誤差的影響也較小，所以在本研究中采用區(qū)域性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參比值更加合理。

遼西‘富士’低產(chǎn)果園的需肥順序?yàn)镕e>Mn>P>N>Ca>K>Cu>Zn>Mg，表現(xiàn)為缺N、P、Fe、Mn。N、P元素葉營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷結(jié)果與土壤中堿解氮、速效磷的含量狀況一致，所以N、P缺乏可能由于施肥不到位或土壤保肥能力弱而致，因此N、P肥施用應(yīng)采用少量多次的原則，合理控制施用時(shí)間，避開(kāi)雨量較大季節(jié)；Fe、Mn葉營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷結(jié)果與土壤中的含量狀況不一致，土壤中Fe、Mn含量基本在中等水平以上，說(shuō)明Fe、Mn元素的缺乏可能是遼西地區(qū)的灌溉條件較差，水肥得不到合理的配合使用，影響了樹(shù)體營(yíng)養(yǎng)的吸收，造成了營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏。在今后的果園管理中應(yīng)對(duì)水肥進(jìn)行科學(xué)管理，通過(guò)葉面噴施適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充缺乏的微量元素。與王富林等[33]對(duì)渤海灣‘紅富士’蘋(píng)果主產(chǎn)區(qū)的調(diào)查結(jié)果(Ca>K>Fe>N>Zn>Mg>P>Mn>Cu)相比，同樣表現(xiàn)出了缺Fe、不缺Mg，本研究中Ca元素含量基本適中，在王富林等的研究中Ca元素含量缺乏最突出，P、K、Mn、Zn元素含量表現(xiàn)差異也較大。

CND法可以結(jié)合產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)對(duì)果園的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況進(jìn)行研究，在國(guó)外的研究中確診率也得到了認(rèn)可，但在國(guó)內(nèi)并未對(duì)其確診率進(jìn)行研究，應(yīng)針對(duì)其診斷結(jié)果進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)性研究，確定其確診率，提高其在我國(guó)果樹(shù)營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷中使用的可靠性，使其能夠更好地為生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐服務(wù)。

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Nutrient diagnosis of ‘Fuji’ Apple in west Liaoning Province using compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) method

FAN Yuan-guang, LI Zhuang, LI En-mao, LI Min, CHENG Cun-gang*

(InstituteofPomologyofCAAS/MinistryofAgricultureKeyLaboratoryofFruitGermplasmResourcesUtilization,Xingcheng125100,China)

【Objectives】 The cultivation areas and yields of "Fuji" apples in west Liaoning Province account for a larger proportion of the total apple production in Liaoning Province. The fertilizer managements are deficient in scientific base. The Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis method (CND) is preliminary used for the study of the status of ‘Fuji’ apple nutrition in west Liaoning Province, and provides a guide for the orchards fertilization management. 【Methods】 Eighty six representative apple orchards were selected, the yields, fruit qualities and contents of nitrogen (N)、 phosphorus (P)、 potassium (K)、 calcium (Ca)、 magnesium (Mg)、 iron (Fe)、 copper(Cu)、 manganese (Mn)、 zinc (Zn) were measured. The CND method was adopted for dividing the samples into high and low production level subpopulation, and bringing the low production level subpopulation nutrient diagnosis into force. The yield cutoff value of high production level subpopulation was confirmed by CND, and the procedures of fruit quality evaluation composite scores cutoff value were as follows: firstly, the six indexes of fruit quality were normalized; secondly, the principal component analysis was carried out on the six indexes, composite evaluation scores of six indexes were determined; thirdly, by the method of CND, fruit quality composite evaluation scores cutoff value was obtained. Orchards which met with the CND and expert consultation method standards of yield and quality cutoff values at the same time were separated from the samples. CND norms were calculated according to the high level production subpopulation nutritional status. Based on which, leaf nutrient diagnosis was put into effect, and the condition of nutrient was present. 【Results】 The leaf analysis with CND indicated that yield cutoff value of the high production level subpopulation was 44.556 t/ha, the fruit quality evaluation composite scores cutoff value was 0.792. There were 13 orchards which met the conditions, accounting for 15.12% of the total orchards. The CND norms were VN*=2.776, VP*=0.212, VK*=1.884, VCa*=2.042, VMg*=0.814, VFe*=-2.470, VCu*=-5.090, VMn*=-2.631, VZn*=-3.867, VR*=6.330; SDN*=0.173, SDP*=0.144, SDK*=0.155, SDCa*=0.266, SDMg*=0.307, SDFe*=0.189, SDCu*=0.474, SDMn*=0.467, SDZn*=0.325, SDR*=0.134; the low level production subpopulation fertilizer orders were Fe > Mn > P > N > Ca > K > Cu > Zn > Mg. 【Conclusions】 The leaf analysis is established on the yield and fruit quality with CND. The investigation results obtained using the method show that in west Liaoning Province, the criteria for high yield is 38.451 t/ha, for good fruit quality is 0.792. The number of orchards meet the two criteria is 13, only accounting for the 15.12% of the total orchards. In ‘Fuji’ apple of west Liaoning Province， Fe, Mn, P and N are in deficiency; soil available Fe and Mn contents are appropriate, soil N and P are deficient. Therefore, N and P fertilizers are recommended to be applied in small amount and several times, Fe and Mn could be foliar sprayed appropriately in the apple production of west Liaoning Province.

CND; ‘Fuji’ apple; norms; nutrient diagnosis; status of nutrients

2014-01-07 接受日期： 2014-11-24

國(guó)家“863計(jì)劃”項(xiàng)目(2013AA102405)； 公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)項(xiàng)目“綠肥作物生產(chǎn)與利用技術(shù)集成研究及示范”(201103005)； 現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)資金資助(CARS-28)

范元廣(1988—)， 男， 河北衡水人， 碩士研究生， 主要從事果樹(shù)生理與栽培研究。 E-mail： 243811744@qq.com 李壯與第一作者同等貢獻(xiàn)。 *通信作者 E-mail: ccungang2003@163.com

S661.1; S147.21+3

A

1008-505X(2015)02-0485-07